Phra Paron Phunthasane (Jayānando Bhikkhu) (Ulan-Ude). The Thai Royal Chronicles as A Corpus of Official Historical Documents: Composition, Periodization and Research Potential (Ayutthaya–Thonburi–Rattanakosin)

PHRA PARON PHUNTHASANE (JAYĀNANDO BHIKKHU)1, 2
1 Postgraduate student; Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMBT SB RAS),
670047, Republic of Buryatia, Ulan-Ude, st. Sakhyanova, 6
2 PhD student; Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University,
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Thailand
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8479-7070
e-mail: peter.ppj.bsu@gmail.com

Abstract. The article examines Thai royal chronicles (พระราชพงศาวดาร) as a corpus of official historical documentation crucial for reconstructing Siam/Thailand’s past. It maps the composition and internal structure of the chronicle tradition, proposes a periodization across the Ayutthaya, Thonburi, and Rattanakosin eras, and identifies the major redactions and compilations used in scholarship: the Luang Prasoet and Phan Chantanumat editions for Ayutthaya, the Thonburi chronicle, the Royal Autograph Chronicles (Fine Arts Department edition and Prince Damrong Rajanubhab’s three-volume compilation), the early Chakri reign chronicles edited by Chaophraya Thiphakorawong, and the chronicle of King Rama V. The paper argues that these texts function in two modes: as a register of dated events (successions, campaigns, appointments, and ceremonies) and as a state narrative that frames the past in terms of monarchical and religious legitimacy. It outlines the main categories of information the corpus provides—chronological scaffolding, court and administrative practice, ritual norms, religious policy and royal patronage of the Sangha, and the language of authority (royal register, titulature, and Pali–Sanskrit vocabulary). The conclusion stresses the need for source criticism and systematic comparison of parallel versions, enabling the chronicles to inform not only political history but also studies of institutions, political culture, and state memory in Thailand.
Keywords: Thailand, Siam, royal chronicles, official documents, Ayutthaya, Thonburi, Rattanakosin, source studies
Acknowledgements. The research was carried out within the state assignment (project “The Written Monuments for history and culture of the peoples of Russia and Inner Asia: source studies and creation of a database”).

Kendzhaev B.B.u, Naumenko O.N. (Urgench). Preparation of dissertations in historical sciences in the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan in the 1950s and 1980s.

BUNYOD BAKHTIYOR UGLI KENDZHAEV
Doctoral student of the Department of History,
Urgench State University named Abu Rayhan Beruni (UrDY),
220100, Olimjon Street, 14, Urgench, Khorezm Region, Uzbekistan
e-mail: info@urdu.uz

OLGA NIKOLAEVNA NAUMENKO
Professor of the Department of History of UII, Doctor of Historical Sciences,
Professor
Urgench Innovation University (UrII),
220100, Gurlan street, 2, Urgench, Khorezm region, Uzbekistan
e-mail: info@uriu.uz

Abstract. The article examines the experience of preparing dissertations defended by young scientists in the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan in the 1950s and 1980s: the specifics of postgraduate education, the objective obstacles and favorable factors that arose during the process of writing scientific papers. The 1950s and 1980s were the most challenging period for the scientific and pedagogical staff in Khorezm, as aspiring researchers had to master the traditions of the Soviet scientific school by completing and defending their dissertations in Russian. The Khorezm Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition (1937–1991), organized by the USSR Academy of Sciences, was a significant factor that stimulated scientific research in Uzbekistan. Faculty members from the History Department of the Khorezm State Pedagogical Institute, the only higher education institution in the region at the time, were sent to postgraduate programs at Moscow and Leningrad State Universities and the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR in Tashkent to conduct research. This increased the requirements for dissertations, which had to be of a fundamental nature. Аs a result, a system of training scientists was created that was capable of reproducing scientific personnel within the framework of the Soviet scientific tradition, which influenced the development of historical science in Khorezm after the collapse of the USSR.
Keywords: Khorezm, historical education, Khorezm State Pedagogical Institute, dissertation defense, Central Asia, USSR Academy of Sciences, Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, Khorezm Ethnographic Expedition

Petrova S.I., Petrov I.F. (Krasnodar). Relativism in Postmodern Philosophy: historiography of the issue

SOFYA IGOREVNA PETROVA
Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor
NAN CHOU VO “IMSIT Academy”. 350010 Krasnodar, Zipovskaya str., 5.
e-mail: Sofya8888@yandex.ru

PETROV IGOR FEDOROVICH
Doctor of Philosophy, Professor
NAN CHOU VO “IMSIT Academy”. 350010 Krasnodar, Zipovskaya str., 5.
e-mail: IgorPetroff@yandex.ru

Abstract. According to relativism, there is no single objective reality or absolute truth that is true for all people at all times, as truth and knowledge are relative and can vary among individuals, social groups, and cultures. Relativism emphasizes the conditional and subjective nature of human knowledge and values, highlighting their dependence on specific contexts. This article analyzes the historiography of this issue. The paper shows that relativism in postmodern philosophy is not only an epistemological principle, but also a kind of ethical and political position – the assertion of the right to difference, resistance to unifying and repressive tendencies, and the search for new opportunities for free self-realization. Postmodern philosophers have criticized the very idea of an absolute truth, a single meaning, or universal rationality. They pointed out the fundamental multiplicity, fragmentation, and variability of human experience and knowledge. In postmodernism, reality is presented as a heterogeneous field of differences that is constantly in the process of becoming. They view any stable forms, identities, or meanings as temporary and relative constructs. At the same time, relativism in postmodernism does not mean complete arbitrariness or “anything goes.” Rather, it aims to free thinking from dogmatism and rigidity, and to give it a creative and experimental character. It is about embracing openness to diversity, being willing to reconsider established frameworks, and generating new meanings and practices.
Keywords: history, relativism, postmodernism, philosophy, postmodern philosophers, truth, reality, subjectivity

Korepanov K.A. (Moscow). P. Clodius Pulcher and L. Sergius Catiline: On the Problem of the Authenticity of the Ancient Tradition Concerning Clodius’ Youth

KIRILL ALEKSEEVICH KOREPANOV
PhD student of the Department of Ancient World History,
Faculty of History of M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University.
119991, Lomonosovsky Prospect, 27, bld. 4, Moscow
e-mail: igra190@yandex.ru

Abstract. This article is dedicated to the study of the early political activities of P. Clodius Pulcher, one of the last prominent representatives of the democratic movement of the Late Republic, a plebeian tribune in 58 BC, and a personal enemy of Cicero. The author analyzes such a controversial and complex episode as the extortion trial of 65 BC, in which Clodius acted as the prosecutor against L. Sergius Catilina. The acquittal of the defendant served as the basis for Cicero’s myth of Clodius as Catiline’s successor, which would firmly enter ancient tradition. The researcher pays special attention to the comparison of the trials of 65 BC and 61 BC (concerning the desecration of the rites of the Bona Dea), the reconstruction of Clodius’s early political views and connections, and the analysis of his place and role in Roman noble circles at that time. At the beginning of his public career, he was a supporter of pro-senatorial forces, shared Cicero’s position in the fight against Catiline, and pursued a political career traditional for a Roman. This calls into question the ancient tradition of the young Clodius as a scandalous demagogue politician, a corrupt prosecutor, and an ally of Catiline.
Keywords: Late Roman Republic, populares, optimates, Clodius, Cicero, Catiline, Caesar, Plutarch

Shchukin S.V. (St. Petersburg). The Visigothic Monarchy in the Second Third of the 7th Century: Chindasuinth and Recceswinth against the Visigothic Church

SERGEY VLADIMIROVICH SHCHUKIN
3rd year graduate student, Department of History of the Middle Ages, Institute of History, St. Petersburg State University
194294, Mikhailovskaya road, 6, St. Petersburg
e-mail: st061190@student.spbu.ru

Abstract. The article focuses on the period 641–672 in the Visigothic Kingdom and attempts to explain why the attempts of Chindasuinth and his son Recceswinth to restore strong royal authority and dynastic rule in Visigothic Spain failed. The author reports on Chindasuinth’s coup against Tulga, contrary to laws that severely punished any attempt to overthrow a king unopposed by the clergy. The author describes Chindasuinth reign as a period of confrontation with the church. Recceswinth is depicted as a strong king, nevertheless forced to compromise with the church and abandon the establishment of a dynasty. Furthermore, the article cites examples of the activities of the Councils of Toledo. The author also describes the reformist and legislative activities of both kings. Overall, the reigns of both kings are characterized as merely a short-term strengthening of royal authority and a continuation of the trend toward its weakening following the crisis of the 630s. Both kings are also characterized as popular in later ages, particularly Carolingian times. The article based on a wide range of sources, including the decrees of the Councils of Toledo, as well as the writings of Sigebert and Fredegar and the Chronicle of 754.
Keywords: Visigothic Kingdom, Councils of Toledo, Chindasuinth, Recceswinth, Early Middle Ages, Spanish Church, Fredegar

Sorozhkina Y.O. (Moscow). Belgrade in the summer of 1899: assassination attempt on Milan Obrenović

YULIYA OLEGOVNA SOROZHKINA
Applicant for a degree Candidate of Historical Sciences
Lomonosov Moscow State University
119192, Lomonosovsky Prospect, 27/4, Moscow, Russian Federation
e-mail: yulyasorozhkina@gmail.com

Abstract. This article analyzes the impact of the “Ivanjdanski atentat” (the assassination attempt on Milan Obrenović in the summer of 1899) on the development and appearance of Belgrade at the turn of the 20th century. The chronology of the events of June 24, 1899 is reconstructed, based on the memoirs and testimony of Russian correspondent V.A. Gilyarovsky. Eyewitness accounts of those events allow us to see how the urban space changed and how everyday life as we know it was temporarily disrupted. By examining the Belgrade press, we can determine how the city administration responded to one of the key events in Serbian political life in the 1890s. Belgrade’s position as the capital determined its role in the struggle between various political forces.
This publication attempts to characterize the specifics of Serbia’s political development in the 1880s and 1890s, allowing us to draw conclusions about the reasons for the assassination attempt on former King Milan Obrenović. It was important to establish how the events of the summer of 1899 were influenced by the 1888 constitution, the abdication of King Milan, the struggle between the radicals, liberals, and the progressivists, as well as the return of ex-King Milan to Serbia and his confrontation with the opposition. The political consequences of the “Ivanjdanski atentat” also became the subject of this study. This article examines the impact of the assassination attempt and subsequent trial on the political fate of the radicals and Nikola Pašić.
Keywords: “Ivanjdanski atentat”, Belgrade, Milan Obrenović, Aleksandar Obrenović, Nikola Pašić, political trials

Gekht A.B. (St. Petersburg). Participation of the Wallenberg Group in the Process of Providing Russia with Telephone Services at the Beginning of the XX Century

ANTON BORISOVICH GEKHT
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate
Professor, Head of the Department of History and Regional Studies
The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University
of Telecommunications,
193232, St. Petersburg, Bolshevikov ave.,
22, building 1, letter A, Zh, St. Petersburg,
SPIN-code: 1252-5940
ORCID: 0000-0002-6917-1161
e-mail: a.geht@yandex.ru

Abstract. This work focuses on a remarkable aspect of the history of telephony in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. During the last quarter of the 19th century, the telephone transitioned from a technological innovation to an increasingly widely used means of communication, gaining widespread adoption in most developed European countries. By the end of the 19th century, as the Russian Empire experienced rapid economic growth, the integration of telephony into the country’s life gained strategic importance, with the personal attention of Emperor Nicholas II. The activities of joint-stock companies representing the interests of Swedish business circles in Russia, such as the «Swedish-Danish-Russian Joint-Stock Telephone Company» and the «Södergren Joint-Stock Telephone Company», as well as the well-known Swedish company L.M. Erikson, which operated with the active participation of the management of the investment bank «Stockholms Enskilda Banken», played an important role in the process of telephoning the country’s major cities.
Keywords: history of telecommunication services, telephony, Sweden, Russian Empire, Swedish-Danish-Russian Joint-Stock Telephone Company, Cedergren Joint-Stock Telephone Company

Zolotarev V.A. (Moscow), Zotova A.V., Poltorak S.N. (St. Petersburg). Dynamics of Expenses for the Implementation of Scientific Projects in the Central Asian Republics during the Great Patriotic War

VLADIMIR ANTONOVICH ZOLOTARYOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Doctor of Law, Professor,
Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
Chief Researcher, Department for the Study of History Problems of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
125171, Moscow, Zoya and Alexander Kosmodemyanskikh St., Building 8
e-mail: zetva1946@list.ru

ANASTASIIA VALEREVNA ZOTOVA
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
of the Faculty of International Relations,
St. Petersburg State University.
199034, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7-9.
e-mail: anastasiyazotova@mail.ru

SERGEY NIKOLAEVICH POLTORAK
Dr. Sc. (Historical), Professor
Professor of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
195251, Russia, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya st., 29
Professor of the Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin 196605, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoe shosse, 10
е-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru

Abstract. В статье на основе архивных документов и историографии анализируется финансирование научной сферы Казахстана, Кыргызстана, Узбекистана, Туркменистана и Таджикистана в 1941–1945 гг. из союзного, республиканских и местных бюджетов. Приводятся планы и отчеты научных учреждений республик Центральной Азии, выявляются основные научные направления, на которые выделялось больше всего денежных средств. В статье авторами анализируются успехи и неудачи исследуемого региона в исполнении выделявшегося на научные проекты бюджета. Отмечается, что наиболее успешно дела обстояли в Казахстане, на научную сферу которого выделялось больше всего средств. Слабым местом для всех научных подразделений было расходование средств местных бюджетов. В результате проведенного исследования делается вывод о том, что ни одна из республик Центральной Азии в период Великой Отечественной войны не смогла реализовать все денежные средства, выделенные на научные изыскания. Анализируются причины массового невыполнения обязательств, которые были возложены на научные учреждения. Авторами сопоставляются зарплаты сотрудников научной сферы в разных центральноазиатских республиках в условиях военного времени. Дается оценка роли высших учебных заведений и научно-исследовательских институтов, разместившихся в республиках Центральной Азии в результате эвакуации из европейской части Советского Союза. Таким образом, Казахстан, Кыргызстан, Таджикистан, Туркменистан и Узбекистан были в значительной мере усилены кадровыми и материальными ресурсами, позволившими развивать свою научную базу не только в период войны, но и в далекой перспективе.
Keywords: history of Central Asia, Great Patriotic War, science in Central Asia in 1941–1945, scientific institutions of the Central Asian republics, science funding

Voronkov A.S., Kitanov T.T. (Moscow). Military-political Cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Area of Jointly Countering the Threat of Terrorism and Extremism in the CSTO (CST)

ALEKSANDR SERGEEVICH VORONKOV
Leading researcher of the Scientific Research Institute (Military History)
of GSMA AF RF, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Docent
General Staff Military Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
119330, University Avenue, 14, Moscow
e-mail: kitanovt@inbox.ru

TALGAT TALAPKEROVICH KITANOV
Adjunct of the Special Faculty of GSMA AF RF
General Staff Military Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
119571, Vernadsky Avenue, 100, Moscow
e-mail: kitanovt@inbox.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the military-political cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan to ensure joint counteraction to the threat of terrorism and extremism in the format of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (Collective Security Treaty).
The publication analyzes the factors and historical circumstances that determined the relevance of such cooperation for Kazakhstan in the interests of jointly combating this threat.
The active work of the leadership, state and military authorities of Kazakhstan is shown at all historical stages of the formation and improvement of the anti-terrorist potential of the CSTO (CST) – from the advancement of political initiatives since the early 1990s to the creation since the early 2000s and the expansion of the capabilities of the instruments, mechanisms, forces and means of a comprehensive and multi-level system of this international Organization for countering international terrorism and extremism on a collective basis. The active role of the Kazakh side in historical events, which included joint activities to establish the Committee of Secretaries of Security Councils, the Collective Rapid Deployment Forces of the Central Asian Collective Security Region, and the Collective Rapid Reaction Forces of the CSTO, is noted. This cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which evolved against the backdrop of the dynamics of terrorist activity, has made it possible to significantly reduce the level of this threat in the country after 2016.
The presented material is supported by information with links to primary sources, archival documents, regulatory framework and representative literature.
Keywords: military-political cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Collective Security Treaty of 1992, Collective Security Treaty Organization, countering the threat of terrorism and extremism, the forces and means of the collective security system intended to combat terrorism and extremism, West, USA, Great Britain, Russia

Makarov A.V. (Samara). Peculiarities of Relations Between Ancient Rus and the Byzantine Empire in the 9th-10th Centuries Based on Trade Agreements of the First Princes

ALEXANDER VALERIEVICH MAKAROV
3rd-year graduate student, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History,
141 Sovetskay Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation
e-mail: avmakarov91@gmail.com

Abstract: This article focuses on the 9th-10th centuries as a period of development of diplomatic, military, and trade relations between Ancient Rus’ and the Byzantine Empire. It examines and analyzes the processes influencing the conclusion and practice of international trade agreements and their various characteristics. A distinctive feature of this period, which impacted all aspects of the development of both countries, was their significant diversity. Essentially, Rus’ (then still largely a young, “barbarian” state in its infancy) faced the task of legitimizing itself in the eyes of a generally recognized political, economic, and cultural leader of the medieval world, with centuries of experience interacting with various states and its own established and rather conservative ideological system. It also sought to establish a specific place in the medieval system of international relations. At the same time, both realms were keenly interested in mutual relations, as they possessed the necessary resources. During this period, a specific “prestige economy” flourished in Rus’, based on a developed system of transcontinental trade routes (the Baltic-Volga and Baltic-Dnieper) and primarily associated with the acquisition of prestigious goods for the needs of the elite retinue. This process was also influenced by the relative instability of Rus’ as a state under the first princes—each prince acted not only as the head but also, in essence, as the “constructor” of the state, which forced them to repeatedly renegotiate treaties with neighboring countries, since with the arrival of a new ruler, all previous agreements lost their validity
Keywords: Ancient Rus’, Byzantine Empire, international trade, trade routes, trade treaties, diplomacy, princes, retinue, paganism, Christianity

Pronchenko M.A. (Moscow). Organizational Structure of Peasant Forest Overseers in Sviyazhsky Uyezd in the 1760s

MARIA ALEKSEEVNA PRONCHENKO
an applicant for a scientific degree of Candidate of Historical sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University (Faculty of History)
119991, Rossiya, g. Moskva, GSP-1, Leninskie gory, d. 1, str. 51
e-mail: pron4enko.masha2016@yandex.ru

Abstract. This article examines the structural specifity of peasant forest overseeing on the example from its organization in Sviyazhsky uyezd of Kazan governorate in the 1760s. This structure was arranged hierarchically. The nobleman-waldmeister was one of the key figures of the forest overseeing. During the counter-reform 1727 an attempt was made to cancel the position of waldmeister, but because the forest was a strategically important resourсe it had to be restored, however the authority of waldmeister was limited.
Peasant forest overseers were usually drawn from the indigenous peoples of the Volga region or from monastery peasants. The goal of their work was to save valuable forest resources for the needs of Russian shipbuilding.
The peasant forest overseers were obligated to protecte forests and response for fire safety but also to carry out preventive work among the local residents for prevention of forest fires and various violations. Also, they were present at a number of judicial procedures when the investigation was conducted about illegal logging and testified. However, the real responsibility of peasant forest overseers was minimal. Therefore, presumably, the total number of peasant forest overseeing in Sviyazhsky uyezd could be at least 68–113 people.
Keywords: Kazan Admiralty, Catherine II, forest protection, peasant forest overseers, ship timber

Ageev A.S. (Moscow). A Diplomatic Scandal in the Era of Catherine II: Count F.G. Golovkin’s Mission to Naples (1795–1796)

ALEXEY SERGEEVICH AGEEV
postgraduate student of the Faculty
of History at Lomonosov Moscow State University
119234, Russia, Moscow, st. Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, bldg. 4
e-mail: ageevas@my.msu.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the circumstances of the recall of Count F.G. Golovkin from the post of Envoy of the Russian Empire to the Neapolitan Court (1796) Based on a comprehensive analysis of archival materials, including Golovkin’s own diplomatic correspondence and complaints sent to Empress Catherine II by the Neapolitan court, the author examines in detail the nature of his activity in Southern Italy in July 1795 – January 1796, making conclusion that the decision to recall Golovkin from the Kingdom of Naples was influenced by a combination of personal and political factors: Golovkin’s inexperience, his desire to go beyond official credentials and the confrontational nature of his behavior towards the Neapolitan court, as well as his critical attitude towards the allies of the Russian Empire (Great Britain and Austria) and close ties with the Spanish ambassador in Rome, which Golovkin maintained after Spain withdrew from the anti-French coalition. The author concludes that the decision to recall F.G. Golovkin was made in St. Petersburg mainly based on the diplomat’s own reports, which demonstrated his inadequacy for his position. However, the Golovkin scandal did not affect the nature of official Russian-Neapolitan relations.
Keywords: F.G. Golovkin, Catherine II, Maria-Carolina, Kingdom of Naples, anti-French coalition, diplomatic scandal

Filatov G.A. (Voronezh). The Personnel of the Baltic Customs Flotilla, organized in 1873 under the Command of the Junior Flagship of the Baltic Fleet, Rear Admiral P.Ya. Shkot (Based on the Materials of the Funds of the Russian State Archive of the Navy)

GENNADY ALEXANDROVICH FILATOV
Postgraduate student of the Department of History,
Philosophy and Socio-Political Disciplines
Voronezh State Agrarian
University named after Emperor Peter I,
1 Michurina St., Voronezh, 394087, Russia,
e-mail: filatov@relex.ru

Abstract. Peter Yakovlevich Shkot is one of the undeservedly forgotten Russian naval commanders. P.Ya. Shkot came from a noble family with noble roots. Moreover, P.Ya. Shkot was a hereditary naval officer of the Russian Imperial Navy. After graduating from the Naval Cadet Corps, P.Ya. Shkot devoted his entire professional life to the Russian Navy. Among the important milestones of his naval career are his heroic participation in the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War (1853-1856), command of a number of naval vessels, the Aral Flotilla and the eighth naval crew. For his successful service, P.J. Shkot was awarded Russian and foreign orders.
The scientific article examines the participation of P.Ya. Shkot in the organization of the Russian naval customs service. In 1873, a decision was made on the formation of the Baltic Customs Flotilla on the Baltic Sea. Thanks to the materials of the funds of the Russian Navy Archive (RGA of the Navy), it is possible to trace the process of creating the personnel of the new naval customs unit. P.Ya. Shkot, who at that time had the rank of rear admiral, was to head the Baltic Customs Flotilla as the junior flagship of the Baltic Fleet. For the new naval unit, consisting of flotilla management, large steam schooners, small steam schooners and steam longboats, the Russian Maritime Ministry has approved the necessary staff of fleet officers and lower ranks. At the same time, the comrade head of the Russian Maritime Ministry, Vice Admiral S.S. Lesovsky, coordinated the personnel of the Baltic Customs Flotilla with its chief, Rear Admiral P.Ya. Shkot. This approach indicates that the leadership of the Russian Naval Department attached importance to the creation of the Baltic Customs Flotilla as a matter of special national importance. That is why an experienced military seaman, Rear Admiral P. Ya. Shkot, was offered to head the Baltic Customs Flotilla.
Keywords: Baltic Customs Flotilla, Rear Admiral P.Ya. Shkot, Russian Imperial Navy, Russian Maritime Ministry, staff of the naval unit, Baltic Fleet, Customs Service, large and small steam schooners, officers and lower ranks of the fleet, customs flotilla administration

Bakanov A.V. (Makhachkala). Tourism Development in the Caucasus, 19th – Early 20th Centuries (part 3)

ALEXANDER V. BAKANOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Independent researcher
367030, Russia, Makhachkala,
e-mail: mr.bakanov85@mail.ru

Abstract. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the tourism industry also began to develop within the Northeast Caucasus. During this period, the first resorts and sanitary and hygienic station were established in this region, and detailed studies of the local mineral and thermal springs and mud were conducted. Moreover, at that time, the characteristics of the mountain and maritime climates there were studied, and their advantages and disadvantages were identified. Nevertheless, despite this, tourism development in this region was extremely slow and did not achieve the desired results. Many factors contributed to this, including: the phobias of the Caucasian War, the lack of demarcation of lands, a lack of funds, underdeveloped infrastructure, and the historical and cultural characteristics of this region.
As the study revealed, tourism development during the period under study within the Northeast Caucasus occurred in the coastal part of the Dagestan region and in the territory of modern Chechnya. In the former case, the seaside resort of Petrovsk operated, and in the latter, the balneological resorts of Sernovodsk and Goryachevodsk. Until 1917, the primary visitors to these health resorts were the lower classes of Russian society, and the resorts themselves had primitive structures. However, with the onset of the 20th century, these establishments gradually began to evolve and refurbish, acquiring a well-maintained, neat appearance. In fact, the Petrovsk resort was so modernized by the early 20th century that by that time it was practically on par with the resorts of the Black Sea group.
Keywords: Russian Empire, Northeast Caucasus, Dagestan, Chechnya, tourism, Caspian Sea, resorts

Leonov E.A. (St. Petersburg). The decline in the combat and mobilization potential of the Cossack troops in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

EVGENY ALEKSANDROVICH LEONOV
Postgraduate student of the Faculty of History and Social Sciences
A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University, Russia, St. Petersburg-Pushkin,
196605, Peterburgskoe highway, 10, Saint Petersburg,
e-mail: pushkin@lengu.ru

Abstract. The article analyzes the general situation of the Cossack troops of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the peculiarities of their way of life and training against the background of changes in the regular Russian army, as well as a decrease in their combat and mobilization potential. The article examines the relationship between the processes of modernization of Russian society at the turn of the century and the changes that took place within the Cossack class using the example of the materials of the trial mobilization training camps of the 2nd stage Cossacks in 1890-1892. During the training camp, numerous organizational and material problems of the Cossack units were noted, primarily related to negative changes in the economic base of the Cossacks, as well as shortcomings in the training of military personnel. This applied to both ordinary Cossacks and Cossack officers. Russian Russians also consider the results of the use of Cossacks in the Russo-Japanese War, and analyze the general trends in the decline of the role of the Cossacks in the late imperial Russian army. Conclusions are drawn about the systemic problems of all Cossack troops and the loss of a significant part of their combat potential by the beginning of the twentieth century, both due to the objective processes of disintegration of the military-feudal orders in the Cossack territories, and the general decline in the role of cavalry in the new wars of the “machine” period.
Keywords: Russian-Japanese war, trial mobilization, reserve troops, mobilization plan, Cossack troops, Don Cossack army, Kuban Cossack army

Shaev M.R. (Voronezh). Activities of the Voronezh Petrovsky Yacht Club in the late XIX – early XX centuries (Organizational Aspect)

Maksim Romanovich Shaev
Postgraduate Student, Department of History, Philosophy
and Socio-Political Disciplines
Voronezh State Agrarian University
named after Emperor Peter I
394087, Russia, Voronezh,
Michurin’s st., 1
e-mail: shaevmax@yandex.ru

Abstract. The relevance of the scientific study is determined by the poor study of the organizational problems that arose during the activities of the Voronezh Petrovsky Yacht Club in the Russian Empire. The purpose of this work was to consider the organizational and managerial aspects carried out in the activities of the water society in Voronezh at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Annual reports on the activities of the yacht club served as historical sources. The historical-systemic approach was used as a research method, which made it possible to analyze the interaction of various organizational elements of this sports association. As a result, it was found that the Voronezh Yacht Club was managed by a general meeting and an elected committee. Difficulties in organizing the club’s activities were largely due to the disinterest of most club members in taking part in the organizational work of the water society. The disinterest of the members of the Petrovsky Yacht Club committee in organizational work led to abuse of power by club officials and subsequent financial losses for the organization. The audit commission of the yacht club could not exercise control over the state of the property and finances of this water society due to the lack of journals with the necessary data on the state of affairs. The audit commission of the Voronezh Petrovsky yacht club conscientiously exercised control over the state of the economy in the sports association.
Keywords: Russian Empire, Voronezh, yacht club, general meeting, committee, audit commission, annual reports, property books, sailing vessels, financial resources

Baryshnikov M.N. (St. Petersburg). Women in St. Petersburg Business: Formation of the Kozhevnikov Family Business

MIKHAIL NIKOLAEVICH BARYSHNIKOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian
Federation, Head of the Department of History at the Institute of History and
Social Sciences of the A.I. Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University.
191186, St. Petersburg, Moika River Embankment, 48,
e-mail: mnbar25@yandex.ru

Abstract. The specifics of the creation and operation of family firms matter to history of Russian business, because the adoption of new commercial practices, new organizational forms and new management models has often been driven by acceptance of a relatives’ collective sense of what the company’s future will be. This article provides an analysis of the impact of the women on the relationships between shareholders and directors of the V.I. Kozhevnikov company and, wider, on defining features of the features of the development of family trade and industrial enterprise in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. I show that the gradual feminization of the ownership structure was initially, that is, at the turn of the century, initiated by the death of male shareholders, but subsequently received further development thanks to the alignment of the interests of mothers-in-law and her daughters-in-law. This study finds that a critical response on the part of the relatives to the difficulties associated with intergenerational transfer of management functions, including redistribution of directorships, is as a rule based on financial relations between generations. These difficulties demonstrate how misalignment between interests of the company, shareholders’ preferences and financial decisions can create tensions affecting both family unity and business performance. In this regard, it is demonstrated that one crucial factor behind the successful operation of a family-owned joint-stock company in the early twentieth century was the formation of a unified approaches of female relatives around a field of dividend payments and personal rewards where their business and inter-family interests coincided. The case proves (1) the key role of women as the head of the board, (2) the importance of agreed positions of women of different ages for understanding the effectiveness of family firms’ operations, and (3) the possibility for women of spillover family business experience across one generation.
Keywords: women, family business, joint-stock company, owners, corporate governance, stakeholders

Kislitsyn A.V. (St. Petersburg). Artillery in the Battle of Port Arthur: Older Weapons or Untapped Capacity?

ALEXANDER VLADIMIROVICH KISLITSYN
Candidate of Historical Sciences, senior lector of the University Chair of History and Philosophy of the Higher School of Technology and Energy (HSTE) of the Saint Petersburg State University
of Industrial Technologies and Design (SPbSUITD)
Russia, 198095, Saint Petersburg, Ivana CHernyh Street, 4
e-mail: aleks.k.44-40@yandex.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1839-5661

Abstract. The article examines the composition and characteristics of the artillery weapons of the Russian and Japanese armies, which were used in the defense and siege of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Despite the abundance of works devoted to the defense of the fortress, not enough attention is paid directly to the artillery weapons used on both sides. Researchers limit themselves to providing quantitative data, focusing on the most well-known examples, as a result of which a persistent opinion has emerged about the weakness of Russian artillery in Port Arthur. The author draws attention to the importance of the geographical conditions in which the military operations took place for the issue under consideration, namely, the intersected country of the Kwantung Peninsula, which brought to the forefront the role of weapons capable of delivering high-angle fire and effectively destroying enemy fortifications – howitzers and mortars of medium and large caliber. At the same time, the use of this weapon required the ability to use a new method of artillery fire at that time – the indirect fire.
The comparative analysis carried out in the article shows that Russian artillery in Port Arthur was not inferior to the Japanese and even had some advantage in terms of long-range guns. However, the inaptitude to use the indirect fire did not allow the Russian army to realize the potential of its domestic artillery, while the Japanese army had this skill and systematically used it, neutralizing Russian artillery and exposing the fortress to heavy fire. As a result, despite a certain superiority in the material part of the artillery weapons, the defense of Port Arthur held out, first of all, due to the heroic dedication of its defenders, thanks to which, despite the fall, the fortress fulfilled its task, inflicting enormous damage on the Japanese army.
Keywords: Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Defense of Port Arthur, Kwantung Peninsula, artillery

Kovalev A.V. (Kaluga). Anti-war Themes in Revolutionary Propaganda during the Initial Period of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 (Using the Kaluga Province as an Example)

ARTEM VLADIMIROVICH KOVALEV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Public and Municipal Administration, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Kaluga Branch.
248021, Russia, Kaluga, Okruzhnaya St., Building 4, Bldg. 3,
e-mail: kovalev-av@klg.ranepa.ru, mail@klg.ranepa.ru

Abstract. This article examines the place of anti-war themes in revolutionary propaganda during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 on the eve of the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907, using the Kaluga Province as an example. An analysis of the works of historians examining anti-war propaganda from both a national and regional perspective shows that the authors’ views differ in their assessments of the scale and role of anti-war agitation during the war. Based on documents from the Kaluga Provincial Gendarme Directorate, a methodology is proposed for studying the subject matter of revolutionary propaganda by distributing the names of propaganda materials into groups in accordance with their titles, reflecting their focus on some important problem in the development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century (agrarian question, labor question, national and religious question, question of power and political rights, question of war). The results of this examination show that, according to the materials of the Kaluga province, anti-war themes had a very significant place in revolutionary propaganda (no less than 40% in 1904). Moreover, taking into account the total number of types of propaganda materials, which has more than doubled compared to 1903, it can be argued that anti-war themes did not displace other issues, but rather supplemented them on the eve of the revolution.
Keywords: anti-war themes, gendarmes, Kaluga province, First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907, revolutionary propaganda, Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905

Nosko M.A. (St. Petersburg). The Formation and Activities of the Workers’ Combat Squad of the Sestroretsk Arms Factory in February – March 1917 in the Workers’ Memoirs (Based on Materials from the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of St. Petersburg)

MIKHAIL ANDREEVICH NOSKO
Postgraduate student at the Department of Modern History of Russia, Institute of History, St. Petersburg University.
199034, Mendelian line., 5, St Petersburg
Expert in the study and promotion of cultural heritage sites at St. Petersburg State Budgetary Institution of Culture «Historical and Cultural Museum Complex in Razliv»
197706, Yemelyanova Street., 3, St Petersburg, Sestroretsk
e-mail: st133976@student.spbu.ru

Abstract. Based on a broad range of personal sources from the collections of the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of St. Petersburg, primarily memoirs of workers of the Sestroretsk Arms Factory, the article examines the preconditions for the emergence of armed workers’ detachments in 1917, their organizational structure, size, and forms of participation in local revolutionary events. It is shown that the formation of workers’ militias was driven by the escalation of the socio-economic crisis, the radicalization of workers’ attitudes, the development of the strike movement on the eve of the revolution, and the weakening of state institutions at the local level. The workers’ militia functioned as an important element of revolutionary self-government, performing tasks related to the maintenance of public order, control over the circulation of weapons, protection of the factory, and ensuring public security. The article analyzes the strike movement preceding the revolution, interactions between workers and soldiers, as well as the mechanisms of disarming local military units and the police. Special attention is paid to the role of informal initiatives in the process of workers’ self-organization. The study makes it possible to identify characteristic features of all-Russian revolutionary processes at the local level, to clarify the significance of a “peripheral” industrial center in the events of 1917, and to expand our understanding of the social and political history of Sestroretsk.
Keywords: 1917 Revolution, Sestroretsk Arms Factory, Red Guard, local history, workers’ militias, strikes

Zuev A.V. (St. Petersburg). Joint stock company “Ocean” (1908-1917)

ANDREY VYACHESLAVOVICH ZUEV
Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law
of «GUMRF»
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor
Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping
198035, Dvinskaya street., 5/7, St. Petersburg
e-mail: univerandrey@mail.ru

Associate Professor of the Department of Theory of Law and Civil Law
Education of Herzen University
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor
Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia
191186, Moika Emb., 48, St. Petersburg
e-mail: univerandrey@mail.ru

Abstract. This article presents the history of the joint-stock company “Ocean”, founded by the Merkulyev brothers. The company’s authorized capital was 2,000,000 rubles. 8,000 shares were issued at 250 rubles each. The company’s authorized capital was increased to 4,000,000 rubles through successive share issues. The company carried out sea and river transportation of petroleum products to the Far East, the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, as well as along the Volga River and its tributaries. In addition to promoting shipping, the company was involved in the development of salt fields and the trade of salt and other goods. To this end, it equipped its own berths and wharves and opened ship repair workshops. By expanding its fleet and introducing new areas of activity, the company gradually expanded its enterprise and became a full-fledged concern. The company’s new expansion strategy involved increasing its authorized capital from 4,000,000 rubles. Up to 5,000,000 rubles through the additional issue of 4,000 shares at a par value of 250 rubles. Plans for further expansion of the company, which was at the peak of its development, were interrupted by the October Revolution and remained unrealized.
Keywords. Joint-Stock Company “Ocean”, founders, shares, shareholders, capital, board report, board, steamship, merchant fleet, shipping

Vinogradov P.V. (Vladivostok). The Experience of Transshipment Operations in the port of Vladivostok during the First World War (on the Example of Railway Cargo Handling)

PAVEL VALENTINOVICH VINOGRADOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences
Head of the Department of Natural Sciences and Special Disciplines
The Far Eastern Fire and Rescue Academy is a branch of the Saint Petersburg University of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.
690922, Vladivostok. Russian Island, Ajax village, 27.
e-mail: supwin26@mail.ru

Abstract. The supply of material resources became an important factor in achieving the victory of the Entente states during the First World War. They were important for the Russian Empire, which received weapons, industrial equipment and raw materials from allied and neutral countries, which it could not provide itself with on its own. One of the most important factors for the success and efficiency of supplies to Russia was the activity of the country’s seaports handling foreign cargo. In the context of the global conflict, it turned out to be possible to organize the delivery of strategic materials only to secondary ports of Russia located on the periphery — Arkhangelsk and Romanov-on-Murmansk (Murmansk), Vladivostok and Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, whose infrastructure was not adapted to mass cargo turnover. Thus, in the extreme conditions of the war, it was urgently necessary to adapt the port infrastructure to accept large volumes of cargo. Based on the study of a specific case of acceptance of railway materials by the port of Vladivostok, the article examines the problems associated with their unloading, reveals practical steps aimed at developing transshipment operations, typical not only for Vladivostok, but also for other harbors of the country involved in the processing of strategic cargoes in the First World War.
Keywords: World War I, Vladivostok port, port infrastructure, railway cargo, transshipment operations

Demidova E.I., Kostiaev E.V., Emelianov A.V. (Saratov). The Attitude of the Mensheviks to the Hetmanate of P.P. Skoropadsky in Ukraine in 1918

ELENA IGOREVNA DEMIDOVA
Ph. D, Professor, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov,
Head of the Department of «History and Philosophy»
77 Politechnicheskaya str., Saratov, Russia, 410054
e-mail: demidova-elena@yandex.ru

EDUARD VALENTINOVICH KOSTIAEV
Ph. D, associate Professor, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Professor of the Department of «History and Philosophy»
77 Politechnicheskaya str., Saratov, Russia, 410054
e-mail: edikost@bk.ru

ALEKSEI VIKTOROVICH EMELIANOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate Professor, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, associate Professor
of the Department of «History and Philosophy»
77 Politechnicheskaya str., Saratov, Russia, 410054
e-mail: history-12@yandex.ru

Abstract. This article provides a detailed analysis of the theoretical views and practical activities of representatives of the Menshevik wing of the domestic Social Democracy during Hetman Pavel Skoropadsky’s tenure in Ukraine in 1918. His rise to power in the Ukrainian State, as the country became known at the time, resulted from a coup d’état orchestrated in Kyiv in April 1918 by the German occupiers. Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky was effectively their puppet during his reign in Ukraine. The Mensheviks were staunch opponents of Ukraine’s separation from Russia following the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty. They advocated for Ukraine’s immediate return to Russia. Convinced that the Germans, that is, the real masters of the Skoropadsky regime that ruled Ukraine in 1918, would turn it into a colony of Austro-German imperialism, the Mensheviks constantly called on their political supporters in the broad masses to wage an armed struggle to end the occupation of Ukrainian territory by the troops of Austria-Hungary and Germany, as well as to overthrow the power of their protege, Hetman Pavel Skoropadsky.
Keywords: social democracy, Menshevism, Bolshevism, Hetmanate, Ukraine, Skoropadsky, The Brest Peace

Bogdanovich V.A. (St. Petersburg). The Evolution of Attitudes toward Professional Football in Leningrad in 1924–1935 (on Materials of Periodicals)

VICTOR ALEXANDROVICH BOGDANOVICH
Postgraduate Student of 2 year of the Department of Russian History
of Faculty of History and Social Sciences
Pushkin State Leningrad University
Organizer Teacher of department of additional education for children, methodist of SBEI School 604 named after Hero of the Soviet Union and
Hero of the Russian Federation N. S. Maidanov
Pushkinskiy Disrict of St. Petersburg
State Budgetary General education Institution
School 604
196634, Izborskaya street., 4, building 2, St. Petersburg
e-mail: shkola604@yandex.ru
e-mail: komrad.bogdanovich16@yandex.ru
ORCID ID: 0009-0000-8986-174

Abstract. The article affects an issue of determining the process of evolution of attitudes towards professional football in Leningrad in the period from 1924 to 1935. The above situation was combined with the constant inclusion of city sports organizations in the system of developing mass sports and physical education in the USSR during the interwar period as part of the general construction of the ideology of collectivism.
The aim of this study is to examine the key episodes in the evolution of attitudes toward the development of professional football in Leningrad from 1924 to 1935. The author analyzes key positive and negative press views regarding the state of professional football in Leningrad during this period. As the main material for research articles from the Leningrad magazine (with 1933 – newspaper) «Spartak», the Leningrad «Red Newspaper» and the Moscow periodicals «Red Sport» and «Physical Culture and Sport» are used. Special attention is paid to materials devoted to the most significant issues in the development of Leningrad professional football in 1924-1935, highlighting various positions on the topics raised in the publications.
The author comes to the conclusion that there were various and ambiguous assessments and opinions in the periodical press regarding the state of professional football in Leningrad in the period from 1924 to 1935, while at the end of the period under study, there was recognition of the need for independent development of football in Leningrad.
Keywords: football, teams, trade unions, magazine, newspaper, champions

Popravko E.A. (St. Petersburg). Specific of Development of Military-automotive and Military-road Services in the Russian Empire, in the RSFSR and in the USSR (frome Late XIXth Century to June 1941)

ELENA A. POPRAVKO
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Army General A. V. Khrulev Military Academy of Logistics, Professor of Chair of Military-Political Work in Troops (Forces)
8, Makarova Naberezhnaya, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
e-mail: elena_popravko@mail.ru

Abstract. Complex projects related to the operation of the delivery system as part of logistical support in the period of the Great Patriotic War (best known of which is the «Road of life» blocked Leningrad), make us consider the previous period of development of military transportation service, military-road service and military-automotive service. This helps to identify both the trends that allowed the Soviet command to implement innovative projects in war conditions, and the circumstances that prevented the implementation of these projects. It was researched a processes of development of military-road and military-automobile services, especially the construction of military roads and the use of military vehicles in the Russian Empire, RSFSR and USSR from the late XIX centure to June 1941. Based on published materials and archival documents, features in the development of military-automobile and military-road activities were identified: lack of a systematic approach to solving issues, preference for proven technologies and a negative attitude towards innovation, weak link with the development of the economy in whole. These factors led to the fact that when there were interesting developments (technological, infrastructural and organizational), their practical implementation was blocked in peacetime.
Keywords: military roads, military automotive service, military road service, Russian Empire, RSFSR, USSR, Rear of the Armed Forces

Shults E.E. (Moscow). The Unexpectedness of the June 22, 1941 Attack: An Analysis of Memoir Literature

Eduard Eduard Shults
Head of the Department of Communication technologies, PhD in History, associate professor
Moscow State Linguistic University,
Ostozhenka, 38/1, Moscow, Russia, 119034
Associate professor, Department of Russian history, Federal State University of Education
Radio str., 10A, Moscow, 105005, Russia
e-mail: nuap1@yandex.ru

Abstract. The unexpectedness of Germany’s attack on the USSR has always been seen as a key factor in the defeats of the Red Army in the first months of the war. However, the principle of the unexpected location, direction and force of the strike was transformed into a set of attitudes about the unpreparedness of the USSR, Stalin’s blind faith in Hitler and ignoring his own intelligence data. In this regard, the troops were not moved to the border and were not put on alert. The main source of such information was the memoirs of Soviet military leaders. However, a detailed analysis of the memoir literature makes it possible to identify in them something that was not mainstream, but provides an opportunity to reveal another reality. The study allows us to state that if there is a sentiment that they did not know about the upcoming war, and the TASS report of June 14 misinformed the country and the army, the memoir literature on the Great Patriotic War nevertheless massively provides information about the awareness of the leadership of the army and the generals of the USSR in May-June 1941 about the upcoming war with Germany in the near future. time and preparation for this war. The TASS report of June 14 was perceived by the leadership of the Red Army as a diplomatic move that does not change the essence of preparations for the upcoming aggression. The problem of the late deployment or non-deployment of units to the border is considered far-fetched in the memoirs of the highest level of the Red Army command.
Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, the Barbarossa Plan, the German attack on the USSR, June 22, 1941, World War II

Ivanov V.A., Rogachev V.V. (Simferopol). Participation of soviet women in the underground anti–nazis movement during the Great Patriotic war (based on the example of the activities of the underground organization of Alexandra Andreevna Voloshinova («Musi») in occupied Simferopol in 1941–1944)

VYACHESLAV ALEXANDROVICH IVANOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Crimean University of Culture, Arts, and Tourism;
Associate Professor, Department of History, Fevzi Yakubov Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University,
295017, Simferopol, Kievskaya St., 39,
e-mail: slavik1855@gmail.com

VLADIMIR VLADIMIROVICH ROGACHEV
Head of the Special Collections Department,
State Archives of the Republic of Crimea,
295050, Simferopol, Kechkemetskaya St., 3,
e-mail: vova.rogachev@mail.ru
Abstract. In the article, based on the first documents and materials introduced into scientific circulation from the funds of the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea (F. P-156, F. P-849, F. R-5026), materials of the periodical press from the newspaper funds of the Crimean Republican Universal Scientific Library named after. I. Franko (KRUNB named after I. Franko), declassified materials within the framework of the project «No Statute of Limitations» of the Archive of the Directorate of the Federal Security Service of Russia (UFSB) for Omsk Region, are considered the activities of Soviet women in the underground anti-Nazi movement in the territory of occupied Crimea during the Great Patriotic War, using the example of the activities of the underground organization of Alexandra Andreevna Voloshinova (underground pseudonym «Musya») in Simferopol and the Simferopol region in 1942–1944. The underground struggle of A. A. Voloshinova’s («Musya») organization included the following elements of the anti-Nazi Resistance: 1) intelligence operations; 2) sabotage and subversive activities; 3) propaganda work. The publication, based on an analysis of newly introduced archival sources from the collections of the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea and the Archives of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for the Omsk Region, reveals for the first time the names of the provocateurs, agents of the Romanian counterintelligence – the Sigurans – who tracked down and handed over members of the underground organization of A. A. Voloshinova («Musya») to the Nazis.
Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, Crimea, Soviet women, A. A. Voloshinova («Musya»), I. M. Voloshinov, partisan movement, underground struggle, sabotage, agitation, propaganda, intelligence work, Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Romania, Abwehr, Gestapo, secret field police (SFP), Siguranza

Filippovyh D.N., Fedulov S.V. (Moscow, St. Petersburg). Combat days of Baltic reconnaissance pilots

DMITRY N. FILIPPOVYH
chief researcher of the Research Center for Fundamental Military-Historical Problems of the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, retired captain 1st rank, Dr. Sci. (Historical), professor, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Rocket and Artillery Sciences, corresponding member of AVN, member of the Presidium of the Academy of Military Sciences 195220, 123001, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya Street, 14
e-mail: serg.val.fed.661000@yandex.ru

SERGEY V. FEDULOV
professor of the Department of Humanities and
Social and Economic Disciplines Mozhaisky Military Space Academy, reserve colonel, Dr. Sci. (Historical), professor, corresponding member of AVN,
197198, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Zhdanovskaya street, 13
e-mail: serg.val.fed.661000@yandex.ru

Abstract. The profession of a pilot, especially during the years of severe trials, is heroic. In the periodical press, researchers pay attention to fighter pilots and their successful air battles, the results of accurate bombing and assault attacks by bomber and assault aviation pilots, however, the combat work of reconnaissance pilots is not fully covered, although it is no less heroic.
An example of courage, heroism, self-sacrifice is the history of the 15-th Separate Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment. During the years of Great Patriotic War, out of eight Heroes of the Soviet Union, seven died, of which three Heroes of the Soviet Union did not return from a combat mission on May 8, 1945, that is, in the last hours of the War.
The article dedicated to the 80-th anniversary of the Great Victory in the Great Patriotic War shows under what conditions and at what cost, at the risk of life, reconnaissance pilots performed combat missions during the battle of Leningrad, which was their everyday life. The main task of the reconnaissance pilots was to obtain valuable information about the enemy at any cost and deliver it to the command in a timely manner. This task was carried out daily at the risk of life.
Keywords: Red Banner Baltic Fleet, Leningrad Front, 15th Separate Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, reconnaissance pilots, aviation reconnaissance, aerial photography

Likhachev V.G. (St. Petersburg). Organization of the training process for naval personnel at the Vocational School No. 1 in Veliky Ustyug in 1946-1953

VIKTOR GENNADIEVICH LIKHACHEV
Lecturer at the College of Electronics and Information Technology
192281, 23 k. 1 Zagrebsky Boulevard, St. Petersburg
e-mail: suna-kivach@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of the organization of the educational process at the Vocational School No. 1 in Veliky Ustyug in the post-war period (1946–1953) as a key element of the system of personnel training for the restoration of the Soviet river transport. In the first post-war years, in the context of the strategy for the restoration of the river fleet and its infrastructure, the existing river technical schools were transformed into closed schools of a new type, including the Astrakhan, Molotov, and Veliky Ustyug schools, which received a new status and special operating regime. The strategic importance of the school’s location in a major shipping center on the Northern Dvina River is emphasized. The study is based on regulatory documents, particularly the 1947 Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which determined the transformation of existing technical schools into new-type closed schools modeled after naval schools. The article discusses the mechanisms of the school’s functioning in the system of state labor reserves: centralized recruitment of young people, full state support (food, uniforms, and dormitories), as well as the structure and content of the educational process. It highlights the effective combination of theoretical training with mandatory practical experience at ship repair plants and vessels of the Northern Shipping Company. The article provides a detailed description of the systematic approach to planning, monitoring academic performance (using a five-point scale), and the formation of a teaching staff consisting of experienced professionals.
Keywords: Soviet river transport, vocational education, vocational school, Veliky Ustyug, post-war reconstruction, state labor reserves, personnel training, educational and production process

Boyko N.S., Bubovich S.S. (Ulyanovsk). Ideological and artistic standards of state-cultural policy in the field of theatrical activity (using the example of the Ulyanovsk region in the period 1942–1962)

NATALIA SEMENOVNA BOYKO
Professor of the Department of History
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Ulyanovsk State
Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov,
4 Lenin Square, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russian Federation,
orcid.org/ 0000-0003-3574-4731, e-mail: nboyko2005@mail.ru

SERGEI SERGEEVICH BUBOVICH
graduate student
Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical
University named after I.N. Ulyanov,
432071, Russian Federation, Ulyanovsk, Lenin Square, 4,
orcid.org/ 0009-0006-0576-8117, e-mail: serg.bubovich@yandex.ru

Abstract. This article examines the role of regional party and state authorities in ensuring the smooth operation of cultural and educational institutions serving residents of cities and villages. During the period under study, conditions were created to ensure access to cultural centers for young workers, students from factory schools, and the general population. The Komsomol and party activists played an active role in this process. Mobile propaganda units were organized to inform workers and citizens about the situation on the war fronts and also to provide educational presentations on popular science and technical issues. The article’s primary source is an archival document from the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Ulyanovsk Region, which is being introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. These materials contain information about the trip of E.A. Gaigereva, head of the regional group. Theatre critic M.M. Arkadyeva in July 1961 to the theatres of the Ulyanovsk region: about the work of the Ulyanovsk Regional Drama Theatre, about the work of the Melekess Drama Theatre, about the regional puppet theatre, their work, repertoire, needs.
Undoubtedly, thanks to the efforts of regional party and government bodies, cultural and educational institutions have become an important element of social infrastructure, contributing to the development and strengthening of society. Their work was aimed at creating a harmonious individuals prepared for labor and defense of the Motherland, as well as raising the cultural level and political literacy of the population. The reviewed assessment of the work of theaters in the cities of Ulyanovsk and Melekess, as well as their work in the Ulyanovsk region in the mid-20th century indicates the quality of performances, the needs for creative and organizational activities in the regions.
Keywords: theatre, repertoire, performance, director, Ulyanovsk region, actors, theatre staff, scenery

Mukhamedov R.A., Stepanyuk S.V. (Ulyanovsk). Activity of the agricultural department of the Ulyanovsk regional radio

RASHIT ALIMOVICH MUKHAMEDOV
Professor of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov
Doctor of History, Professor.
432071, Russian Federation, Ulyanovsk, Lenin Square, 4
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru

SERGEY V. STEPANYUK
Candidate of the Faculty of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov
432071, Russian Federation, Ulyanovsk, Lenin Square, 4
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru

Abstract. The article analyzes archival materials on the work of the agricultural department of the regional radio from February to November 1959. The achievements and shortcomings of the department, the genre diversity of the programs, the participation of correspondents and interaction with rural workers are considered. There has been a noticeable improvement in the editorial staff’s work: expanding the genre range of broadcasts, improving their quality, and increasing attention to stories about the best representatives of collective farms and state farms. An attempt was made to evaluate rural correspondents and their activities, who prepared the material and covered not only the achievements of the planned indicators of agricultural organizations, but also criticized for the negligent attitude of both managers and ordinary workers. The authors showed that in order to prepare the material, correspondents traveled to rural areas, collective farms and state farms, in addition, they turned their attention to the implementation of agrotechnological measures, and when violations were detected, this phenomenon was criticized. All the speeches of the radio correspondents were aimed and contributed to increasing labor productivity and fulfilling the five-year plan for the delivery of agricultural products to the state. The broadcasts began to feature the voices of real workers more often, which contributed to a more reliable reflection of the life of labor collectives. The main problems were identified: a limited number of authors, a formal approach to materials, uneven territorial representation and insufficient analysis of production issues. It was noted that there were issues and problems of an organizational and material nature in the activities of the agricultural department of the regional radio. It is concluded that it is necessary to improve the quality and content of radio broadcasts, as well as to improve the organizational work of the department. It is also indicated that the editorial staff’s work has improved: expanding the genre range of broadcasts, improving their quality, and increasing attention to stories about the best representatives of the working people. The voices of real workers began to be heard more often in the broadcasts, which contributed to a more reliable reflection of the life of labor collectives. The sources were unpublished documents seized from the repositories of the State Archive of the Modern History of the Ulyanovsk Region (GANI UO), a significant part of which was first introduced into scientific circulation, statistical materials and periodicals.
Keywords: Ulyanovsk region, genre diversity, correspondents, regional radio, radio broadcasts, agriculture, agricultural department

Sandar B.V. (Moscow). The Functioning of the Parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church in the USSR in 1961–1988 (According to the Memoirs of the Clergy)

BORIS VIKTOROVICH SANDAR
Postgraduate Student
of the Department of Russian History
of the 20th–21st centuries, Faculty of History,
Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Russia, 119234, Moscow,
Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4.
e-mail: b.sandar@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the functioning of the parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church in the USSR in the period 1961–1988. For the first time, the study introduces interviews of clergymen, as well as unpublished office records, into scientific circulation. The main issue of the article is the organization of the daily functioning of churches. At the same time, the article provides a comparative analysis of the actual situation of the parish administration with the current Charter on the Administration of the Russian Orthodox Church. The results of the study allow to conclude that the changes made by the Council of Bishops in 1961 reduced the power of both the ruling bishops and the rectors in relation to the parishes and, on the contrary, increased their influence and made it possible to use additional levers of influence on personnel policy in the dioceses of the local authorized Council for Religious Affairs. Also, an important result of this research is the introduction of new information into the existing historical knowledge about the daily functioning of churches and the structure of parish life in this period.
Keywords: The Russian Orthodox Church, parish life, the Council of Bishops in 1961, clergy, elder, commissioner of the Council for Religious Affairs

Greben D.E. (Moscow). Buddhism in Tuva in the soviet period in the views of local intellectuals

DARIA EVGENIEVNA GREBEN
Assistant, Pre-University Faculty
Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Building 3, Moscow, 117198, Russia
e-mail: greben_de@pfur.ru

Abstract. The article examines the perception of Buddhism in Tuva during the Soviet period as viewed by representatives of the local intellectuals. Based on the author’s field materials and historiographical studies, the article explores the consequences of Soviet confessional policy for the religious life of the region and the specific ways these consequences were interpreted by the national intelligentsia. The study analyzes the destruction of monastic infrastructure, the persecution of Buddhist clergy, and the displacement of religion from the public sphere, as well as the forms through which Buddhist practices were preserved at the household and family levels. Particular attention is paid to the role of the intelligentsia in transmitting religious memory and preserving tangible and intangible Buddhist heritage. It is demonstrated that, despite the institutional rupture, Buddhism continued to exist as a significant element of the spiritual and symbolic systems of Tuvan society. The article also considers the contribution of the national intelligentsia to the revival of Buddhism during the period of Perestroika and the 1990s. It is concluded that Buddhism functions as an important resource for the symbolic and cultural self-identification of Tuvan society. The findings broaden current understandings of the specific patterns of interaction between religion, state power, and society under conditions of ideological pressure and social transformation in the twentieth-century national regions of Russia.
Keywords: Buddhism, Republic of Tuva, Tyva Republic, national and cultural revival, national intelligentsia

Kaleda A.V. (Moscow). Military personnel of the Saint Petersburg garrison in the context of the political crisis of 1905–1907

ANATOLII VASILYEVICH KALEDA
postgraduate student,
Department of Russian History of the
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,
Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.
e-mail: tolyakaleda@gmail.com

Abstract. The study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the First Russian Revolution on the lives of military personnel of the Saint Petersburg garrison. The paper examines the participation of the military in suppressing riots, their clashes with the civilian population, as well as interaction with revolutionary agitation. The scientific novelty lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of previously unpublished archival documents that detail both large-scale garrison operations and local incidents (assassination attempts on military personnel, theft of weapons, domestic conflicts). The methodological framework of the work combines traditional methods of historical analysis with elements of microhistory, which makes it possible to reveal general trends through special cases. The interdisciplinary approach includes elements of military history, social anthropology, and everyday history. The purpose of the study is to analyze how the First Russian Revolution affected the lives of military personnel, their service practice and interaction with society. The work uses materials from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA), including reports, dispatches, orders and investigative files.
Keywords: the Guard, the revolution of 1905–1907, the metropolitan garrison, the suppression of protests, clashes with the civilian population, attacks on military personnel of the metropolitan garrison

Brezhneva S.N. (St. Petersburg). Military Orientalist D. N. Logofet on the fate of the Bukhara Emirate in the early 20th century

SVETLANA NIKOLAEVNA BREZHNEVA
Doctor of Historical Sciences,
Professor of the Department of Russian History
Leningrad state University. A. S. Pushkin
196605, Russia, Saint Petersburg,
Pushkin, 10 Petersburg Highway
e-mail: brezhneva_s_n_@mail.ru

Abstract. The article is dedicated to Dmitry Nikolaevich Logofet, who is one of the most prominent military historians and orientalists. During his years in Central Asia, he wrote a number of historical essays on the history, culture, and everyday life of the Central Asian peoples. Logofet’s works on the relationship between the Russian Empire and its protectorate, the Emirate of Bukhara, are particularly interesting. His most serious and fundamental work is “The Bukhara Khanate under the Russian Protectorate,” which contains information about the history of the Emirate, its life under the Russian protectorate, its population, climate, administrative structure, trade, and legal system. He also attempted to analyze the role and nature of the administrative reforms implemented by Russia after the conquest. As a representative of the military department, D.N. Logofet fully supported those politicians who argued for the inclusion of the Bukhara Emirate in the Russian Empire. In an effort to prove the inevitability of Bukhara’s accession to Russia, he painted a bleak picture of the emirate’s internal situation, attempting to convince Russian public opinion that if the territory was not annexed to Russia in the near future, its population would simply die out. Logofet’s book had an impact on the discussion in Russian society regarding the potential accession of the Bukhara Emirate to Russia, which was actively debated in the early 20th century.
Keywords: D. N. Logofet, Oriental studies, Russia, Central Asia, Bukhara Emirate, protectorate, annexation

Osipov I.V. (Moscow). Ideas about Patriarch Tikhon in the Historical Memory of Young People (Based on a Survey of Russian University Students)

IGOR VYACHESLAVOVICH OSIPOV
PhD in History, Leading Researcher, Institute of Civil Identity,
The Kosygin State University of Russia,
119071, Malaya Kaluzhskaya street, 1, Moscow
e-mail: igorosipov2020@gmail.com

Abstract. In modern Russia, special attention is paid to the ideological aspects of social processes, ideological and value orientations are being developed for the younger generation education and the socio-cultural institutions functioning. The central place in the discussions is occupied by the identity concept, which has deeply penetrated into the political and public spheres. Historical memory is a key of the formation of civic identity. The issues of preserving historical memory and strengthening the historical consciousness of the younger generation are in the focus of the state’s attention, and they require effective tools in educational activities. 2025 marks the centenary of the Patriarch Tikhon death, a major figure in the Russian Orthodox Church history and the history of Russia as a whole. Exhibitions, conferences and lectures were organized throughout the country as part of the commemorative events, and a set of scientific and educational materials was created. This article highlights the study results of the Patriarch Tikhon image in the historical consciousness of higher education students in order to identify the formation of young people’s ideas about his biography and activities after assuming the patriarchal throne in 1917. Despite the scale of the events organized, a significant part of the respondents do not have sufficient knowledge of this historical figure. The results of the study confirm the need for further improvement of comprehensive historical and civic education activities.
Keywords: identity, historical education; historical memory, Patriarch Tikhon

Baranovsky A.L. (Minsk, Republic of Belarus). Rogachev – Gomel – Leningrad – Minsk: the Life and Fate Valentina Alekseevna Chernyavskaya (1921–2005)

ANDREY LEONIDOVICH BARANOVSKY
Chief Bibliographer
of the Research Department of Bibliography
National Library of Belarus
116 Nezavisimosti Аve., Minsk, 220114, Republic of Belarus
e-mail: andre-b2005@yandex.ru

Abstract. This biographical study, based on documents and materials from archives of Belarus and Russia, is devoted to the life and legacy of Valentina Alekseevna Chernyavskaya (1921–2005), a native of the Belarusian town of Rogachev in the Gomel Region and a graduate of the Faculty of Geography at the Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia.
Valentina Chernyavskaya participated in the Great Patriotic War, serving as a nurse and sergeant in the medical service of Evacuation Hospital No. 1014, and survived the Siege of Leningrad. After the war, she returned to her homeland and worked as a librarian at the State Library of the BSSR named after V.I. Lenin (now the National Library of Belarus) before taking positions within the district and city structures of the Communist Party of Belarus in Minsk. In 1958, she was elected Deputy Chair of the Presidium of the Belarusian Society for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, a position she held for 23 years. Chernyavskaya was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1960) and the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd Class (1985), as well as several others medals. She was also named an Honoured Cultural Worker of the BSSR (1971).
The rich archival resources preserved across multiple repositories in Belarus and Russia, combined with a wide range of previously unpublished sources, have made it possible to reconstruct her biography. This work restores a forgotten name to historical memory, not only within the history of the National Library of Belarus and Belarusian people’s diplomacy, but also within the history of the city of Minsk, and once again highlights the numerous historical connections, interactions, and influences between Belarus and Russia.
Keywords: Leningrad, Minsk, biographical studies, war, Valentina Alekseevna Chernyavskaya, libraries, people’s diplomacy

Shipilov A.V. (Voronezh). The European “Stone Civilization” and the Russian “Wood Civilization”: a Comparative Analysis of Historical Development

Andrey Vasilyevich Shipilov
Doctor of Cultural Studies, Professor of the Department of
Philosophy, Economics, and Social Sciences and Humanities,
Voronezh State Pedagogical University.
394043, Russian Federation, Voronezh, ul. Leninа, 86.
e-mail: andshipilo@yandex.ru

Abstract. This article presents a comparative study of traditional housing construction in Europe and Russia, with regard to the conditions of their historical development. One of the motivating factors is the preservation and accumulation of material artifacts, as effective methods of accumulating physical capital ensure the growth of social wealth and thereby facilitate the intensification of socioeconomic development. In much of Europe during the early modern period, mass housing was built of natural stone and brick, which were distinguished by their increased wear resistance and fire safety, increasing the service life of housing stock to 150–300 years. In Russia, however, mass urban and rural housing was primarily constructed of wood; the share of stone and brick buildings was comparatively insignificant due to the high cost of building materials and the insufficient comfort of the spaces used, especially in winter. Wooden housing was much more accessible in terms of materials and price, but its average service life was limited to 50 years, with a high risk of destruction by fire, which was quite frequent in Russia. This led to an increased expenditure of material resources and human labor on the permanent restoration of the housing stock and thereby reduced the potential for the country’s socio-economic development.
Keywords: Europe, Russia, historical development, housing construction, stone, brick, wood