Popov A.N., Popova D.V., Prishchepa A.S. (St. Petersburg). The First Great Patriotic War Dispatch of the Politdepartment of the Naval Base Hanko

ARTEM ANATOLEVICH POPOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University,
195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg,
scientific secretary, State Memorial Museum of the Defense and Blockade of Leningrad,
191028, Solaynoy lane, 9, St. Peterburg,
e-mail: artempopovspb@mail.ru

DIANA VADIMOVNA POPOVA
scientific editor of the State Memorial Museum of the Defense and Blockade of Leningrad,
191028, Solaynoy lane, 9, St. Peterburg,
post-graduate student, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University,
195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg,
e-mail: popovadianaspb@yandex.ru

ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH PRISHCHEPA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University,
195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg,
researcher, The Institute of History of the Defence and the Blockade of Leningrad of the State Memorial Museum of the Defense and Blockade of Leningrad,
191028, Solaynoy lane, 9, St. Peterburg,
e-mail: a.prischepa@list.ru

Abstract. The political dispatch of the Politdepartment of the Naval Base Hanko of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet dated 9 July 1941. This source is stored in the Archive of Navy (Gatchina), which is the branch of the Central Archive of Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. There are the descriptions of the events in this document, which took place during the defense of Hanko in the early beginning of the Great Patriotic War. This document described the period from 22 of June till 6 of July 1941. Hanko garrison was full of determination to attack the enemy, the morale was high. The Hanko defenders continued the success aggressive actions on the islands which surrounded the peninsula. These actions diverted sizeable enemy forces from the attack of Leningrad. They binded enemy on the west direction. The dispatch has the information about measures for the fortification of the Navy defense. This document describes the strengthening of the defense facilities, preparations for the battle against the enemy tanks, infantry and landing force. It is informed about evacuatiоn of women and children from Hanko to Leningrad. This report contains information about garrison’s “politico-moral condition”, interaction between infantry and artillery, pilot’s heroic deeds, cowardice of some Hanko defenders. The dispatch adds the information reported in another archive documents, memoirs and periodical of those days. For this reason, the source gives us the unique dates. Separate sections of the document devoted to the Politdepartment and the House of Navy. They told about agitation work of soviet political instructors, which was directed to morale increase among the Hanko defenders, about concert activity and movie show. In the dispatch there are dates about garrison loss, questions about the latest press provision of Hanko and mail for more effective agitation work and for the increase garrison morale.
Keywords: Great Patriotic War, Battle for Leningrad, Battle of Hanko, the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, the Politdepartment of the Naval Base Hanko

Zelenyanskaya Yu.V. (St. Petersburg). Features of the Restoration of the “Axonometric Plan of Buildings and Gardens of Peterhof. 1775” by P.-A. de Saint-Hilaire and Impact of the Changes Made on the Plan’s Verification

YULIA VALENTINOVNA ZELENYANSKAYA
researcher, Saint Petersburg Institute of History Russian Academy of Science
7, Petrozavodkaya ul., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 197110
e-mail: zelenyanskayajulia@mail.ru

Abstract. “PLAN ORIENTÉ ET EN ÉLÉVATION DES BÂTIMENS ET JARDINS DE PETERHOFF, MAISON DE PLAISANCE DE LA COUR IMPÉRIALE DE RUSSIE. BÂTIE PAR PIERRE I. SUR LE GOLFE DE FINLANDE, À 30 VERSTES DE ST. PÉTERSBOURG” (Plan of buildings and gardens of Peterhof, the country residence of the Russian Imperial Court founded by Peter I on the Gulf of Finland, in 30 versts from St. Petersburg, oriented to the cardinal points and in vertical projection) is a part of a complex of drawings made by the French cartographer P.-A. de Saint-Hilaire (?–1780) commissioned by Empress Catherine II in 1772–1775. Since the beginning of the museumification of architectural monuments, this document has been mentioned in scientific publications under the abridged title “Axonometric plan of buildings and gardens of Peterhof”, is highlighted by researchers as a reliable primary source of the 18th century and used in projects of the recovery and restoration of the former Peterhof imperial residence. However, up to the present time its authenticity has not been determined. The publication presents for the first time the history of this documentary material, identifies watermarks, defines the correlation of the time of production of the paper and the author’s date. It also traces changes in the state of preservation of the main plan in the collection, which occurred from storage conditions, long-term use and subsequent intense restoration. Revealed additions in the structure of paper, overdrawing to the pictures and other interventions were taken into account when determining authenticity of the document.
Keywords: Peterhof, museum collection, Saint-Hilaire, axonometric plan, watermarks, historiography, source studies, archaeography, restoration

Bogacheva A.S. (Moscow). Evolution of Public Views on the World of Childhood at the turn of the 1850s-60s: The Experience of the Children’s Magazine “Podsnezhnik”

ANNA SERGEEVNA BOGACHEVA
2nd year master’s degree student,
department of Russian History of the Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries,
Faculty of History,
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
119234, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4. Moscow,
e-mail: anutabogacheva@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the changes in public views on the world of childhood at the turn of the 1850s-1860s, which are broadcast in the children’s magazine “Podsnezhnik”, published by V.N. Maykov. “Podsnezhnizhnik” was a popular magazine of a ‘new type’. The magazine was not financially supported by government and was characterized by periodicity, unlike other periodicals of that time. It was attended by a large number of public figures of the time, which reflected the growing public interest in the world of childhood. In the 1830s and 1840s, society had a strong perception of the sentimental and refined world of children, for whom it was necessary to “adapt” and remake information for their understanding. In the 1850s the situation changed, due to the development of pedagogical ideas, the peak of society’s interest in the fate of the future generation and the fate of Russia, as well as the detailed criticism of V.G. Belinsky and N.A. Dobrolyubov of the existing corpus of children’s literature. The authors of “Podsnezhnik”, responding to the problems of children’s literature, defended the ideas of realism in works for children, considered it their duty to enrich children’s reading with the achievements of world and national Russian literature, as well as to make them available to children of different classes.
Keywords: children’s magazine “Podsnezhnik,” social attitudes, world of childhood, V.N. Maykov, the middle of the 19th century

Mudrova N.P. (Maykop). “Maikopskaya Gazeta”: A Brief Essay on the Periodic Edition’s Release

NATALYA PETROVNA MUDROVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the National History,
Historiography, Theory and Methodology of History Department
FSBEI HE “Adyghe State University”
385000, Republic of Adygea, 208 Pervomayskaya str., Maykop,
e-mail: mudrowa-nataliya@mail.ru

Abstract. The paper reveals the history of the emergence of the first city “Maikop Newspaper” as one of the complex and at the same time unique historical sources. The variety of columns, the nature of the published information, indicate the publisher’s focus on a wide readership. The presence of numerous advertisements allows us to come to the conclusion about the rich, colorful life of the city, the interest of a large audience in it as well. The study of the “Maikopskaya Gazeta” identifies the features of the transformation of a regional commercial publication, oriented towards the capital’s press, as a “model” of the periodical press of that time. At the same time, it has formed its own special, colorful model, possessing its own form and content, which reflect all aspects of life of Maykop residents, the surrounding area, the entire country and abroad. The information content of the newspaper is colossal. Each separate section can become an independent scientific research field.
Keywords: historical source, periodical press, newspaper, regional press, “Maikopskaya Gazeta”

Seropegin A.M. (Moscow). Liberal Periodicals and the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1894–1899: Strategies of “Birzhevye Vedomosti”, “Russkie Vedomosti” and “Vestnik Evropy”

ALEXEY MIKHAILOVICH SEROPEGIN
Applicant for a Degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Department of Russian History of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
27-4, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation.
E-mail: seropegin.msu@gmail.com

Abstract. The article, based on the documents of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs, personal sources and periodicals, reconstructs the strategies of interaction between the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the editors of the newspapers “Birzhevye Vedomosti” and “Russkie Vedomosti”, as well as the magazine “Vestnik Evropy” in the first five years of the reign of Nicholas II. Attention is paid to the information campaigns devoted to the changes in the management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1895 and 1899. The paper presents the censors’ assessments of the press materials and demonstrates the differences in their approach to each of the periodicals. Particular attention is paid to the dialogue between editors and censors regarding the disclosure of information about the sources of published information, the paper shows the differences in the editors’ approaches to this issue. The article analyzes the attempt of the newspaper “Birzhevye Vedomosti” to participate in the conflict between S.Yu. Witte and I.L. Goremykin in 1899. The findings of the study allow to identify three main strategies of liberal periodicals in their relations with the Ministry of Internal Affairs – caution, independence and pragmatism.
Keywords: “Birzhevye Vedomosti”, “Russkie Vedomosti”, “Vestnik Europy”, Main Directorate for Press Affairs, I.L. Goremykin, S.M. Propper, V.M. Sobolevsky, M.M. Stasyulevich

Kovalev A.S. (Moscow). Land Taxation in Ostrogothic Italy (493–554 AD)

ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH KOVALEV
Postgraduate student at the Department of Medieval History
V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
119192, Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt., 27, bd. 4
e-mail: alkskovalev@gmail.com

Abstract. The article deals with the system of land taxation in Ostrogothic Italy (493–554 AD). In an attempt to model the system in its entirety, the author focuses on the following key aspects: the mechanism of tax collection and its participants, the ratio of monetary and in-kind payments, and the issue of the basic unit of tax accounting. The study of Cassiodorus’ Variae, the Edict of Theoderic, and the Ravenna Papyri indicate, on the one hand, the continuity of the fiscal system in Ostrogothic Italy as compared to the later Roman one, and on the other, its adaptation to the new socio-political and economic reality. Contrary to the views of some historians, the analysis of the terminology of the sources suggests that land taxation in Ostrogothic Italy was based on actual economic units, such as fundus, massa, and casa, rather than abstract fiscal categories. At the same time, it has been shown that the term possessio, which once referred to the right of possession, acquires the meaning of any taxable property in Cassiodorus’ texts. The author concludes that, although taxation in the Ostrogothic Kingdom retained features of an orderly system, as the presence of an administrative apparatus and regular censuses suggest, it functioned primarily on the principle of ad hoc decisions, requiring regular intervention by the praetorian prefect or the king and his special officials (saiones).
Keywords: Ostrogothic Italy, land taxation, Cassiodorus’ Variae, Edict of Theoderic, Ravenna Papyri, fundus, massa, possessio

Fadeev I.V. (Moscow). National Self-awareness of the Polish Gentry in the Second Half of the 17th Century (Based on the Example of the “Notes” of J. H. Pasek)

IVAN VALENTINOVICH FADEEV
postgraduate student of the Department of Southern and Western Slavs,
Lomonosov Moscow State University
119192, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, Bldg. 4, Moscow
e-mail: ifadeyev@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the understanding of the Polish nobility of their own national subjectivity in the second half of the 17th century. The starting point of the study is the “Notes” of Jan Chrysostom Pasek — an extensive source of memoir nature, which was written at the end of the 17th century and gave the description of the participation of the author (by origin — a middle-class landed nobleman) in the political life of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its numerous wars in the period from 1656 to 1688. The source reveals in detail the image and values of the average noble representative, embodied in the figure of the author. The article examined the fundamental attitudes of the Polish nobility: the perception of the homeland, the legal and moral equality of all representatives of this class, its attitude to foreigners and “folk” religiosity. Based on the source, the author states the presence of at least two mutually compatible levels of the noble awareness of their own identity. The first, “Sarmatian”, is connected with the self-representation of the nobility as an estate that considered itself a political nation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The second, “ethnic”, is presented in the source much less obviously, and is connected with a hypothetical understanding of the unity of all Poles, perceived by the author as a historical people. In the final part of the article, the author states the syncretic nature of the noble consciousness.
Keywords: Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, szlachta, nationalism, Jan Chryzostom Pasek, national identity

Tashchian D.A. (Krasnodar). The role of Czech Cultural Figures in the Development of Russian-Czech Cultural Relations in the First Half of the 19th Century

DANIIL ANDREEVICH TASHCHIAN
Postgraduate student at the Department of General History and International Relations of Kuban State University.
350040, Russia, Krasnodar, Stavropolskaya st., 149,
e-mail: tas1998@yandex.ru

Abstract. The history of the development of Russian-Czech cultural ties does not have an exact date of reference, but is characterized by periods of significant revival, which were directly related to the political processes that took place in the Russian and Czech states. At the same time, the cultural exchange between the Czech and Russian peoples became more intense during the years of exacerbation of socio-cultural contradictions. The author refers to the period of development of Czech national culture in the first half of the 19th century and Russian-Czech cultural ties. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of Czech cultural figures who contributed not only to the accumulation of the national cultural heritage, but also to the development of the foundations of Russian-Czech cooperation in subsequent years. The article analyzes the activities of prominent Czech composers and writers who influenced the establishment of Russian-Czech dialogue. It is concluded that their work largely strengthened the foundations of Czech national culture during the period of the struggle for independence.
Keywords: Czech, Russia, Russian-Czech relations, culture, literature, musical art

Vlasov N.А. (St. Petersburg). The Image of Russia in the German Parliamentary Debates of the 1880s

NIKOLAY ANATOLIEVICH VLASOV
Candidate of historical sciences, Associate professor, St. Petersburg State University, Chair of Theory and History of International Relations
191060, St. Petersburg, Smolnogo str., entrance 8, room 232
e-mail: n.vlasov@spbu.ru

Abstract. The goal of this study is to reconstruct the image of Russia in opinions of German party politicians of the 1880s reflected in parliamentary discussions. The period under consideration was critical for Russian-German relations: in the 1880s the choice was made between strategic partnership and confrontation between the two countries; the position of the German party and political elite had a certain influence on this choice. The research was based on the minutes of the Reichstag plenary sessions of 1881-1890, qualitative content analysis was chosen as the methodology. The study concluded that German party politicians, regardless of their ideological orientation, had a single image of the Russian Empire. The main features of this image were the ideas about the “semi-barbaric” nature of Russia, the severe domestic political crisis that engulfed the country, the instability of the autocracy and the low quality of the administrative apparatus, the power of the “pan-Slavic party”, widespread hatred of Germany in Russian society, aggressive and inconsistent foreign policy. Representatives of German political parties considered Russia as an unreliable and dangerous neighbor, and their views fully coincided with the opinion of the head of government, O. von Bismarck. This had an impact on the further unfavorable development of bilateral relations.
Keywords: image of Russia, Reichstag, political parties, Russian-German relations, national stereotypes, Otto von Bismarck

Ji Changwei, Zhao Shuyan (Heilongjiang, Heihe, China). Research on the Ways of Introducing Printing Equipment in the Heilongjiang Region at the End of the Qing Dynasty

JI CHANGWEI
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor at Heihe University
China, 164300, Heilongjiang, Heihe, Institute Street No.1
e-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru

ZHAO SHUYAN
Academic Affairs Office of Heihe University
China, 164300, Heilongjiang, Heihe, Institute Street No.1
e-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru

Abstract. The emergence of modern newspapers and magazines in the Heilongjiang region at the end of the Qing Dynasty was related to the introduction of Western printing equipment and technologies. It can be said that the development of the modern printing industry in the region became possible due to the formation of the newspaper and magazine industry. In the past in China, there was no separation between publishing and printing. Therefore, the publication of newspapers, magazines, and books was considered in the context of the history of publishing, journalism, newspapers, and books. At the same time, little attention was paid to printing locations, processes, and the equipment used, and there were no systematic records. This article explores the interrelationship between the publication of regional newspapers and the establishment of the printing industry, examines various ways of introducing printing equipment when founding newspapers and magazines in the region, and collects scattered historical data for a more in – depth analysis, aiming to discuss the ways of introducing printing equipment and technologies in Heilongjiang.
Keywords: Heilongjiang region; printing equipment; way of introduction, China, turn of the 19th-20th centuries

Boranbayev N.K. (Moscow). Central Asian Region at the Beginning of the 20th Century

NURZHAN KABKENOVICH BORANBAYEV
Adjunct of the special faculty
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Federation
119571, Vernadsky Avenue, 100 b., Moscow
e-mail: n.boranbaev@list.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the historical, geographical and geopolitical development of the Russian Empire in the Central Asian region. The features of the Central Asian historical policy in social and geopolitical relations are shown. It is noted that the republics on the former outskirts of the Russian Empire, in particular the Turkestan region, developed. The Turkestan region denoted a vast region of Central Asia inhabited by the Turks – “Land of the Turks”. The name of the region Turkestan is used as a historically unified territory that existed before the division into national republics in 1924. This territory included most of Kazakhstan (south, southeast and southwest), as well as modern republics: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. One of the most important and turning points in the history of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the entire Central Asian region is the beginning of the twentieth century, the period of revolutionary events of 1917, the establishment of Soviet power and insurgent uprisings. The events of those years determined the political situation in the region for many decades to come.
Keywords: Central Asian region, Turkestan region, Steppe region, military administration, ethnographic composition, ideological movements, Basmachi

Sautov V.N. (Moscow). Syrian Alawites: A Demand for Integration at a Critical Moment of Power Transition

VLADIMIR NILOVICH SAUTOV
PhD in History,
Vice-President of the Institute of Oriental Studies
of the Russian Academy of Sciences
107031, Moscow, Rozhdestvenka, 12
e-mail: sv@vlddoc.com

Abstract. The situation of the Alawite community in Syria as of December 2024 is assessed as critical. They became the target of revenge for the crimes of the former regime by jihadist militants who brought a new, transitional government to power. Not only Alawite districts and entire families suspected of having ties to the former regime are under threat, but also the very status of the Alawites as full members of Syrian society. The materials of the historical document of 1943 and the appeal of the recently created Alawite institution of January 1, 2025 are compared, on the basis of which a conclusion is made about the autochthony of the Syrian Alawites, their tribal organization, traditional for all Arabs, with historically defined areas of their residence. Thus, the Alawites have every reason to defend their equal position in the Syrian multi-confessional society and hope to take a worthy place in the structure of the Syrian state at a new turn of history.
Keywords: Syrian Alawites, interfaith relations, religious oppression, jihadism, transition of power in Syria

Lepsaya T.M. (Moscow). Activities of Medical Institutions on the Territory of the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War

TARIEL MIRABOVICH LEPSAYA
adjunct of the special faculty
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Federation,
119571, Vernadsky Avenue, 100, Moscow
e-mail: levanamina0214gmail.com

Abstract. The article examines the activities of medical institutions in the territory of the Abkhaz ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) during the Great Patriotic War. The organization of medical care for the wounded is analyzed, including the creation of new medical institutions, involving the medical personnel of the republic and providing the wounded and sick evacuated from the front with medicines. Particular attention is paid to the working conditions of medical personnel, as well as the interaction of the local population with military-sanitary structures. The article also highlights the impact of the war on the development of medical infrastructure in the Abkhaz ASSR and the changes that occurred in its healthcare system. The importance of hospitals as an important element of the front-line rear and their role in the history of the Abkhaz ASSR during the war are emphasized.

The victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War had a profound impact on the further course of historical development throughout the world. The victory over the Nazi invaders was forged by the entire Soviet people – both the soldiers who fought with arms in hand against the hated enemy, and the home front workers who produced everything necessary for the army, providing it with equipment, weapons, ammunition, and food.

Speaking about those who accomplished a feat during the Great Patriotic War, few, along with tankers, pilots, and scouts, will note the heroism and courage of Soviet medical workers. Meanwhile, their contribution to the victory was enormous: it was thanks to them that thousands of soldiers remained alive, returned to duty and won a victory over the German invaders. And it was they who prevented the outbreak of numerous epidemics during the war.

Healthcare workers also contributed to the victory over the enemy – a multi-thousand armies of civilian and military doctors, paramedics, nurses, medical squads, orderlies, and nurses, all those who with their selfless work saved the wounded and sick soldiers, restored their health, and helped them get back into action.

Immediately after the start of the war, the most experienced doctors (military field surgeons) and highly qualified nurses were sent to the front. Those who remained in the rear worked selflessly, operating daily without days off. Sometimes, as soon as one operation was completed, another one followed. If there were not enough surgeons, then the doctors had to move from one hospital to another to perform the next operation. In their free time from duty at the hospitals, medical workers rode oxen into the forest to collect firewood. They pulled sunken logs out of the rivers, loaded them onto carts and took them to the hospital. They carried water from wells in barrels. They carried the wounded on stretchers to treatment rooms, and performed many other necessary jobs.

Enterprises and institutions, collective farms, Komsomol and Pioneer organizations took patronage over the hospitals. The assistance they provided was comprehensive. Industrial enterprises carried out repairs to the buildings and utility rooms of the evacuation hospitals, and participated in equipping them with everything necessary. The sponsoring organizations helped the hospital staff in providing food, clothing, and household items.
Keywords: Great Patriotic War, Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, State Defense Committee, People’s Commissariat of Defense, People’s Commissariat of Health, All-Union Committee for Assistance to Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Commanders of the Red Army, medical institutions, hospitals, medical workers, wounded and sick

Kurnaeva E.I. (Mosсow). The Hamas Attack: the Historical Roots of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict (1939 – 1950)

EKATERINA IVANOVNA KURNAEVA
Postgraduate student for 2 years, Lomonosov Moscow State University,
Faculty of History, Department of Russian History of the XX-XXI centuries.
27 Lomonosovsky avenue, 27 b. 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
e-mail: kurnaevaei@my.msu.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to an urgent and poorly researched issue: the analysis of the causes of the Palestinian-Israeli confrontation, which for many years has remained the most important factor in the instability of the Middle East region. The 1948-1949 war was the first global military clash between Israel and its Arab neighbors, and also influenced the dynamics of the Cold War. After this war, the issue of a just settlement of the situation in the Middle East for all parties to the conflict became relevant both for local processes and for the policies of other states, in particular for the USSR (and later for Russia). Knowing the causes of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict will allow us to form a policy of action in this region aimed at resolving military clashes. The purpose of this article is to identify the essence of these causes.
Keywords: Palestine, Israel, Arab-Israeli war, the UN, Middle East

Lapina I.Yu., Kargapoltsev S.Yu. (St. Petersburg). “The Afghan Break” and its Consequences (Introduction of Soviet Troops into Afghanistan and the Events of 1979-1985)

IRINA YURIEVNA LAPINA
Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya stree t, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru

SERGEY YURIEVICH KARGAPOLTSEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru

Abstract. The article analyzes the circumstances of the decision to send Soviet troops to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), the liquidation of Hafizullah Amin, and the support of the Babrak Karmal regime by the 40th Army of the Limited Contingent of Soviet Troops in Afghanistan in 1979-1985. The data on the nature of the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, the participation of a limited contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan, and the ideological and political heterogeneity of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan are presented. The article examines the features of military and economic assistance to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan from the USSR and the escalation of a new round of the Cold War in the global confrontation with the United States. The authors state the causal relationships and the impact of the “Afghan War” on the internal political and socio-economic processes in the USSR in the first half of the 1980s.
Keywords: USSR, Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Limited contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan, Internationalist soldiers, 40th Army, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), Mujahideen (Dushmans), USSR, USA, Pakistan, Iran

Kudriavtsev G.I. (Mosсow). Clearing as a Mechanism for Mutual Settlements Between Member Countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in 1949–1953

GLEB IVANOVICH KUDRIAVTSEV
PhD student of the Department of Russian History of the 20th – 21st centuries,
Faculty of History, Moscow State University
119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4.
e-mail: kudryavtsev.gleb@yandex.ru

Abstract. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), established in January 1949, was the first economic integration project in Eastern Europe after the end of World War II. Conceived by the Soviet leadership as a means of unifying the economic systems of the people’s democracies and building an alternative Western economic model, the Council was forced to solve a number of problems facing the organization from the very beginning of its existence. The destruction caused by the Second World War in 1939–1945 posed the task of the countries of Eastern Europe to restore their economic systems as quickly as possible in the absence of significant monetary investments in the economy; on the other hand, when forming the Soviet camp, the Soviet leadership had to develop a communication option in which the interests of all countries at different levels of economic development had to be taken into account. In such a situation, problematic situations arising between countries were not uncommon: they were often caused by the peculiarities of economic integration based on the Soviet system of economic management. In the conditions of a planned economy, the issue of mutual settlements and commodity exchange within the organization was particularly acute: it was this problem that clearing was supposed to solve. In his article, the author analyzes the reasons for the transition of the USSR and the countries of the Soviet bloc to clearing settlements, presents the main provisions and facts related to the creation and functioning of this system at the initial stage of the Council’s activities, and also comes to conclusions about the importance of clearing for the work and development of the CMEA in 1949-1953.
Keywords: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), clearing, mutual settlement, additional agreements, contracts

Kupcova I.V., Livshin A.Ya., Solovev K.A. (Mosсow). Toponymic Palimpsest in Commemorative Practices of the 18th – 20th Centuries: Saint Petersburg – Petropol – Petrograd – Leningrad

IRINA VALENTINOVNA KUPCOVA
Doctor in History, Professor,
School of Public Administration,
Lomonosov Moscow State University
119991, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4
e-mail: Kupcova@spa.msu.ru

ALEXANDER YAKOVLEVICH LIVSHIN
Doctor in History, Professor,
School of Management,
Shenzhen MSU-BIT University (China) and
School of Public Administration,
119991, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4
Lomonosov Moscow State University
e-mail: livshin@spa.msu.ru

KONSTANTIN ANATOLIEVICH SOLOVEV
Doctor in History, Professor,
School of Public Administration,
119991, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4
Lomonosov Moscow State University
e-mail: KSoloviov@spa.msu.ru

Abstract. From the moment of its foundation to the transfer of the capital to Moscow, the geographical space of St. Petersburg was perceived as the material embodiment of the empire and, at the same time, its symbolic expression. The “topography of public space” is one of the most effective means of implementing historical policy, especially in the “turning point” eras, which saw the renaming of the city: St. Petersburg, Petrograd, Leningrad. The purpose of the article is to identify the continuity of the political, ideological and symbolic meanings of toponyms, “layered” on the original toponym “St. Petersburg”, in relation to the changes in Russian commemorative practices of the late XVIII – first half of the XX centuries. The name “Saint Petersburg” refers, in addition to the figure of the city’s founder, to a number of cultural signs associated with the image of imperial Rome. In the toponym Petropavlovsk, found in the poetic vocabulary of the XVIII-XIX centuries, one can see a conscious rejection of specific historical connotations in favor of the “timeless” status of the cultural and enlightenment capital of the empire. The decision to rename the city to Petrograd in 1914 was met with mixed reactions in society. Numerous supporters of the renaming took as a basis the idea of Slavophiles who criticized Peter the Great for excessive fascination with the West. However, some prominent politicians and cultural figures reacted negatively to this event, considering the rejection of the historical name unjustified. The negative attitude towards renaming was expressed through several “strategies”: “ignoring”, “two parallel names used as synonyms” and “two parallel names used as antonyms”. The renaming of the city in 1924 in honor of the deceased leader was a reflection of many political and cultural processes relevant to that time, including the cult of Lenin that was formed during his lifetime. The death of the founder of the Soviet state gave the city the opportunity to renew its symbolic capital, giving the latter a truly Bolshevik sound. The renaming of the city was a partial compensation to the workers of the “cradle of the revolution” for the government’s demonstrative emphasis on Moscow’s dominant political status.
Keywords: toponym, geoconcept, commemoration, symbolism, politics, ideology, capital, St. Petersburg, Petrograd, Leningrad

Fogel A.S., Chudin M.A. (Samara). Animal Cults in the Mythology of the Finno-Ugric Peoples

ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH FOGEL
Candidate of History, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, Associate Professor,
443090, Samara, Russian Federation, 141 Sovetskaya Armiya str.,
e-mail: alexandr_fogel@inbox.ru

MAXIM ARKADYEVICH CHUDIN
3rd year postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History,
443090, Samara, Russian Federation, 141 Sovetskaya Armiya str.,
e-mail: 8cobretti@mail.ru

Abstract. The article deals with the problem of the development and transformation of traditional Finno-Ugric beliefs using the example of sacred animal cults. The authors try to consistently consider, summarize and systematize the cults of the most important sacred animals for the Finno-Ugric peoples – waterfowl, elk (deer), bear, snake and horse, to identify the sequence of their development and popularization of images, as well as the causes of such changes. It is also possible to distinguish two main variants of the veneration of all sacred animals – as a cult of the first ancestors and as a commercial cult. The images of sacred animals are considered in inseparable connection with both the economic activities of the Finno-Ugric peoples and tribes, and with the traditional medieval mentality. The authors also seek to highlight common themes related to the cults of sacred animals – these can be considered their connection with the formation and maintenance of the existence of the world, the connection with the supply of material and immaterial goods and fertility, the connection with marriage and marriage rites, the connection with natural elements and elemental spirits, as well as the connection with the afterlife and funeral rituals. The work actively draws on both source and ethnographic material, as well as the achievements of modern archaeology.
Keywords: Ancient Rus, Finno-Ugrians, Eastern Slavs, folklore, sacred animals, paganism, medieval mentality

Popravko E.A. (St. Petersburg). The Intendant (Quartermaster) Department: Points on the Map of Old Petersburg

ELENA A. POPRAVKO
 Doctor of Historical Sciences, Army General A. V. Khrulev Military Academy of Logistics, Professor of Chair of Humanities, Social and Economic Disciplines
199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation, 8, Makarova Naberezhnaya,
e-mail: elena_popravko@mail.ru

Abstract. The supply of military personnel with various types of allowances has been allocated as a special function and assigned to special bodies in the Russian army since 1700. The title of this service changed from XVIII to XIX centuries: Kriegs-Commissariat, Intendant (Quartermaster) Department. Powers of intendants expanded – supply of troops with monetary allowances, uniforms and ammunition, weapons, repairs (from the Fr. remonte – replacement, secondary equipment) and the release of sums for wagon train, horses, organization and management of hospitals. The issue of creating a special military educational school (academy) for the training of intendants (quartermasters) was put on the agenda at the end of the XIX century. The history of the intendant service (quartermaster) was reflected in the geography of the Russian Empire capital. This aspect – where administrative, warehouse, scientific, educational buildings were on the map of pre–revolutionary St. Petersburg, as this was related to the history and activities of the intendant service (quartermaster) – that made up the subject of this study. It was used postcards and documents from the author’s collection, which are being introduced into scientific circulation at first.
Keywords: Intendant (Quartiermeister) Department, Kriegs-Commissariat, St. Petersburg, army logistics (sustainment), Intendant Course (Intendant Academy), military reforms

Ashikhmin A.V. (St. Petersburg). Disloyalty and Ethnopolitics in Schools of the South-West Region in the 1830s–1840s

ANDREY VITALYEVICH ASHIKHMIN
specialist,
Russian State Historical Archive
195112, Zanevsky pr., 36, St. Petersburg
graduate student,
St. Petersburg University
199034, Universitetskaya emb., 7–9, St. Petersburg
e-mail: andrey.v.ashikhmin@gmail.com

Abstract. Attempts to eradicate the “rebellious spirit”, that is, by all available means to combat the general disloyalty of Polish youth, became an integral part of the educational policy in the 1830s and 1840s in the Southwestern provinces. The article examines the problem of combating disloyalty and “Polish patriotism” in schools in the Kiev, Podolsk and Volyn provinces based on archival materials from the Ministry of Public Education and the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery. The actions carried out by the main actors of ethnopolitics (the Emperor, the Minister of National Education, the head of the Kiev Educational District, the chief head of the Third Section, the Kiev Governor-General) in relation to the school youth of the southwestern suburbs are considered. For the first time, the materials of the secret investigation into a student of the Kiev gymnasium K. Bagrinovsky (1835), Zhytomyr high school students E. Fedorovich and F. Vashkevich (1839), Chernigov teacher Golovinsky (1839), Zlatopol teacher I. Popel (1839), students of the Zhytomyr gymnasium K. Chekhovsky and A. Zavadsky (1845), Kamenets-Podolsk high school students G. Kovnatsky and V. Zalensky (1848), Rivne high school students Shalai and Vysotsky (1848). As a result of studying a number of specific departmental proceedings, it is concluded that the Minister of Public Education, Sergei Uvarov, in most cases was not an active initiator of the persecution of Polish schoolchildren and teachers on charges of political “unreliability” and “rebellious sentiments”.
Keywords: Sergei Uvarov, Ministry of Public Education, “Polish question”, South-Western region, Third Section, ethnopolitics, western outskirts

Tryamkin M.S. (Moscow). Foreign Policy Views of Russian Liberals on the Eve of the First Russian Revolution

MIKHAIL SERGEEVICH TRYAMKIN
Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History of the 19th – early 20th centuries, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4.
e-mail: MichealTryamkin@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the perception of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire by participants in the liberal movement. The focus is on the question of how the interpretation of international events in the early 20th century correlated with the domestic political agenda and was used by liberals for their own political goals. The most politically active part of the liberal movement at that time was the Union of Liberation, which put forward a constitutional program for the transformation of Russia. The voice of the union was the magazine “Liberation”, which published a significant number of materials on the Russo-Japanese War. The magazine provides comprehensive coverage of military operations, analyzes the international perception of the war. A separate topic is the coverage of political intrigues in the highest circles of power associated with lobbying the interests of court groups. “Liberation” puts forward the thesis that the presence of such a behind-the-scenes struggle is a fact of the crisis of the current political elite. After which the “Liberationists” put forward their own foreign policy doctrine, set out in the article “The Liberal Party and Foreign Policy”, which puts forward the principle of refusing to expand the influence of the Russian Empire and focusing more on domestic issues. The Russo-Japanese War became one of the central themes of the magazine, in the context of which the autocratic system was criticized and calculations were made for its overthrow and the development of revolutionary rhetoric.
Keywords: the magazine “Liberation”, “Union of Liberation”, constitutionalism, Russo-Japanese War, revolution, liberal movement

Karapetyan L.A. (Krasnodar). From the Experience of Organizational and Legal Monument Protection Activities of the Holy Synod in the Sphere of Material Church Cultural Heritage of Russia (Second Half of the 19th – early 20th Centuries)

LEVA ALEKSANDROVICH KARAPETYAN
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor
 Departments of History, Cultural Studies and Museum Studies
 Krasnodar State Institute of Culture
 350072, Russia, Krasnodar, st. 40th anniversary of the Victory, 33
e-mail: leva.karapetyan.53@mail.ru

Abstract. The article presents a brief analysis of departmental legislation and the normative and methodological requirements of the Synod. They were aimed at preserving objects of church antiquity as the property of the Russian Orthodox Church, reflecting the clergy’s view of antiquities, first of all, as liturgical objects or relics of faith, and not historical and cultural monuments in general. Thus, the Synod defended, first of all, the cultural and religious context of the monument as an instrument of spiritual and moral development. This did not contribute to the joint work of various subjects of monument protection activities in this area of ​​cultural policy and the adoption of measures in the context of general monument protection tasks. Hence, in the relationships between them on compliance with and adoption of material regulatory standards, there was more often confrontation than interaction, which negatively affected the fate of monuments. The situation was somewhat better with regard to the bills of the church department on one-time and annual financing of repair and restoration work of architectural monuments, the preservation of written documentary heritage and movable material objects in church museums. Valuable were the normative and methodological developments of the church department on the identification, registration, study and popularization of material objects of the Orthodox church heritage. Their significance is that in the objectified monuments, ultimately, we are talking about spiritual values ​​and the need for their implementation in the behavioral culture of man. Thanks to the enlightened representatives of the clergy, valuable church material and written monuments have been preserved.
Keywords: state, legislation, Synod, church heritage, protection, methodology, scientific society

Datsko N.I. (Moscow). On the Issue of Implementing Reforms in the Russian Army during the Existence of the State Defense Council of the Russian Empire (1905 – 1909)

NIKITA IGOREVICH DATSKO
postgraduate student of the Department of History of Russia of the 19th – early 20th centuries of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, lecturer of the Department of History of Medicine and Social and Humanitarian Sciences of the Institute of Humanities of the Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Pirogov University)
117997, Moscow, st. Ostrovityanova, 1, building 7
е-mail: datsko.nikita@yandex.ru

Abstract. This article examines the state of the supreme military administration of the Russian Empire during its total crisis associated with the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907 and its consequences. It also assesses the impact of decentralization of this administration on the effectiveness of reforms in the Russian army that were overdue by the beginning of the 20th century by forming a supra-departmental and coordinating body, the State Defense Council. It analyzes the intra-departmental struggle for influence on military policy between various bureaucratic bodies of the supreme military administration and assesses the general state of this administration. In this regard, it analyzes the activities of the Chairman of this Council, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich Jr., who coordinated the activities of the Minister of War, Inspector Generals of the branches of the armed forces in this post and coordinated issues of appropriations for the army and navy with the Minister of Finance and the State Controller. The activities of the Minister of War of the Russian Empire in 1905–1909, General A.F. Rediger in the context of the course of reforms and the position of his ministry in the overall structure of military management in the period under review.

Based on the analysis of the current situation in the military management of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, it is noted that there was a severe crisis among the military elite of Russia, its inability, in the conditions of decentralization of army management, to solve the urgent tasks of military construction on the eve of the First World War.
Keywords: National Defense Council of the Russian Empire, War Ministry, Military Administration, Russian army, A.F. Rediger, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich the Younger

Goncharova T.N., Belov A.N. (St. Petersburg). Opening of the Imperial Tombs after the Revolution: On the Origins of the Legend

TATIANA NIKOLAEVNA GONCHAROVA
PhD in History, Docent
of the Chair of Modern and Contemporary history,
 Institute of History, St.Petersburg State University
199034, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9,
E-mail: t.goncharova@spbu.ru

ALEXEY NIKOLAEVICH BELOV
Student of Baccalaureate, the Chair of Modern and Contemporary history,
Institute of History, St.Petersburg State University
199034, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9,
E-mail: st106249@student.spbu.ru

Abstract. This study examines and systematizes various “testimonies” about the alleged opening of the imperial graves in 1921. Based on the achievements of modern science and the analysis of the content of the “witness statements”, we can conclude that they are unreliable and legendary in nature. Along with that the detailed similarities between the studied sources can be explained by specific prerequisites for their emergence. On the one hand, the campaign to open the relics, measures to desacralize the overthrown dynasty, the demolition of pre-revolutionary monuments and the confiscation of church values allowed to perceive the possible destruction of the royal tombs as something self-evident, directly flowing from the surrounding reality of Soviet Russia. At the same time, the episode of the desecration of the royal necropolis in the Abbey of Saint-Denis in the revolutionary year of 1793, well known among the domestic intellectuals and white emigrants, perfectly coincided with the realities of the early 1920s. When comparing the elements of the Petrograd legend with the descriptions of the looting of the necropolis of the French monarchs, a nearly complete correspondence can be observed. Both the circumstances of the exhumation and the passages about the invasion of graves coincide. As a result, the authors conclude that the myth about the opening of the tombs of Russian autocrats was largely borrowed from the model of the French Revolution.
Keywords: exhumation, profanation, the Abbey of Saint-Denis, the Sts Peter and Paul Cathedral, Henry IV, Peter I, Alexander I

Fedulov S.V. (St. Petersburg), Dimitrenko N.V. (Rostov-on-Don), Soloviev D.N. (St. Petersburg). Obtaining and Studying Italian New Equipment and Weapons in the USSR (1930s)

SERGEY VALENTINOVICH FEDULOV
Dr. Sci. (Historical), Professor
of the Department of Humanities and Social and Economic Disciplines
Mozhaisky Military Space Academy,
corresponding member of AVN,
197198, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Zhdanovskaya street, 13,
e-mail: serg.val.fed.661000@yandex.ru

NIKITA VLADIMIROVICH DIMITRENKO
PhD, (Historical)
teacher of history and social science at gymnasium No. 35
344002, Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Sobornii Lane, 1
e-mail: levbasilev@yandex.ru

DMITRY NIKOLAEVICH SOLOVIEV
Dr. Sci. (Historical), Assistant professor,
Senior Lecturer of the Department of Humanities and Social and Economic Disciplines
Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy
195009, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Komsomol street, 22
e-mail: botanik-s@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the review of the activities of intelligence agencies and naval attaches in obtaining and studying Italian new equipment and weapons. The various forms of work of these structures for obtaining information of interest are shown. The paper presents the nomenclature of the military-technical intelligence interests of the USSR in Italy in relation to technologies of defense importance in 1936-1941. The authors analyzed the main documents containing scientific and technical intelligence assignments for the secret acquisition of Italian military technologies. The individual advantages of the interdepartmental mechanism of interaction between the Military Technical Bureau and intelligence agencies are shown, expressed in the possibility of building long-term work on the introduction of promising foreign intelligence materials. Specific examples of technologies obtained by various methods in Italy and used in the military-industrial complex of the USSR, including chemical, bearing, radio-electronic and other industries, are considered.
Keywords: scientific and technical intelligence, naval attache, firing synchronization mechanism, catalysts, hopkalite, bearings

Kononov V.A. (Voronezh). “Our Soldier Goes Like a Warrior of a Huge, Strong Country, Pursuing the Enemy, but not Fighting Against the Civilian Population”: the Activities of Special Propaganda Agencies During the Liberation of Romania (April – October 1944)

VLADISLAV ALEXANDROVICH KONONOV
Ph.D. in Historical Sciences,
Associate Professor of the Department of History of Russia,
Voronezh State Pedagogical University.
394043, Russian Federation, Voronezh, ul. Leninа, 86.
e-mail: vspihist@rambler.ru

Abstract. The article examines issues related to the organization, content and results of the work of the special propaganda agencies of the 2nd Ukrainian Front on the civilian population during the liberation of Romania from fascism. The task of the Red Army outside the state borders of the USSR was to defeat the troops of Nazi Germany and its allies, and not to interfere in the internal affairs of the liberated countries, annex their territories, change the political system and socio-economic relations. This position, repeatedly expressed by the Soviet government, was conveyed to the civilian population of Romania by the special propaganda agencies, using periodicals, leaflets, broadcasts, individual and group conversations with residents of liberated cities and villages. As evidenced by the documents of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation analyzed in the article, special propaganda on the population had a positive effect. The population of Romania welcomed the Red Army as a liberator from the dictatorship of Antonescu and German domination. Local residents even spoke out about the need for deeper participation of the Soviet military authorities in regulating social issues and especially interethnic problems. Thus, it must be recognized that in Romania in 1944 the Red Army honorably carried out its liberation mission, and the special propaganda organs effectively conveyed its content to the civilian population.
Keywords: Great Patriotic War, Romania, 2nd Ukrainian Front, special propaganda, 1944

Komaritsa V.N. (Moscow). The Interest of Modern Society in the History of Military Units of the Great Patriotic War: The Case of the 479th Rifle Regiment

KOMARITSA VALENTIN NIKOLAEVICH
researcher in the field of historical memory and sociology,
PhD (technical sciences)
e-mail: valentin-komaritsa@yandex.ru

Abstract. This article is dedicated to studying how modern society perceives the history of the Great Patriotic War, using the example of the 479th Rifle Regiment. Special attention is given to the processes of forming and transmitting historical memory through social institutions such as family, educational institutions, museums, and state programs. A literature review highlights the significance of traditional sources of information and emphasizes the need for actively employing modern methods of historical popularization. The article examines generational changes in the perception of the war and analyzes factors influencing interest in specific military units. The author proposes new approaches to preserving historical memory, considering age-related characteristics and the impact of media.
Keywords: Historical memory, Great Patriotic War, 479th Rifle Regiment, patriotic education, social institutions, reconstructed memory, cultural programs, national identity, sociological research

Filatov A.V. (Ulyanovsk). Ideological and Political Education of Students in the Ulyanovsk Region in the 1950s

ARTYOM VLADIMIROVICH FILATOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Associate Professor of the Department of History,
432071, Russian Federation, Ulyanovsk, 4 Lenin Square,
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru

Abstract. The ideological and political aspect of education has always played an important role in the lives of citizens of the Soviet Union, as after the difficult Great Patriotic War, relations with Western countries began to deteriorate sharply, which led to the Cold War and the confrontation between the two political ideologies. On the one hand, the USSR with the idea of communism and building a just society where there are no exploiters and exploited; on the other hand, the United States and its allies with completely opposite views that do not share Soviet ideology. In this article, we will look at how the ideological and political life in the Ulyanovsk region developed, highlighting all the positive and negative sides. The main focus will be on the role of higher education institutions in shaping students’ political culture and identity. The article also examines which methods were used in our field to form patriotism, civic responsibility and active participation of students in socio-political life. The sources were unpublished documents from the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (GAO) and the State Archive of the Modern History of the Ulyanovsk Region (GANI UO), a significant part of which is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Statistical materials and periodicals were also used to conduct the study. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that the article provides an important historical context for understanding the development of public life in the USSR and its impact on the local population.
Keywords: Ульяновская область, студент, преподаватель, политическая культура, высшее учебное заведение, марксизм-ленинизм, Обком ВКП(б)

Taltangov L. (Rostov-on-Don). Soviet Youth in the 1950s-1960s: Social Profile and Activity

LEVENT TALTANGOV
Candidate for the PhD, lecturer at SFU,
https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-8653-8295,
344006, Rostov-on-Don, Pushkinskaya st., 140,
e-mail: taltangov_levent@mail.ru

Abstracts. The article analyzes the main changes in the social profile and activities of Soviet youth in the 1950s-1960s and their causes. These changes contain the first signs of the future crisis of the Soviet society in these years of relative prosperity after the great upheavals. The study examines these changes in three main directions. First, the voluntary contribution of Soviet youth to the grand reconstruction of the country was illustrated, which was also an indicator of their commitment to socialist ideals. Secondly, the social causes of the Stilyag movement and then of Beatlemania, whose manifestations were intertwined with a number of antisocial phenomena such as hooliganism and idleness, are examined. It is also emphasized that these movements around themselves created pores of petty-bourgeois shadow economy. But the repression of these movements was not only because of this concern; they were also repressed as subcultures because, in ideological and political terms, the party leadership was concerned that its influence on the tastes of young people was weakening. In this area, the main difference between the approaches of the Stalinist and Khrushchev leaderships lies here. Finally, examples of increasing criminalities especially among teenagers are given. This trend was generally observed in cities where teenagers were left without parental supervision, hence the Komsomol committees had to take responsibility for solving this problem. And especially in large and port cities, clandestine theater offices, exchange offices, pimps and prostitutes have been arosing. Daily measures were taken against these tendencies, which were woven into the social portrait, but no long-term solutions could be developed.
Keywords: Khrushchev, thaw, Komsomol, VLKSM, Soviet youth

Melnichenko O.V. (Penza). The Role of the Development of Spiritual Education in the Revival of the Russian Orthodox Church

OLEG VLADIMIROVICH MELNICHENKO
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Governor of the Penza Region
Scientific specialty number:
440025, Penza, 75 Moskovskaya St., Russian Federation
SPIN: 7722-4820, AuthorID: 1165036
e-mail: ovmnauka@rambler.ru

Abstract. In this article, the author builds a connection between the revival of the Russian Orthodox Church and the development of spiritual education, noting that state regulatory structures in any way hindered the further expansion of religious education, and seminaries were forbidden to accept citizens who had secular higher education, were not allowed to teach psychology, logic and philosophy, without which the development of theology is very problematic. The author analyzes the “Concept of youth ministry of the Russian Orthodox Church”, which explained the need for youth ministry; She defined the organization and formulated the goals and objectives of the youth ministry, identified the main forms of activity of the youth ministry. The author concludes that the 1990s represented a special period in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, characterized, on the one hand, by getting rid of totalitarian control and pressure from government agencies, on the other hand, by receiving some assistance in implementing socially important programs and projects without becoming dependent on the state.
Keywords: spiritual education, Russian Orthodox Church, centralization of religious education, revival of the system of religious education and enlightenment

Bembeeva V.G., Nideeva E.B., Nimgirova V.T., Tsymbalova K.A. (Elista). The Main Directions of Diplomatic Cooperation Between the Russian Federation and China During the Leadership of V.V. Putin and D.A. Medvedev (2000-2012)

VALERIA GENNADIEVNA BEMBEEVA
Bachelor’s degree, IRDA Department, Faculty of Humanities, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
 e-mail: valeriabembeeva5@gmail.com 

YESENIA BADMAEVNA NIDEEVA
Bachelor’s degree, IRDA Department, Faculty of Humanities,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: esnideeva11@mail.ru 

VALERIYA TEMIROVA NIMGIROVA
Bachelor’s Degree, IRDA Department, Faculty of Humanities,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: valerianimg@icloud.com 

KSENIYA ALEKSEEVNA TSYMBALOVA
Bachelor’s Degree, IRDA Department, Faculty of Humanities,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: romanovaksenia088@gmail.com

Abstract. Since Vladimir Putin took office as president of the Russian Federation, Russia’s foreign policy towards Beijing has remained virtually unchanged, despite all the concerns of foreign and domestic political scientists. Moreover, the foreign policy towards China has become more pragmatic and focused on national interests, which has led to a more pronounced rapprochement with China, as part of an ongoing consistent partnership. The signing of a new friendship treaty at the summit of the two heads of state in Moscow in July 2001 was evidence of the desire for rapprochement on both sides. In general, since the 2000s, there have been no serious obstacles to political partnership at the intergovernmental level between the Russian Federation and China.: Old border disputes have been resolved, with the exception of a small remnant, and confidence-building measures have been taken, as well as troop reductions along the common borders. The main obstacle to political rapprochement under the new president was that Western countries at that time were more important and irreplaceable economic partners for both Russia and China. Therefore, the partnership was largely based on conflicting relations with a third party, the United States, which would not necessarily be relevant in the long run. It should be noted that a significant part of the Russian and Chinese elites saw the significantly increased US presence in Central and South Asia as a challenge to the interests of the two countries. Development of relations of equal trust-based partnership and strategic interaction in the 21st century. It is important for strengthening cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China, strengthening friendship between the peoples of the two countries, and contributing to the formation of a multipolar world and a new just and rational international order.
Keywords: president, declaration, treaty, region, Russia, China, relations, cooperation

Abrosimov N.S., Safin F.G. (Ufa) Formation of a New Political Elite in Bashkortostan During the Civil War in the Southern Urals: Features and Stages

NIKITA SERGEEVICH ABROSIMOV
Senior Lecturer at the Department of Philosophy, History, and Social Engineering
Ufa State Petroleum Technological University
1 Kosmonavtov Street, Ufa, 450064
Email: Nikitaabrosimov@list.ru

FAIL GABDULLOVICH SAFIN
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Researcher
Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies.
Professor at the Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Department of Philosophy, History, and Social Engineering
Email: failsafin@mail.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the formation of the political elite in Bashkortostan during the period from 1917 to 1920. It examines the stages of forming a new post-revolutionary elite as well as its features shaped by external and internal pressures. In working on this article, fundamental principles of historical science—historicism and objectivity—were used. Historicism involves identifying general and frequent patterns in the development and interrelation of processes and phenomena, while objectivity implies a comprehensive analysis of events and phenomena based on reliable facts. The research draws upon the concept of modernization—a process through which historically established state institutions adapt to rapidly changing functions (Cyril Black). This concept perfectly describes many events that took place during the Civil War, including the formation of local political elites. The conclusion states that the elites of Bashkortostan were formed under pressure from various negative internal and external factors, preventing them from timely transitioning from constant confrontation with everyone to peaceful state-building.
Keywords: Civil War, Reds, Whites, elites, Bashkortostan

Vinichenko M.V., Ribitskaya L.I. (Moscow) History of Kindness: Social Service of the Moscow Provincial Theatre

MIKHAIL VASIL’EVICH VINICHENKO
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of War Memorial Work, Russian State Social University,
129226, Russia, Moscow, Wilhelm Pick St., 4, building 1
e-mail: mih-vas2006@yandex.ru

LADA IGOREVNA RIBITSKAYA
4th year student majoring in History, Russian State Social University,
129226, Russia, Moscow, Wilhelm Pick St., 4, building 1
e-mail: lribitskaya@inbox.ru

Abstract. The purpose of the article was to identify the nature of the social service of the Moscow Provincial Theatre (MGT) from the perspective of young people (Generation Z) through the prism of kindness towards people with disabilities (PWD) and to evaluate the experience of inclusion. The research methodology was formed on the basis of the integrated use of approaches and methods of a general scientific, special and historical nature. The sociological study acted as an element of a comprehensive historical study. The basic approaches were systemic, convergent and participatory methods: rationalistic reductionism, structural-functional method, method of analyzing specific situations, etc. Main results: the story of kindness in the concept of social service of the Moscow State Theatre was understood and approved by students of the Russian State Social University (RSSU). The creation of favorable conditions in theatrical life for people with disabilities has a large variability of actions. Problems of a material, technical and financial nature are removed mainly due to non-standard management decisions and financial investments. The peculiarity of financing audio description within the framework of theatrical inclusion was revealed. The kindness of the Moscow State Theatre representatives makes the life of spectators with disabilities and the theater employees themselves better. The practical significance of the research results lies in the possibility of their use in the development of social service in the theatrical environment, in the training of personnel. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the addition of scientific and methodological elements to the theoretical foundations of social service, inclusion, and audio description. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors have studied for the first time the problems of the effectiveness of the MHT activities in the field of audio description from the perspective of Russian youth. The originality of the study is based on the author’s approach to the research methodology, which allowed participants in theatrical activities and students to assess the essence of social service, the experience of inclusion, and audio description in the theater.
Keywords: social service, kindness, inclusion, theater, generation Z, audio description

Tsobekhiya G.Sh., Agaeva D.M. (Moscow). On the 675th Anniversary of the Birth of the Great Russian Commander Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy

GABRIEL SHALIKOEVICH TSOBEKHIYA
researcher of research center (fundamental military-historical problems), Military University of the Ministry of Defence
125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14
е-mail: gabriel.tsobehia@yandex.ru

DIANA MAGOMEDOVNA AGAEVA
researcher of research center (fundamental military-historical problems), Military University of the Ministry of Defence
125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14
е-mail: diana.agaeva.2012@mail.ru

Abstract. The article examines the activities of Dmitry Ivanovich as the ruler of the Moscow Principality. It is noted that at the initial stage of his reign, the necessary experience and authority were lacking. However, thanks to the support of an authoritative environment, he was able to get a label for reigning. The period of Dmitry Ivanovich’s reign is characterized by a series of continuous wars. Nevertheless, the prince was able to effectively use the resources prepared by his predecessors. Special attention is paid to the role of Dmitry Ivanovich in the process of uniting the Russian principalities around Moscow to fight the Horde. His strategic decisions and tactics of conducting military operations are analyzed, including the fight against Lithuania, the march to the Don and the Battle of Kulikovo, as well as the confrontation with Tokhtamysh. Only after strengthening the military and political alliance with other Russian principalities did Dmitry Ivanovich begin active actions against the Horde. His strategy was aimed at preventing the unification of opponents such as Horde, Lithuania and Ryazan. The defeat of Mamai made it possible to exclude two of these opponents from the war without fighting. The article emphasizes that Dmitry Ivanovich has developed effective tactics for conducting military operations, including intelligence and military intelligence, combat reconnaissance, battle planning and coordination of various parts of the order of battle. Special attention was paid to the morale of the troops. Russian victory in the Battle of Kulikovo cemented Moscow’s status as the unifier of the Russian lands, and Dmitry Ivanovich and his princes became symbols of the protection of the Russian land.
Keywords: Dmitry Donskoy, Moscow principality, the Horde, the Golden Horde, Russia, Moscow Kremlin, prince

Lapunov A.A. (St. Petersburg). J.G. Herder as a Slavonic Scholar. Herder’s Slavic Studies

ALEXEY ALEKSEEVICH LAPUNOV
Junior researcher, the Institute of History,
Saint Petersburg State University.
199034, St. Petersburg, Mendeleevskaya line, 5.
e-mail: alexlapunov@gmail.com

Abstract. The article analyzes the Slavic studies heritage of the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803). Using a wide range of German-language sources and literature that are practically unknown to Russian historiography, the author of the article, firstly, tries to identify the main stages of the thematic groups of Herder’s appeals to Slavic issues and analyze them, secondly, to consider the genesis of the main identified periods during which Herder addressed Slavic issues, and thirdly, tries to find out when exactly Herder formed his image of Slavism. As a result of the analysis, the author of the article identifies four main thematic stages of Herder’s interest in Slavic issues, each of which corresponds to one or another problematic: poetic, linguistic, folkloristic and historiosophical. Despite the fact that the themes of each stage differ from each other, a number of similar points can be identified in them. Herder, for the most part, became acquainted with the Slavic peoples indirectly, through specialized literature. Moreover, Herder studied Slavic studies in the context of research on other topics not directly related to this people. The last historiosophical stage can be called the apogee of Herder’s Slavic interest, when in the chapter ‘Slavian nations’ of his fundamental treatise ‘Ideas for a philosophy of human history’, he set out his own, rather original vision of the place of the Slavic peoples in the picture of world history.
Keywords: Herder, Slavs, the Age of Enlightenment, the Age of Romanticism, Slavic studies, history of ideas

Alekseev A.N. (St. Petersburg). “Medal Master” Ivan Konovalov

ALEXEY NIKOLAEVICH ALEKSEEV
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Associate Professor at St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering.
190005, St. Petersburg, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya St., 4
e-mail: a-lex60@ya.ru

Abstract. The article analyzes the activities of the talented Russian medallist Ivan Konovalov, who created his unique works in the middle of the XVIII century. There is a weak elaboration of the study of the problem in historiography, an attempt is being made to eliminate the existing historiographical gaps. Information from rare pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and post-Soviet publications is introduced into scientific circulation. Of particular value is the introduction of archival information into scientific circulation, which makes it possible to trace the dynamics of improving the skills of the medal artist. The specific difficulties that Ivan Konovalov had to face in the process of his work are noted. It is concluded that this artist was both an unsurpassed copyist who worked with objects from the Petrine era, and a craftsman capable of creating outstanding works of medal art on his own.
Keywords: Ivan Konovalov, medal art, Russia in the XVIII century, Peter the Great era, copies

Mikhailov A.S. (Moscow). Konstantin Leontiev on the Church Polity

ARTYOM SERGEEVICH MIKHAILOV
Postgraduate Student,
Department of Russian History of the
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,
Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.
e-mail: artem2010_1998@bk.ru

Abstact. The article is devoted to K.N. Leontiev’s ecclesiological ideas in the context of his eschatology. At the beginning of the article, the problem of the correlation between Christian universalism is studied, which implies the widespread preaching of Christianity, and no less universalist ideas of bourgeois-egalitarian progress. Despite the fact that universal Christianization would negatively affect the aesthetics of life, expressed in the diversity of life (which are antithetical to disastrous mixing), Leontiev considers it necessary for a Christian to sacrifice aesthetics where it contradicts the creed. Further, Leontiev’s thoughts on the church structure in connection with the concept of a symphony of authorities in Byzantium are clarified. Thus Leontiev considered it necessary (including to combat progressive tendencies) to carry out the “centralization of the Orthodox Church on the Bosphorus” in a conciliar (synodal) or patriarchal form. This measure would make it possible to “revitalize” the Church as the most important state foundation. The presence of the emperor in this Leontiev’s system, as proved in the work, is self-evident. Leontiev’s thoughts in this area are closely correlated with the concepts of the symphony of the authorities of Justinian I (483–565) and Patriarch Photius (820–896). Attention is paid to Leontiev’s attitude to mystical sects, the existence of which, unlike rationalist sects, he considered extremely desirable, because their presence, despite the contradiction to the principle of political orthodoxy, prevents people from perceiving egalitarian ideas and thereby delays the onset of universal mixing.
Keywords: K.N. Leontiev, Russian thought, historiosophy, ecclesiology, Russian Orthodox Church, eschatology

Dementiev D.A. (Moscow). Information Warfare – an Analysis of the Content of the Term and the Possibility of its Application to the Events of the 19th Century in the Caucasus

DMITRY A. DEMENTIEV
Researcher at the Scientific Research Center
(fundamental military-historical problems)
Military University of the Ministry of Defense
of the Russian Federation
125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya St., 14
e-mail: argun.dm@gmail.ru

Abstract. The article analyzes the content of the term “information warfare” in Soviet and post-Soviet historiography. In the course of the analysis, such essential attributes are identified from the definitions of various actors as the subject, object, goals and environment of information warfare. In addition, the author provides examples of the use of concepts and terms similar in content to pre-revolutionary Russian historiography, which characterized the relevant processes that took place in the Greater Caucasus during the 19th century. According to the author, in the process of geopolitical rivalry between the Russian Empire, Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Persia in the Caspian-Black Sea region, the parties exerted a targeted informational and psychological impact on the inhabitants of Transcaucasia and the Muslim mountaineers of the North Caucasus. The most effective and universal means and methods of such influence were propaganda as the dissemination of political views in order to introduce them into public opinion.
Keywords: Information warfare, psychological warfare, informational and psychological impact, geopolitical confrontation

Avliev V.N., Bembeeva V.G., Nideeva E.B., Nimgirova V.T., Tsymbalova K.A. (Elista). The Political Aspect of Russian-Chinese Relations in 2012-2022

VYACHESLAV NIKOLAEVICH AVLIEV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of IRDA, Faculty of Humanities, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: bartolomeod@yandex.ru 

VALERIA GENNADIEVNA BEMBEEVA
Bachelor’s degree, IRDA Department, Faculty of Humanities, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
 e-mail: valeriabembeeva5@gmail.com 

YESENIA BADMAEVNA NIDEEVA
Bachelor’s degree, IRDA Department, Faculty of Humanities,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: esnideeva11@mail.ru 

VALERIYA TEMIROVA NIMGIROVA
Bachelor’s Degree, IRDA Department, Faculty of Humanities,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: valerianimg@icloud.com 

KSENIYA ALEKSEEVNA TSYMBALOVA
Bachelor’s Degree, IRDA Department, Faculty of Humanities,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: romanovaksenia088@gmail.com

Abstract. The article discusses issues related primarily to the political aspect of Russian-Chinese relations from 2012 to 2022. In all areas of bilateral cooperation, there are numerous agreements at the governmental, ministerial and regional levels that define all types of relationships. After resolving the issues of disputed border territories, agreements on trust and disarmament were signed along the border regions, and due to the similarity of positions on international issues, there were no significant problems that could seriously complicate bilateral relations. The ten years following the announcement of the strategic partnership and the five years since the signing of the Treaty on Good-Neighborliness and Friendship have been characterized by stable and developing Sino-Russian cooperation. Their relations are based on the principles of genuine equality, mutual benefit and common interests in various fields, they are free from ideology and are dynamically developing in all directions: political, economic, energy, etc. Vladimir Putin’s return to the presidency has given a new impetus to the bilateral partnership. This coincided with the coming to power of the new General Secretary of the CPC, Xi Jinping, who in 2013 In the context of the slowdown of two projects, the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, he proposed combining land and sea trade routes within the framework of the “One Belt, One Road” concept. The Russian–Chinese strategic partnership is solid, institutionalized, and comprehensive. It also tends to grow gradually. The common position towards the hostility of the Western powers and the hegemony of the United States in world politics suppresses the most likely centrifugal forces that could separate them. The simultaneous deterioration of Sino-American and Russian-American relations after the conflict in Ukraine does not allow military actions there to become a factor that will slow down or undermine Sino-Russian strategic cooperation.
Keywords: belt, road, security, interaction, exercises, Beijing, treaty