Klio #04 (184) 2022

SOURCE STUDIES

Glinnikova S.V. (Moscow). Bibliographer ‘s notes: “we have no prisoners”

Chief Bibliographer
of the Scientific and Bibliographic Department
of the State Public Historical Library,
125373, Russian Federation, Moskva, Jan Reinis Boulevard, 47-1-57
E-mail: svetlana_glinnikova@icloud.com

Abstract. The article is based on the materials of the annotated bibliographic index “The History of Russia and the USSR in memoirs and diaries. 1917–1991”, which is being prepared for publication, part of which (three volumes dedicated to the Great Patriotic War) is prepared by the scientific and bibliographic department of the State Public Historical Library. The article examines the memoirs, the authors of which were captured during the war or were sent to forced labor in the West. The memoirs of people who were punished upon their return to their homeland were selected for the article: they were arrested, convicted and ended up in a camp, or were exiled as special settlers. The article tells about their fates during the war, and, in more detail, in the post-war period. Among the authors of the reviewed memoirs there is a well-known personality — I.T. Tvardovsky, a writer, the poet’s younger brother, and little-known memoirists.
Keywords: Bibliographic index, the Great Patriotic War, memoirs, concentration camp, labor or work camp, repatriation camp, gulag, special settlement

Nikonov K.O. (Khabarovsk). The activities of the railway gendarmerie in the Far East of the Russian Empire (1893–1917): the historiography of the problem

KIRILL OLEGOVICH NIKONOV

Senior researcher, research department,
Far Eastern Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
680030, Russian Federation, Khabarovsk, Kazarmenny lane 15
Tel.: 89141500545,
E-mail: kirnikonov@gmail.com

Abstract. In the history of the Russian state with its vast territories, the problem of transport construction has always been a key one. It was and remains especially acute in the regions most remote from the cultural and industrial centers of Russia. For the Far East, which has a huge economic potential and is involved in the sphere of geopolitical interests of neighboring states, further development still depends on the efficiency of transport support, which is of not only regional but also national importance here. In the Far East region, the functions of the state protection of railways at the turn of the XIX – early XX were assigned to the gendarme police departments of the Ussuri, Amur and Chinese Eastern Railways. The article outlines the main directions for studying the activities of the railway gendarmerie in the Far East of the Russian Empire. The historiography of the problem in the article is classified according to the periods of publication of the study. The works of Far Eastern researchers stand out in a special group of research. It is concluded that the study of the activities of the railway gendarmerie in the Far East of the Russian Empire is a promising area of research. Further development of the topic, expansion of the source base, and formulation of new problems are required.
Keywords: Russian Empire, Far East, gendarmes, police service, railways, scientific research, historiography, study prospects

Tribunsky S.A. (Samara). Cultural and educational work in the Red Army in the so-called interwar period: Soviet historiography of the problem. Article four. Analysis of Soviet historiographic sources (second half of the 1960s – first half of the 1980s)

SERGEY ALEKSANDROVICH TRIBUNSKY 

Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Associate Professor of the Department of National History and Historiography,
Samara National Research University named after Academician S.P. Koroleva,
443086, Volga Federal District, Samara Region, Samara, Moskovskoe shosse, 34,
E-mail: ser.6791@yandex.ru 

Abstract. In the vast and diverse Soviet historiography of the so-called interwar period (1920s – June 22, 1941), a certain array of historiographic sources published in the second half of the 1960s – first half of the 1980s took its place, in which various aspects of cultural and educational work in the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (RKKA) – this unique component of party and political work in the Armed Forces of the young Soviet state are highlighted. This article is a logical continuation of the articles “Cultural and educational work in the Red Army in the so-called interwar period: Soviet historiography of the problem. Article one. Analysis of Soviet historiographical sources (1920s – first half of the 1930s)”, “Cultural and educational work in the Red Army in the so-called interwar period: Soviet historiography of the problem. Article two. Analysis of Soviet Historiographic Sources (second half of the 1930s – first half of the 1950s)” and “Cultural and educational work in the Red Army in the so-called interwar period: Soviet historiography of the problem. Article three. Analysis of Soviet historiographic sources (second half of the 1950s – first half of the 1960s) published in this journal [Klio. 2022. No. 1 (181) January. pp. 13-28); Clio. 2022. No. 2 (182) February. S.32-44; Clio. 2022. No. 3 (183)]”. The subject of the research is the established Soviet historiographic research tradition of studying the topic of cultural and educational work in the Red Army in the so-called interwar period, the views of Soviet historians, the analysis of the process of accumulation and increment of historical knowledge, the depth of scientific development of the topic mentioned above in the second half of the 1960s – the first half of the 1980s. Based on the results of studying our problem, some of its main historiographical tendencies are synthesized. The article is made in the format of problem-thematic historiography. There are no copyright claims for the completeness of the coverage of the problem.
Keywords: Red Army, cultural and educational work; party political work; historiographic source; historiographic analysis; historiographic trends; the second half of the 1960s – the first half of the 1980s

Grinёv A.V. (St. Petersburg). History and historical memory as victims of political correctness (according to the materials of the internet portal INOSMI)

ANDREI VAL’TEROVICH GRINЁV 

Doctor in Historical Sciences and
Professor of the Humanities Institute
at the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.
195251, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29.
E-mail: agrinev1960@mail.ru

Abstract. The article examines the distortion of history and historical memory in the modern West under the influence of political correctness. The material for analysis was taken from the Russian Internet portal InoSMI, which has been publishing translations of articles from various foreign newspapers and magazines (mainly European and American) for many years. The portal’s attention to the problem of political correctness is not accidental, since having become a noticeable social phenomenon in the West for several decades, political correctness has begun to have an increasing impact on various spheres of society. Historical science, education and historical memory did not escape the attention and influence of political correctness. This was especially noticeable in the summer of 2020, when an acute socio-political crisis erupted in the United States after the death of an African American, George Floyd, who was detained by the police, which led to a mass movement for the demolition of historical monuments to European colonialists, Confederate Southerners and other “politically incorrect” historical characters. The InoSMI Internet portal has repeatedly introduced its readers to this and other topics related directly or indirectly to political correctness and the historical past.
Keywords: political correctness, history, historical memory, Western mass media, Internet portal InoSMI

Vaneian E.S. (Moscow). Aniconism in Early Buddhist Art: Debate of S. L. Huntington and V. Dehejia

ELIZAVETA VANEIAN

PhD student at Lomonosov Moscow State University,
Art history and theory department.
Researcher at Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (Moscow),
department of Ancient Eastern Art
Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka, 12. 119019
+79151162423
e-mail: vanejan.liza@yandex.ru

Abstract. The term “aniconism” appears at the beginning of the early Buddhist images’ study, already in the 1910s. According to the aniconic theory, certain compositions on reliefs from Sanchi, Bharhut and Amaravati represent episodes from the life of Buddha while substituting his figure by symbols. This theory was propagated by A. Foucher and elaborated by A. Coomaraswamy, D. Seckel and others. However, in the 1990s, after a long and generally accepted usage, it was challenged by researcher S. L. Huntington. Although her interpretation of early Buddhist imagery has been criticized in turn, the term never regains its former status, and it is no longer common to use it without referring to its ambiguity. In this article, we analyze in detail the debate between two researchers over the theory of aniconism: Susan L. Huntington and Vidya Dehejia. Huntington proves with several examples that early Buddhist images and reliefs might have depicted not scenes from the life of Buddha Shakyamuni, but scenes of veneration by pilgrims of stupas and other relics, established in places where significant events from the life of the Buddha took place. The author argues, that the concept of the aniconic image of the Buddha has no sufficient evidence and suggests to stop its use altogether. V. Dehejia answers this challenge, and, recognizing the validity of some of Huntington’s observations, nevertheless proves that some scenes cannot be understood otherwise than images of events from the life of the Buddha, in which he is represented only in the form of symbols or emblems (for example, footprints). Dehejia also argues strongly against assigning a single specific meaning to early Buddhist art, convincingly showing that multivalence is the basic principle of these images.
Keywords: aniconism, early Buddhist art, historiography of Buddhist art, art of India, Indian sculpture, theory of religious art, Sanchi stupa

Simonenko E.S. (Ussuriysk). The Transformation of the Defense Policy of the British Empire in the First Half of the 19th Century

EKATERINA SERGEEVNA SIMONENKO

PhD in History, Associate Professor,
Inter-Institutional Department of Natural Sciences and Social and Humanitarian Disciplines,
Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy (PSAA).
692500, Russia, Primorsky Krai, Ussuriysk, Blucher st. 44.
E-mail: eka-1982.82@mail.ru

Abstract. The article examines the process of developing new principles for ensuring the security of the British Empire. It aims at the division of responsibility in the field of defense between the mother-country and the colonies. The chronological scope limits to the first half of the 19th century, when the first steps were taken to develop the theoretical foundations for integrating the Colonies into the Imperial Defense and giving it a collective character. It bases on the definition of the term “Imperial Defense”, three-stage structure is distinguished. It studies the objective (deterioration of the international situation) and subjective (unwillingness of British taxpayers to finance the defense of the colonies) reasons for integration. It formulates the main directions for the inclusion of the Colonies in the Collective Defense of the Empire (Gray’s plan, Godley’s plan). It traces the reaction of the British political elite (imperialists and anti-imperialists) and the Colonies themselves to the integration plans. By the middle of the XIX century new principles of imperial defense policy were developed, according to which the mother-country shifted the burden of responsibility for ensuring the internal security of the Colonies to local authorities, and retained the obligation to protect them in the event of an external threat. However, due to the resistance of the imperialists and the reluctance of the colonies, the new principles could not be fully implemented.
Keywords: British Empire, colonies, imperial defense, collective defense, Henry Grey, John Godley, Arthur Mills

Boode M.A. (St. Petersburg). The Nation of Outcasts: Confederates in Emigration

MARK ANDRESOVICH BOODE 

 1st year student of Magistracy, Chair of Medieval History,
Institute of History of Saint-Petersburg State University.
192029, Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Olgi Berggoltz, 17.
E-mail: mark.boode00@gmail.com

Abstract. The article analyzes fates of members of the Confederate States of America’s elite after the defeat of this young state in the Civil War. The author attempts at distinguishing main routes by which politicians, men of arms and their kin fled the South, and identifies the most preferable destinations. The article also analyzes in detail the experience of building colonies in countries of Central and South America and the reasons of their successes and failures. In the end, conclusions are made that the collapse of most colonies is linked to flaws in initial planning – southerners relied on continued inflow of new workforce from the South that stopped after President Johnson’s amnesty combined with disappointing news about the hardships of life in Latin America. Moreover, many colonists never planned to settle in foreign lands in the first place – they escaped to wait out and observe the chain of events in the USA from a distance. When the situation in the country calmed down, the returning colonists delivered a heavy blow to their comrades’ enterprises. The article is based upon a wide range of sources and a historiographical base established in 20th century.
Keywords: American Civil War, Confederados, colonization, Latin America, New Virginia, Carlota

Li Jing (Beijing, China), Kang Shixin (Moscow). Translation History through the Russian–Chinese Dialogue of Cultures in the XVII–XVIII Centuries

LI JING

Postgraduate student, Department of History
School of Humanities Tsinghua University
100084, China, Beijing, Qinghuayuan, 1,
E–mail: 923639147@qq.com

KANG SHIXIN

Postgraduate student,
Department of the history of Russia of the 19th–early 20th centuries
Faculty of History Lomonosov Moscow State University
119192, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27,
E–mail: lilililiang123@gmail.com

Abstract. The authors continue to develop the theme of translation history through the dialogue of cultures “China–Russia: history and modernity” in the XVII–XVIII Centuries. This article examines the problems of both – the translation from Russian into Chinese and the translation history through the Russian-Chinese dialogue of cultures, the corresponding translation activities in the XVII–XVIII centuries. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of translation through the Russian-Chinese dialogue of cultures in a certain period (XVII and XVIII centuries), in which the development of Russian-Chinese relations themselves have been considered as a reflection of the history and development of translation of various materials in Russian and Chinese. The authors illustrate how the characteristic features of the translation activity of that time influenced the dialogue of cultures “China–Russia: history and modernity” and the history of the Russian-Chinese translation in general.
Keywords: The History of Translation, Translation into Chinese, Relations between Russia and China, XVII, XVIII.

Buchko N.P. (Khabarovsk). Formation and functioning of the military-judicial system of anti-Bolshevik regimes during the civil war in the East of Russia (1918-1920)

NIKOLAI PETROVICH BUCHKO 

candidate of historical sciences, associate professor,
associate professor of the Department of General Education Disciplines of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian State University of Justice.
680014, Russia, Khabarovsk, East Highway, 49,
E-mail: buchko65@mail.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of the processes of formation of the military-judicial system by anti-Bolshevik regimes and the folding of the judicial practice of their military formations. Attention is focused on the fact that the formation of the military judicial system during the civil war in the East of Russia was an essential component of the functioning of the anti-Bolshevik government. In many ways, its appearance was due to factors requiring the maintenance of firm military discipline in the army, the inadmissibility of illegal actions against the government and its institutions. One of the main problems of the functioning of the military judicial system is the lack of differentiation of its competence with the powers of the civil judicial system. In the conditions of warfare and in the absence of the necessary qualifications of the composition of the military field courts formed by the authorities, their decisions were often of an illegal, repressive nature. It is concluded that the steps taken by the authorities aimed at forming the regulatory framework for the functioning of the military judicial system, ensuring its activities, should have solved the problem of countering anti-government acts. However, the implementation of this was not carried out due to a number of circumstances: a massive increase in anti-government actions in the rear areas, weak support for the regime by the population, arbitrariness of military leaders on the ground.
Keywords: Civil war, political regime, military-judicial system, military-field courts, judicial practice

Dmitriev A.A., Burdin A.G., Buklakov O.V. (St. Petersburg). Historical experience of the organization of management and interaction of the forces of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Fleet and the grouping of troops of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940

ALEXEY ALEKSEEVICH DMITRIEV

Lecturer of the Department of Operational Art
Military Academy of Communications named after
Marshal of the Soviet Union S.M.Budyonny
194064, St. Petersburg, Tikhoretsky Ave., 3
E-mail: alex310378@yandex.ru

ALEXANDER GEORGIEVICH BURDIN

Candidate of Military Sciences, Associate Professor,
Professor of the Department of Operational Art
Military Academy of Communications named after
Marshal of the Soviet Union S.M.Budyonny
194064, St. Petersburg, Tikhoretsky Ave., 3
E-mail: kiperort@list.ru

OLEG VENADIEVICH BUKLAKOV

Candidate of Military Sciences,
Associate Professor of the Department of Operational Art
Military Academy of Communications named after
Marshal of the Soviet Union S.M.Budyonny
194064, St. Petersburg, Tikhoretsky Ave., 3
E-mail: vvbukov@mail.ru

Abstract. The article deals with issues related to the organization of management, communication and interaction of the forces of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Fleet and the grouping of troops of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940 during offensive operations in the coastal areas. The features of management, interaction and communication of the forces of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Fleet and the grouping of troops of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army are considered. Special attention in the article is paid to the analysis of the structure of the management system, which has undergone four transformation options during the historical period under consideration. The author dwelt in more detail on the final structure of the management system in the final period of the Soviet-Finnish War. In addition, the stages of the Soviet-Finnish War were considered in sufficient detail from the point of view of issues of interspecific interaction between the forces of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Fleet and the grouping of troops of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army.
Keywords: Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Fleet, Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, management, interaction, communication, Soviet-Finnish War

Polyanskiy M.S., Saksonov O.V. (Moscow). From the history of the highest bodies of military administration: Defense Committee under the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR

MIHAIL SEMENOVICH POLYANSKIY

Chief Researcher of the Research Center
(Fundamental Military Historical Problems)
Military University of the Ministry of Defense
of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor
125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14.
e-mail: m-s-pol@yandex.ru 

OLEG VIKTOROVICH SAKSONOV

Leading Researcher at the Research Center
(Fundamental Military Historical Problems)
Military University of the Ministry of Defense
of the Russian Federation,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, assistant professor
125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14
e-mail: osaksonov@mail.ru 

Annotation. The article, on the basis of little-known documents and materials introduced into scientific circulation, examines the creation and activities of the highest body of military administration – the Defense Committee under the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. The authors show that the defense capability of the state depended not only on the activities of the military department, at the disposal of which the Armed Forces were located, but also on other structures, such as the defense industry, transport, energy. The article reveals the managerial mechanisms for coordinating the activities of all state departments and institutions related to the defense power of the state.
Keywords. Defense Committee, Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, military administration, mobilization readiness, defense industry, army, navy, military equipment

Pavlenko N.E. (Vladivostok). Historical, social and economic phenomena of illegal business in Russia

NATALIA EDUARDOVNA PAVLENKO

Senior Lecturer SHEM of the Department of Finance
Federal State Budgetary Educational
Institution of Higher Education “Far Eastern
Federal University”, 690922, Primorsky Territory, Vladivostok, Russian Island, Ajax, 10
e-mail: natalia.pavlenko2014@mail.ru

Abstract. Entrepreneurship is a historically developed type of human activity, which is an obligatory attribute of any civilization. Entrepreneurial activity is aimed at making a profit, carried out through the provision of services for a fee, the performance of work or the production of goods. Doing business without state registration and paying taxes is illegal (unregistered) entrepreneurship. The article considers the historical, social and economic phenomena of illegal business in Russia. Attention is focused on the fact that illegal entrepreneurship is an objective social phenomenon that has a significant impact on the national economy, inherent in Russia in all historical periods. The social characteristics, characteristic features and dynamics of illegal entrepreneurship in the modern period are given, its influence on the economic development of modern Russia is determined. It is noted that the reasons for the increased level of latency of illegal entrepreneurship are diverse, they are both objective and subjective. It is concluded that the problem of illegal entrepreneurship in Russia is currently ambiguous. Given the significant negative consequences in the economic sphere from illegal entrepreneurship, it is required to create a single effective program at the state level to counter this phenomenon.
Keywords: illegal business, history, Russia, criminogenic factors, criminal and administrative responsibility, crime, market economy

Stepanov M.G. (Abakan). On the history of the formation of the first voluntary defense societies Khakassia in the pre-war period

MIKHAIL GENNADJEWICH STEPANOV

PhD in History, Associate Professor,
Katanov-Khakass state university, Institute of history and law
Russia, 655010, Republic of Khakassia, Abakan, Torgovaya ul. 1-73
+7 908-325-61-02,
E-mail:
StepanowM@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article examines the process of formation of the first voluntary defense public organizations in the territory of the Khakass autonomous region in the pre-war period. The materials of the regional periodical press were mainly used as the basic historical source. Archival sources of clerical orientation are represented by the materials of the National Archive of the Republic of Khakassia, which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The sources used made it possible to trace the genesis and development of the Society for the promotion of defense, aviation and chemical construction of the USSR (OSOAVIAKHIM) in Khakassia. The article draws the following conclusions: 1) the first OSOAVIAKHIM cells in Khakassia appeared already in 1928 and began to expand actively throughout the 1930s.; 2) the main areas of activity in the region were the following: the development of common military accounting specialties, the training of glider and light aircraft pilots (mainly biplanes), automobile and motorcycle business, the training of junior nurses; 3) OSOAVIAKHIM in Khakassia became a nationwide organization that united citizens regardless of social status, profession, gender and age 4) on the basis of OSOAVIAKHIM, residents of Khakassia actively participated in military construction and defense of the state, practical strengthening of the unity of the army and the people.
Keywords: voluntary defense organizations, Defense Assistance Society science and chemical construction, OSOAVIAKhIM USSR, Siberia, Khakassia, pre-war training of youth in the USSR

Lomanov V.A. (St. Petersburg). Features of the solution of the land issue in the German village of the North-West Russia in the early 1920s

LOMANOV VLADISLAV ANDREEVICH

postgraduate student of the Department of History of Russia,
research laboratory assistant at the Scientific and Educational Center for Regional Studies,
Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin
196140, Russia, St. Petersburg, Petersburg highway, 10
E-mail: vladislav.lomanov@yandex.ru

Abstract. The subject of the article is the solution of the land issue in the German settlements of the North-West in the early 1920s. The purpose of the publication is to study the peculiarities of solving the land issue in the North-West under the conditions of “war communism and the transition to the New Economic Policy. Solutions of the land issue in the German colonies of the North-West in the early 1920s. characterized by the preservation of old, traditional forms of land ownership and regulation of land and property relations. A huge role in resolving the agrarian issue in the German countryside was played by the volost land collegiums, which were forced to resolve numerous land disputes that resulted from a large number of small-land peasants and high demands from the state for the delivery of food. The lack of consideration by the state of the national specifics of the German colonies in the field of land tenure and the lack of development of principles and rules for regulating land relations among the colonists prompted the volost land collegiums to independently develop approaches to conflict resolution, which predetermined the uneven resolution of the land issue in the German countryside of the region and led to its aggravation.
Keywords: North-West, German peasants, German colonies, land issue, land ownership, land conflict, volost land colleges

Kostiaev E.V., Lobacheva G.V. (Saratov). Wars and revolutions of Theodor Dan

EDUARD VALENTINOVICH KOSTIAEV

Ph. D, associate Professor, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov,
Professor of the Department of history and cultural studies of the Socio-economic Institute
77 Politechnicheskaya str., Saratov, Russia, 410054
e-mail: edikost@bk.ru

GALINA VIKTOROVNA LOBACHEVA

Ph. D, Professor, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Professor,
head of the Department of history and cultural studies
77 Politechnicheskaya str., Saratov, Russia, 410054
e-mail: lgv@sstu.ru

Abstract. The article provides a detailed analysis of the theoretical views and practical activities of Theodor Ilyich Dan, one of the leaders and most prominent figures of the Menshevik part of the Russian social democracy, one of the recognized leaders and leaders in 1917 of revolutionary democracy and its main organ – the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies. This analysis covers the periods of the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907, the First World War, the February Revolution and the October Revolution of 1917, as well as the Civil War and foreign intervention in Soviet Russia. Dan’s orientation towards the rejection of the violent actions of the Menshevik Party in relation to the Bolshevik regime established in Soviet Russia in 1917 led the trend in the domestic social democracy that he headed to political defeat, and himself to forced emigration. While there, Dan eventually came to terms with the communist regime, speaking out for the support of the Soviet Union in its fight against international fascism.
Keywords: Dan, social-democracy, Menshevism, revolution of 1905–1907, First world war, revolution of 1917, the Civil war

Martyukova E.A. (Moscow). K.K. Rodionov: ambassador to Greece (1946-1947)

ELIZAVETA ALEKSANDROVNA MARTYUKOVA

Postgraduate of the History Faculty of Moscow State University
Department of Russian History of the XX-XXI centuries,
125167, 
Moscow, Krasnoarmeiskaya street, building 11/4.
E-mail: eamartyukova@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article deals with the activities of the prominent Soviet diplomat Konstantin Konstantinovich Rodionov, who in 1946-1947 represented the USSR in Greece. Rodionov firmly defended the national interests of the Soviet state as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary and at the same time could formulate his own personal position on the most important issues of interest to the USSR. Being a high professional, which was undoubtedly noted by Greek politicians and the press, and having an excellent command of foreign languages, Rodionov, in the conditions of a complex and acute international political conflict on the territory of Greece, defended the main principles of international security.
Keywords: К.К. Rodionov, Tsaldaris, soviet diplomacy, history, regional conflict, USSR, Greece, Cold War

Shevchuk I.A., Arutyunyan L.V. (Sevastopol). Vladyka Veniamin: living in a time of breakingup

IGOR ANDREEVICH SHEVCHUK

Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor,
the Sevastopol branch of Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics
Russia, Sevastopol, 299053, st. Vakulenchuk 29/4
E-mail: sf.reu@yandex.ru

LARISA VAGARSHAKOVNA ARUTYUNYAN

Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Department of management,
tourism and hotel business, the Sevastopol branch of Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics
Russia, Sevastopol, 299053, st. Vakulenchuk 29/4
E-mail: larisaarutynyan@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the life and work of Vladyka Veniamin (Fedchenkov). The authors consider the topics of the Civil War, the White movement, emigration through the prism of the biography of Metropolitan Veniamin. For more than 100 years that have passed since these dramatic events in the life of Russia, the scientific research has been carried out insufficiently. This situation is due to the small number of reliable archival documents, the inconsistency of different sources, the opportunistic politicized coverage of events both in the Soviet era and at the present time. The memoirs of the direct participants in these events, Metropolitan Veniamin was a direct eyewitness of which, will help fill in the gaps, and it is very relevant. A brief description of the biography of Metropolitan Veniamin, his participation in the White movement, church activities in exile and after returning to Soviet Russia are given. Being the archbishop of the Aleutian and North American, during the Great Patriotic War he took an active part in helping the Motherland, acted as an active diplomat in the opening of the Second Front, organized the collection of parcels to the front. The literary heritage of Benjamin makes it possible to come into contact with his time directly. The article also touches upon the topic of the expediency of erecting a monument to the reconciliation of whites and reds.
Keywords: Exodus, Civil War, White movement, emigration, reconciliation, metropolitan, worldview, Veniamin Fedchenkov.

Poltorak S.N., Zotova A.V. (St. Petersburg). The historical experience of relations between Russia and Ukraine in the assessments of a modern Ukrainian scientist (brief reflections on the new monographs of Professor V.F. Soldatenko)

SERGEY NIKOLAYEVICH POLTORAK

Editor-in-chief of the journal “Klio”
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honorary Worker
of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation,
Chief Researcherof the “Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin”.
196605, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Petersburg highway, 10.
E-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru

ANASTASIYA VALERYEVNA ZOTOVA 

First Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the journal “Klio”
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Docent,
Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations in the Post-Soviet Area,
Saint-Petersburg State University.
199034, Russia, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7-9.
E-mail: anastasiyazotova@mail.ru

Abstract. The review briefly analyzes the content of two monographs by the prominent Ukrainian historian V.F. Soldatenko devoted to the study of the problem of Ukrainian-Russian relations in 1917-1924: “Ukrainian-Russian relations in 1917-1924: the collapse of the old and the acquisition of the new: a brief historical and historiographical essay. In two volumes”, “Ukraine is in a whirlpool of foreign policy alternatives. Historical digression in 1917 1922”. It is concluded that the idea of equal and mutually beneficial allied relations between Russia and Ukraine is of particular value from the historical experience of Russian-Ukrainian relations.
Keywords: Russian-Ukrainian relations, Russia, Ukraine, revolution of 1917, Civil war in Russia and Ukraine

Poltorak S.N., Zotova A.V. (St. Petersburg). Professor A.N. Kashevarov is 70 years old!

SERGEY NIKOLAYEVICH POLTORAK

Editor-in-chief of the journal “Klio”
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honorary Worker
of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation,
Chief Researcherof the “Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin”.
196605, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Petersburg highway, 10.
E-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru

ANASTASIYA VALERYEVNA ZOTOVA 

First Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the journal “Klio”
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Docent,
Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations in the Post-Soviet Area,
Saint-Petersburg State University.
199034, Russia, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7-9.
E-mail: anastasiyazotova@mail.ru

Abstract. The article is dedicated to Anatoly Nikolaevich Kashevarov, a talented Russian historian, one of the leading specialists in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church. The publication traces the creative path of the historian, draws attention to the features of his scientific activity. A brief description of the main monographs of the researcher is given, including such as “The State and the Church: From the History of Relations between the Soviet Power and the Russian Orthodox Church. 1917 – 1945″, “The Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet State (1917 – 1922)”, “Soviet power and the fate of the relics of Orthodox saints”, “The Media of the Russian Orthodox Church in the twentieth century”, “The Media of the Russian Church Abroad”, “Religious Politics Between Caesaropapism and Atheism: State and Church in Russia from 1825 to the Collapse of the Soviet Union”, “Moscow Church Council 1917 – 1918”, “Strategic partnership dialogue between China and Russia: the Russian revolution of 1917 through the eyes of Chinese and Russian scientists”. It is concluded that A.N. Kashevarov has a huge creative potential and his main books are yet to come.
Keywords: Russian Orthodox Church, 1917-1922, religious policy, Media of the Russian Orthodox Church, Media of the Russian Church Abroad