Fogel A.S., Makarov A.V. (Samara). Arab Medieval Sources about the Countries and Peoples of Eastern Europe and Ancient Russia of the 9th-12th Centuries and Their Features
ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH FOGEL
Candidate of History, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, Associate Professor, 141 Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation,
e-mail: alexandr_fogel@inbox.ru
MAKAROV ALEXANDER VALERYEVICH
3rd year postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, 141 Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation,
e-mail: avmakarov91@gmail.com
Abstract. The article is devoted to the stylistic and historical features of the perception of the world in general and the peoples of Eastern Europe by Arab medieval sources of the pre-Mongol period. The authors analyze the process of formation of the Arab historical and geographical tradition – its attitudes towards knowledge, main sources, connections with ancient literature, biblical and Quranic tradition, as well as the degree of their influence on Arabic-language literature of the Middle Ages. The authors also trace the formation and development of specific scientific institutions of Arab science, the formation and functioning of the “scientific environment” in the countries of the Caliphate. The authors also examine the general state of the surviving corpus of medieval sources. The authors analyze separately and in detail the main genres of geographical and historical Arabic literature and its stylistic features – “literary etiquette”, the desire to “fit” individual information and observations into the “global picture” of geography or history, the inclination of Arabic-language authors to encyclopedism, their constant consideration and desire to present as many diverse opinions as possible on issues of interest to them, a specific attitude to previous literature, the existence of traditional plots and even entire groups of them, but at the same time its constant updating, editing and additions to please “the present day”. The authors identify the peculiarities of the attitude of Arabic writers to Eastern Europe – its specific “border” and “outskirts” position, the “traditional” nature of its description, associated with the ancient and biblical tradition, little known (if not almost unknown) for the majority of medieval authors and “fantastic nature”.
Keywords: Eastern Europe, Ancient Russia, Arab Caliphate, sources, source studies, scientific tradition, worldview, medieval mentality
Jin D., Belyaeva N.A. (Vladivostok). Memoirs of Chinese Sailors about the Nikolaev Incident
DIYUQIONG JIN
Postgraduate student at the Department of History and Archeology
of the Far Eastern Federal University
Russian Federation, 690922 Vladivostok,
Russian Island, Ajax-10, building F
e-mail: tczin.di@dvfu.ru
NATALYA ANATOLIEVNA BELYAEVA
Doctor of historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of History and Archaeology of the far Eastern Federal University
Russian Federation, 690922 Vladivostok,
Russian Island, Ajax-10, building F,
e-mail: minava204@rambler.ru
Abstract. This article presents the publication of a historical document—the memoirs of Chinese sailors who participated in an expedition along the Amur and Sungari Rivers, reaching as far as Harbin. The journey was interrupted by the interventions of Ataman Kalmykov’s detachments and Japanese troops. These memoirs were first published in Chinese in 1987 as part of the document compilation Historical Sources of the Naval Forces of the Republic of China. The publication marks the first translation and presentation of the document in Russian. Forced to winter in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the crews of 4 ships from the Navy of Chinese Republic witnessed the events known in the history of the Civil War as the Nikolaevsk incident. Memories of direct witnesses of the events confirm the fact known in historiography of cooperation of Chinese sailors with the partisans of Ya. Tryapitsyn, who named themselves the Red Army, as well as anti-Japanese sentiments among Chinese military sailors. It was these anti-Japanese sentiments that predetermined the actions of the command of the Chinese detachment of gunboats – the transfer of artillery equipment to the partisans to fight the Japanese garrison. The document provides information about the attempt to investigate the participation of Chinese military sailors in the events in Nikolaevsk, shows that 1) with a relatively very weak combat capability, the participation of Chinese troops in the military intervention is of a comparatively more political nature and 2) with the limited state of the military units of the Republic of China as possible show the subjective initiative to protect the sovereignty and dignity of the country. The document is accompanied by commentaries.
Keywords: Civil War, Far East, intervention, Chinese naval forces, Nikolaevsk Incident, sources
Shtyrbul A.A. (Omsk). The Crash of the Operation “Wunderland”
ANATOLII ALEKSEEVICH SHTYRBUL
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor,
Department of General History, Sociology and Political Science,
Omsk’s State Pedagogical University,
644099, 14 Naberezhnaya Tukhachevskogo, OSPU,
e-mail: shtyrbu_97@omgpu.ru
Abstract. Many people know that there were military operations in the Soviet Polar Region during the Great Patriotic War. But we usually speak (directly or by default) about the European part of the Soviet Polar Region. But military actions were also taking place in its Asian part, about which much less is known.
It is widely known what a huge role in the Great Victory over Fascist Germany and militaristic Japan was played by the powerful industrial defense complex of Siberia and its glorious workers, and heroic Siberian soldiers at the front. But still few people know that Siberia, or rather some of its northern regions, including the Tyumen North, which was then part of the “big” Omsk region, as well as the northern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory up to the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, were directly scorched by the war.
This article is devoted to a little-known and little-studied page of the Great Patriotic War – the fighting in the Kara Sea and on its Siberian coast: the crash of Hitler’s operation “Wunderland”, as well as other circumstances, events and hotbeds of fighting in the north of Western and Eastern Siberia in 1942-1944.
Keywords: Great Patriotic War; Siberian Arctic; the Kara (Karsk’s) Sea; Operation “Wunderland”
Novosel’tsev N.R., Pfanenstil I.A., Rakhinsky D.V., Chizhevskaya O.S., Ravochkin N.N. (Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo). On the Issue of Historical Sources for the Study of Entrepreneurial Activity in the Kemerovo Region in the 1990s – the First Decade of the 2000s
NIKOLAY RZAVICH NOVOSELTSEV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Academy of Military Sciences,
Professor of the Department of Linguistics, Theory and Practice of Translation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “SibSU named after acad. M. F. Reshetneva”, 660049, Mira Ave., 82, Krasnoyarsk
e-mail: Snooppy87@mail.ru
IVAN ALEKSEEVICH PFANENSHTIL
Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Professor of the Department of Philosophy
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Siberian Federal University”, 660041, Svobodny Ave., 79, Krasnoyarsk
e-mail: iphanenshtil@sfu-kras.ru
DMITRY VLADIMIROVICH RAKHINSKY
Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of Public Health and Healthcare
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voyno-Yasenetskogo”
660022, Partizana Zheleznyaka Ave., 1, Krasnoyarsk
Professor of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University”
660049, Mira Ave., 90, Krasnoyarsk
Professor of the Department of Foreign Law and Comparative Law
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Siberian Federal University”,
660041, Svobodny Ave., 79, Krasnoyarsk
e-mail: drakhinsky@sfu-kras.ru
OLGA SERGEEVICH CHIZHEVSKAYA
Senior Lecturer of the Department of Tort Law and Criminology
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Siberian Federal University”,
660041, Svobodny Ave., 79, Krasnoyarsk
e-mail: ochizhevskaya@sfu-kras.ru
NIKITA NIKOLAEVICH RAVOCHKIN
Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of History, Philosophy and Social Sciences
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kuzbass State Technical University named after T.F. Gorbachev”
650026, Vesennaya St., 28, Kemerovo
Professor of the Department of Pedagogical Technologies
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kuzbass State Agrarian University named after V.N. Poletskov”,
650056, Markovtseva St., 5, Kemerovo
e-mail: nickravochkin@mail.ru
Abstract. The purpose of the scientific article is to consider historical sources on the history of entrepreneurship in the Kemerovo region in the 1990s – the first decade of the 2000s. Objective: to analyze sources on the problem and identify groups. Territorial framework – Kemerovo region. Chronological framework – post-Soviet and modern times. The authors identified the following groups of historical sources, including regulatory legal acts, office documentation, statistical documents, periodicals and personal sources. The largest group was office documentation. The problem of analyzing the source base is quite acute. Since we are talking about the 1990s – the first decade of the 2000s. It can be concluded that the search for historical sources is quite problematic. Many historical sources were not deposited in archives, and other historical sources are classified as DSP. Many structures did not submit documents to archives, for example, chambers of commerce and industry, and departmental archives are usually not maintained by many organizations. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that despite the analysis of historical sources and the novelty of the problem, the topic remains unexplored and requires a more comprehensive analysis.
Keywords: source base, archival documents, classification, statistical data, personal sources, periodicals, small business
Semenov V.K. (Moscow). Problems of Studying Charon in Historiography
VASILY KIRILLOVICH SEMENOV
Assistant
Department of Humanitarian Disciplines
AESC MSU
121357, Russian Federation, Moscow, Kremenchugskaya st., 11
e-mail: semenovvk@my.msu.ru
Abstract. This article explores some aspects of the study of a mythological figure, the boatman Charon, in prominent historical works. The paper thoroughly examines both domestic and international historiographical literature from the first half of the nineteenth century. It concludes that the issues discussed have gradually become less general and more specific, and that the issue of “Charon’s obol” is currently the best-studied; another area of research in contemporary historiography is the attempt to establish the universality of the boatman figure. It also notes that there are opposing trends in historiography regarding the study of Charon’s image – based on literary tradition or ethnographic material. Furthermore, the paper highlights the fact that this topic has been under-researched in Russian historiographical works until recently. Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that there are still many controversial and unresolved issues, such as the purpose of the “Obol Charon” and the existence of folk beliefs regarding Charon in ancient times, despite a long tradition of investigating numerous problematic issues.
Keywords: Charon, historiography, mythology, Charon’s obol, ancient history
Teterin P.V. (Moscow), Konev N.S. (Moscow). The Goals of the Marshall Plan in Modern Russian Historiography
PAVEL V. TETERIN
Financial University under
the Government of the Russian Federation,
Leningradsky Ave. 49/2, Moscow, Russia 125167,
e-mail: teterinpost@yandex.ru
NIKITA S. KONEV
State University of Education, Moscow,
105005, Basmanniy municipal district, 10A Radio St.,
e-mail: war-nik@mail.ru
Abstract. The article identifies the goals of American policy in the implementation of the Marshall Plan and studies its long-term and comprehensive consequences for the European continent and international relations in general. The main content of the study is a comprehensive analysis of modern Russian historical literature, from the 2000s to the present day, devoted to the program of reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Special attention is paid to the economic, political and foreign policy factors of this process, including the enslavement of European countries through loans, the strengthening of transnational corporations, the restriction of the USSR’s access to Western technologies and resources, the inclusion of Germany in the American sphere of influence, the deployment of U.S. military bases in Europe and opposition to communist movements, as well as unequal trade deals and economic intervention. The results of the study allow us to consider these issues more objectively in the context of modern historical science. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the in-depth understanding of the emergence and evolution of Cold War policy and the role of the United States in this process, which opens up new opportunities for analyzing international relations and their historical context.
Keywords: foreign policy, historiography, European reconstruction program, USSR, USA, Cold War, Marshall Plan goals
Zhang Jiangqiao (Moscow). The Religion of the Turks of the Eurasian Steppe in the Early Middle Ages (VI-VIII centuries A.D.): Approaches in Chinese and Russian-speaking Turkology
ZHANG JIANGQIAO
Postgraduate Student,
Department of Ethnology
Faculty of History,
Lomonosov Moscow State University.
119991, Russian Federation, Moscow,
Vernadsky Prospekt, nol.37-a.
e-mail: jianqiao996@163.com
Abstract: In the Chinese-speaking world, the topic of religiosity in connection with the statehood of nomadic Türks has not received the attention it deserves for a long time, becoming relevant since the end of the 20th century, when the policy of atheization was relaxed, and receiving creative development in the works of a few researchers. In Russian science, these studies began much earlier. In the search for modern methodological approaches, there are many similarities, and this article is devoted to analyzing them. The article analyzes the concept of “Turk” in different interpretations, the study of their religious beliefs in the early Middle Ages (VI-VIII centuries AD), the links between the Turks and Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, shamanism. While interpretations differ among Turkic scholars, a common conclusion is that the geographical environment and regional distribution have a profound influence on the religious picture of the Turkic world.
Keywords: medieval Turks, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Shamanism, comparative religion studies
Suhail L. (Elista). Women in the History of the Early Christian Tradition
LAVAND SUHAIL
Research Associate Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: souheil.lawand@gmail.com;
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1621-0830
Abstract. The article examines rather complex issues of the history of early Christianity, which affect the relationship of Jesus and the Apostle Paul to a woman, as well as her role in the ancient Christian tradition, taking into account the Syriac context. To address the above-mentioned issues, sources such as the Bible and canonical works about the life of Jesus Christ were used. In particular, the Gospel of Matthew begins its narrative with the genealogy of Jesus. Special attention is paid to the first church instructions of the Apostle Paul on the role of women in the Church, on marriage and family among Christians. On the one hand, Paul’s teaching states that a man and a woman are equal before God, on the other hand, he implicitly notes the existence of a hierarchy headed by God, then Christ, then a man and after him a woman. Thus, Pavel’s attitude towards women ranged from positive to neutral and even negative. Paul’s postulates of equality between a man and a woman do not concern the framework of law and social norms, they affect only the second one – the eternal life of believers. However, against the background of Judaism and the Greco-Roman world, where women were disenfranchised and considered the property of their father or husband, the teaching of the Apostle Paul about the place of women in the eyes of Jesus was truly revolutionary for that time.
Keywords: the teachings of Jesus, the history of early Christianity, the Apostle Paul, the Gospel of Matthew, women, gender equality
Vorontsov A.A. (Moscow). The Cult of Sol Invictus During the Reign of Emperor Aurelian: the Role and Features of Implementation
ALEXEY ANDREEVICH VORONTSOV
PhD student of the Department of Ancient World History,
Faculty of History of M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University.
119991, Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospect, 27, bld. 4
e-mail: alexey_vo@inbox.ru
Abstract. The article examines the religious policy of the emperor Lucius Domitius Aurelian, who became a key figure in the transitional period in the history of Roman religion. In the context of the crisis of city-state institutions and social upheavals, Aurelian initiated the successful introduction of the cult of Sol Invictus at the official level, which coincided with the spread of Christianity, eastern syncretic cults and, in general, the popularity of monotheistic religions promising order and salvation against the backdrop of a severe crisis, civil wars and the actual collapse of the state (taking into account the emergence of the Gallic Empire and the Palmyrene Kingdom). The article examines how Aurelian used the cult of the Sun to strengthen his power, emphasizing his role as the defender of the state and as the intermedium between the sacred and the profane. The author concludes that Aurelian’s policy was conservative, aimed at reflecting public sentiment and strengthening the legitimacy of power, and did not aim at radical reforms. The cult of the Sun, popular primarily among warriors, became the embodiment of unity in one of the most difficult periods of ancient Rome. Aurelian’s religious policy ultimately became one of the most important elements of his reign and left a significant mark on the history of the Empire.
Keywords: Emperor Aurelian, Roman religion, solar cults, Invincible Sun, Sol Invictus, Roman Empire
Lapina I.Yu., Kargapoltsev S.Yu. (St. Petersburg). The “Afghan Fracture” and its Consequences (the Events of 1985–1989 and the Withdrawal of Soviet Troops from Afghanistan)
IRINA YURIEVNA LAPINA
Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
SERGEY YURIEVICH KARGAPOLTSEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
Abstract. The article analyzes the circumstances of the presence of Soviet troops in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (since November 30, 1987 – the Republic of Afghanistan) and the support of the Karmal– Chamkani–Najibullah regime by the forces of the 40th Army of the Limited Contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan in 1985-1989. The article examines the specifics of the economic, trade and financial relations between the USSR and Afghanistan in the context of Mikhail Gorbachev‘s perestroika initiatives and Mohammad Najibullah‘s policy of national reconciliation. The authors state the cause-and-effect relationships and the overall result of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan as one of the main indicators of the “new thinking” policy and the subsequent collapse of the world system of socialism and the USSR.
Keywords: USSR, Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Limited contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan, Internationalist soldiers, 40th Army, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), Mujahideen (Dushmans), USA, Pakistan, Iran, perestroika (restructuring)
Didur M.D., Rasputin N.V., Bozhchenko A.A. (St. Petersburg), Golubeva A.M. (Ivanovo), Vasiliev V.V. (St. Petersburg). Ontology and Hermeneutics of the Functional Muscle Testing Paradigm as a Subject of Propaedeutics in Classical Medical Practice: Historical and Analytical Research
MIKHAIL DMITRIEVICH DIDUR
Chief Freelance Sports Medicine Specialist of the St. Petersburg Health Committee, MD, Professor, Director of the N. P. Bekhtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences
197376, Akademika Pavlova str., 9, St. Petersburg
e-mail: didour@mail.ru
NIKOLAY VIKTOROVICH RASPUTIN
Head of the Office, Doctor of Manual Therapy at the Medical Rehabilitation Department of the G.I. Turner Clinic of Military Traumatology and Orthopedics, lecturer at the Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov” of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
6J Akademika Lebedeva str., Saint Petersburg, 194044
e-mail: doc.rasputin@mail.ru
ANDREY ALEKSANDROVICH BÓZHCHENKO
specialist, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor
m/c 39964
ANTONINA MIKHAILOVNA GOLUBEVA
Head of the Department of Physiotherapy and Physical Therapy, Candidate of Medical Sciences
Ivanovo region Regional Children‘s Clinical Hospital
Lyubimova str., 7, Ivanovo, 153040
e-mail: antonina_golubeva_86@mail.ru
VLADIMIR VLADISLAVOVICH VASILIEV
teacher of physical rehabilitation College of Bodybuilding and Fitness named after By Ben Vader
194100, Kantemirovskaya str., 7, letter B, room 3-N, St. Petersburg.
e-mail: mrgipson@yandex.ru
Abstract. Functional muscle testing as an objective method of physical diagnosis in the process of propaedeutics in classical medicine is very informative, quite valid and economically beneficial. At the same time, insufficient or distorted ideas about the origins and ways of developing the doctrine of functional muscle testing, the achievements and mistakes of this complex and often contradictory process can lead to a partial or complete loss of the great knowledge, experience and traditions that have been acquired over many decades by the hard, hard and dedicated work of a number of prominent medical theorists and practitioners [17, 24 – 27, 33, 35]. The above largely determines the relevance of our research, the purpose of which was: based on historical documents, scientific literature, the results of personal conversations with professors, associate professors and teachers, practicing physicians, as well as meetings with representatives of foreign medical and scientific centers, studying their structure, traditions and principles, to assess the history of the development of the doctrine of functional muscular to conduct a comparative analysis of the main schools of this field at the present stage and in the historical aspect in the world, in Russia and in St. Petersburg. In the process of writing this original historical article, we used the following research methods: 1) the method of historical analysis; 2) the method of analytical comparison; 3) the method of logical synthesis; 4) the method of mathematical modeling; 5) the method of scenario modeling [3]. The results of our historical and analytical research allowed us to identify the basic principles, as well as scientific, clinical and pedagogical traditions of the functional muscle testing method in the interpretation of various medical schools. Our comparative analysis of approaches to the method of functional muscle testing with a high degree of confidence allows us to conclude that the St. Petersburg School, having absorbed the best features of similar foreign schools during its formation, using their progressive achievements in the development process, has always been distinguished by the deep etiopathogenetic and physiological validity of the concepts and classifications used, where it has achieved a unique value. the principle of holistic, an organizational approach to understanding the mechanisms of occurrence and the method of correcting a suboptimal motor stereotype. The original material presented by the team of authors is supported by a set of citations and valid statistical data with correct references to primary sources, the regulatory framework and representative literature on the topic of this historical and analytical study.
Keywords: history of medicine, functional muscle testing, ontology, propaedeutics, manual medicine, neurophysiology, psychosomatic pathology
Cheryachukin M.S. (St. Petersburg). The history of the Disappearance of the Novel «Mokhovik» (Regarding the Censorship of the Press During the Revolutionary Period of 1830-1831)
MAXIM SERGEEVICH CHERYACHUKIN
postgraduate student of the Department of Modern History
St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences
197110, Russia, St. Petersburg, Petrozavodskaya str., 7
e-mail: 173598@mail.ru
Abstract. This study examines the process of censorship of the novel by G. Zschokke “Addrich im Moos”, which was translated by the publisher and poet E.V. Aladin as “Mokhovik”. One episode of the Russian censorship during the revolutionary events of 1830-31 is considered in the context of its influence on the opinions of censors who worked on the manuscript and the final decision of the General Censorship Directorate. Along with an assessment of contemporary events, the work of censors, their views, and professional handwriting is also considered, which is valuable as an element of Russian thought history. The study aims to answer the question of why one of the most significant works of Swiss literature of the 19th century was not published in Russia, but instead became a “dangerous novel” for readers. At the same time, it provides an assessment of contemporaneous views on G. Zschokke’s work. Zschokke notes the popularity of the writer’s works in Russia and explores the relationship between Zschokke’s fame and the reasons for the ban on the novel “Mokhovik” and several of his other works. Finally, this paper examines the work and ideas of the Swiss author from the perspective of Russian historiography.
Keywords: The July Revolution of 1830, the Polish Uprising of 1830-31, the General Directorate of Censorship, the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee, Nikita Ivanovich Butyrsky, Osip Ivanovich Senkovsky, Egor Vasilyevich Aladin, Heinrich Zschokke
Agaeva D.M. (Moscow). The Socio-economic Situation and the Socio-political Situation in Dagestan on the Eve of the Uprising of 1877-1878
DIANA MAGOMEDOVNA AGAEVA
researcher of the Research Center (fundamental
military-historical problems), the Military University of the Ministry
of Defence of the Russian Federation,
(125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14)
e-mail: diana.agaeva.2012@mail.ru
Аbstract. The article shows the socio-economic and socio-political situation in Dagestan on the eve of the largest uprising in Dagestan against the Russian Empire that took place in 1877, and its various aspects. Based on a comprehensive critical analysis of the totality of historical events of the 19th century, the interrelation and interdependence of factors of both internal and external order are demonstrated, and the reasons for such a significant event in the history of the peoples of the region are revealed. The main focus of the article is on highlighting aspects indicating that the uprising was generated by deep socio-economic and political processes taking place within Dagestan society and was not provoked by external factors such as the oppression of local feudal lords who relied on the bayonets of tsarist soldiers, constant, unbearable taxes, taxes, exorbitant duties, plundering of public lands. and pastures, which eventually led to an increase in the number of landless mountaineers, the degradation of agriculture, etc.
Keywords: Dagestan, uprising, causes, oppression, socio-economic, socio-political, role, highlanders, situation, bourgeoisie
Volgina T.V. (St. Petersburg, Pushkin). The Personality of a Kindergarten Teacher Based on the Materials of Pedagogical Journals of the Second Half of the XIX – Early XX Centuries
TAMARA VLADISLAVOVNA VOLGINA
Assistant Professor of the Department of History, post-graduate student
LSU named after A.S. Pushkin
196605, Saint Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoe shosse, 10
e-mail: lerona97@mail.ru
Abstract. The article analyzes the personality image of a kindergarten teacher on the pages of pedagogical journals of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The article considers the process of transformation of views on such aspects as the requirements for education and qualifications of educators, personal qualities and characteristics, the degree of involvement in the educational process. The author emphasizes that the image of the teacher at that time was formed not only through the prism of her professional skills, but also through personal qualities. Despite the increase in the level of training, an important aspect remained the ability to communicate naturally with children, the ability to create a warm and caring atmosphere. Using the method of content analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that during this period there was considerable attention to the personality and professional training of teachers, which coincided with the first attempts to adapt the foreign experience of preschool education to the Russian context.
Keywords: educator, gardener, kindergarten, preschool education, pedagogical journal, education, education, child, “free education”, love
Lagutkina A.A. (Moscow). The first Manifestations of the Franco-Russian Alliance in the Coverage of a Popular French Daily Newspapers, 1890–1891
ANNA ANDREEVNA LAGUTKINA
Postgraduate student at the Department
of the History of Russia of the 19th – early 20th centuries,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University,
119991, Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4,
Number: 89607151069
E-mail: anna69tver.a@mail.ru
Annotation. The article is devoted to identifying the ideas about the Franco-Russian Alliance and the Russian Empire as an ally, which popular French daily newspapers translated to their target audience from 1890 to 1891. The events that were presented in the newspapers as prognostics of the imminent Franco-Russian agreement were identified. Among them: General R. Boisdeffre’s visit to the Russian maneuvers in Narva, the awarding of the President of the French Republic Sadi Carnot the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, the opening of the French exhibition in Moscow and the visit of Alexander III, the visit of the French squadron to Kronstadt, etc. Based on the analysis of the content of articles and the language of French editions that described the first Franco-Russian manifestations, it is concluded that the newspapers followed a certain political line in covering these events and used a particularly emotionally colored narrative style. This method of presenting the information was intended to create a positive image of the Russian Empire as a future ally among readers, to make an alliance with Russia more desirable, but also to divert attention from the absence of a signed and announced treaty. Franco-Russian rapprochement was represented in the newspapers by the naturalness of the Alliance of the two nations, by the inevitability against the background of German aggression, and, most importantly, by the historical and emotional closeness of the Russian and French peoples.
Keywords: Franco-Russian Alliance, Alexander III, popular daily newspapers, naval visit at Kronstadt, Le Petit Parisien, Le Matin, Le Petit Journal.
Feklistova S.R. (Moscow). Publishing Company “Kopeika”: the Forgotten Empire of Newspapers (1908-1918)
SOFIA ROMANOVNA FEKLISTOVA
Postgraduate,
Department of Russian History of the XIX century – beginning of the XX century,
History Faculty, Moscow State University
119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, Building 4
e-mail: rofirom4@gmail.com
Abstract. The article is devoted to the publishing company “Kopeika”, that functioned in Saint-Petersburg (Petrograd) in 1908-1918. This publishing house is deprived of attention of national historiography due to the ingrained stereotype about its exclusively commercial nature and “yellowness” of its printed products. Nevertheless, the publishing company “Kopeika” held the most powerful typography in the Russian capital, and “Gazeta-Kopeika” (“Kopeck Newspaper”), its main product, was the most popular newspaper of Saint-Petersburg in the last decade of the Russian empire. Many other periodical and non-periodical editions were published by “Kopeika”, including such well-known magazines as “Vsemirnaya panorama” (“Universal Panorama”), “Solntse Rossii” (“The Sun of Russia”), “Volny” (“Waves”). Despite the commercial nature of the entrerprise, the publishing company “Kopeika” considered its mission to be the enlightenment of the lower-class readers by providing them with cheap and qualitative printed products. The research is based on the archive sources of the office management, which were not introduced in the scientific circulation earlier, and also the periodical printing, the sources of personal origin. The scientific works of national and foreign historians are involved. In the article there is the information about the founders of the publishing company “Kopeika”, who were M.B. Gorodetsky, V.A. Anzimirov, A.E. Kogan and B.A. Katlovker. There are also interesting details of its history, scale, profitability and fate after The February Revolution.
Keywords: the publishing company “Kopeika”, commercial press, M.B. Gorodetsky, V.A. Anzimirov, A.E. Kogan, B.A. Katlovker, the history of journalism
Kalashnikova E.B., Mokrousov V.S. (Samara). Cultural and Educational Work in the Red Army in 1917-1922
ELENA BORISOVNA KALASHNIKOVA
associate Professor of the Department of theory of law and philosophy
Samara State University of Economics
443090, Russia, Samara, Sovetskaya Armiya, 141
e-mail: kalashnikova-helen@yandex.ru
VYACHESLAV STANISLAVOVICH MOKROUSOV
graduate student of the Department of theory of law and philosophy
Samara State University of Economics
443090, Russia, Samara, Sovetskaya Armiya, 141
e-mail: slava163rus@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines cultural and educational work in the ranks of the Red Army during the early twentieth century, when the system of political and cultural education was undoubtedly one of the key factors in ensuring the victory of the Red Army in the Civil War. The relevance of the topic is dictated by the fact that there is an increase in attention to the problem of cultural and educational work in the period 1917–1941 on the part of modern Russian historiographers. Thus, it was cultural and educational work that became one of the important areas of political and educational work that was carried out with military personnel in army units. Cultural and educational work is an essential part of the ideological activities carried out by the Bolsheviks. The paper highlights the main forms and elements of cultural and educational work carried out in the ranks of the army. The tasks for which such work was carried out, as well as its main focus, are noted. Next, the government’s policy aimed at combating the problem of illiteracy and illiteracy of both military personnel and the general population, which was identified as a state problem, is considered. The indicators that have been achieved as a result of the work on improving literacy among military personnel are noted and presented.
Keywords. Cultural and educational work, educational work, ideological education, Soviet education, the Red Army
Dorzheeva V.V. (Magadan). Native Courts in the Russian North-East. Legal Basis for Formation and Functioning Problems. 1920s – 1936
VICTORIA VLADIMIROVNA DORZHIEVA
Northeastern State University
685000, Russia, Magadan, ul. Portovaya, 13.
e-mail: dorvic68@mail.ru
Abstract. The problem of searching for forms and methods of bringing justice closer to the indigenous peoples of the Russian North-East during the formation of Soviet power in the region is considered. The normative regulation on the basis of which the indigenous justice system was built is analyzed. The Soviet authorities were faced with the problem of covering the indigenous population with state law and justice. The peculiarities of the legal consciousness of the indigenous population, who had little command of the Russian language and did not seek to turn to the official bodies of the judiciary in conflicts, actualized the creation of special justice bodies. An attempt was noted by the state to combine customary and positive law in the activities of native courts – special bodies of justice connected with the administration. The purposes of creating native courts, the procedure for legal proceedings in them, the jurisdiction of civil and criminal cases, appellate instances and supervisory authorities have been studied. Based on archival records, specific regional features of native courts’ formation and functioning in the Russian North-East have been studied. Examples of cases considered by the native courts are provided. It is concluded that the native courts in the North-East never became a widespread practice, just as the institution of native bodies of Soviet power did not fully develop. As the state strengthened, the need for specialized judicial authorities for indigenous peoples disappeared, and in the second half of the 1930s a nationwide system of courts was created, which did not include alternative low-level judicial bodies.
Keywords: indigenous peoples, North-East, native courts, judicial procedure, tribal and aboriginal councils
Gapsalamov A.R. (Elabuga). Organization of Party Work in the Tatar ASSR in the 1920s-1930s
ALMAZ RAFISOVICH GAPSALAMOV
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor,
Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Management
Elabuga Institute (branch) of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University”
423600, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Elabuga, Kazanskaya St., 89.
e-mail: Gapsalamov@yandex.ru
Abstract. The study of the problems of the formation and activities of the Communist Party in individual republics remains a relatively little-studied aspect in modern historiography. This is largely due to both the lack of scientific interest in this issue and the emergence of new historical data that have not yet come to the attention of historians. The presented article is a new look at the work of the party bodies of the Tatar ASSR in the period 1920-1930. The article presents an analysis of the problems faced by the Tatar party organization and ways to solve them.
A consistent analysis of the formation and development of the republican communist organization allows us to present an objective picture of the significance of the party in the development of Soviet statehood. As a result of the study, the main organizational problems and attempts to solve them were identified, an idea was formed about the gradual rise of party institutions of power, the possibilities of collectivity in making economic decisions. A special place in the study was given to considering the role of the leaders of the party organization of the Tatar ASSR, who made a significant contribution to the development of the economy of the republic.
Keywords: party, communist party, Bolsheviks, USSR, Tatar ASSR
Medvedev S.V., Fedyakin A.V. (Moscow). Orders of the People’s Commissariat of Motor Transport of the RSFSR in 1941
SERGEY VLADIMIROVICH MEDVEDEV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of History at the Russian University of Transport (MIIT),
127055, Moscow, Novosushchevskaya Street, 22
e–mail: speransky1809@yandex.ru
ALEXEY VLADIMIROVICH FEDYAKIN
Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History at the Russian University of Transport (MIIT),
127055, Moscow, Novosushchevskaya Street, 22
e-mail: avf2010@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the orders of the People’s Commissariat of Motor Transport of the RSFSR, which were issued from January to December 1941. The problems that the People’s Commissariat solved a few months before the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War are considered: difficulties with transportation logistics, underfunding of some motor transport enterprises, penalties levied on motor transport trusts for disruptions in providing factories with resources. The authors pay special attention to the profiling of motor transport enterprises: the manufacture by some of them of car guards with steel and bronze springs, the transition of some automobile plants to the production of gas-generating units in order to save gasoline and diesel fuel, which were precious in the pre-war and war years. Despite the efforts made, the pace of production of gas-powered cars did not meet the requirements of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR and the NKAT of the RSFSR. A separate problem for many trucking companies was the lack of wood needed to fuel gas-generating plants. The article briefly discusses the transportation of automobile battalions during the Battle for Moscow. The authors conclude that despite the serious problems that all transport institutions had to solve in 1941, the People’s Commissariat of Motor Transport of the RSFSR generally provided evacuation and front-line transportation in the first months of the Great Patriotic War.
Keywords: People’s Commissariat of Motor Transport, orders, gas generator sets, fines, trusts
Hippolitov G.M., Filatov T.V. (Samara). False Truth is True Lie, or How Falsifiers of the History of the Great Patriotic War Deliberately Ignore Elementary Logic to Achieve Their Base Goals. Article One
GEORGY MIKHAILOVICH HIPPOLITOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor,
Department of Philosophy,
Volga State University of Telecommunications and Information Technology (Samara)
443010, Samara, L. Tolstoy st., 23
e-mail: ippo1953@yandex.ru
TIMUR VALENTINOVICH FILATOV
Doctor of Philosophy, professor, head of the department of philosophy of Volga region State university of telecommunications and informatics (Samara).
443010, Samara, L. Tolstoy st., 23.
e-mail: tfilatoff1960@mail.ru
Abstract. The domestic historiographic realities of the early 21st century are as follows: falsifiers of the history of the Great Patriotic War (22.06.1941 – 09.05.1945) have sharply increased their efforts, trying to achieve their base goals – transferring the historical memory of the great feat of the great Soviet people who won a victory over Nazi Germany and its Nazi-fascist satellites to the plane of historical oblivion. Of course, they receive a worthy rebuff from historians who take a state-patriotic position, which, without appeal, includes the authors of this article. We decided to reveal in our article one of the aspects that has an important methodological significance for the fight against falsifiers of the history of the Great Patriotic War – their deliberate ignoring of elementary logic as one of the means of achieving their base goals, indicated above. The article is not simply written in a scientific discussion style, but it contains a number of fragments and plots presented in a tough polemical vein. Especially when the “demythologization of history” is analyzed. The article is tamed to the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.
Keywords: Great Patriotic War, falsifiers, logic of historical research; objectivity, Order No. 227, historical memory, V. V. Putin, substitution of the genuine with the false, miracle heroes of the Red Army
Filatov A.V., Ganiev T.K. (Ulyanovsk). Work Experience in Organizing Socialist Competitions in the Ulyanovsk Region During the Great Patriotic War
ARTYOM VLADIMIROVICH FILATOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Associate Professor of the Department of History,
432071, Ulyanovsk, 4 Lenin Square,
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru
TIMUR KUDRATULOEVICH GANIEV
applicant, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov,
432071, Ulyanovsk, 4 Lenin Square,
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru
Abstract. Using the example of the Ulyanovsk region, the presented material reveals the experience of local authorities, party, Komsomol and trade union institutions in organizing socialist competition between production teams in the agricultural sector during the Great Patriotic War. The sources were unpublished archival documents, statistical materials and periodicals. The purpose of the study is to analyze archival documents that testify to the facts of the organization of “socialist competition and the mass involvement of collective farmers in this process. The relevance of the study of this problem is caused by the demand in modern conditions for attention to the traditional values of Russian society, whose participants were agricultural workers. In this regard, the problems of scientific analysis and critical rethinking of historical accumulated experience become particularly relevant. Therefore, the problem under study has attracted the attention of researchers at the regional level. For example, an article by A.R. Gapsalamov was devoted to the issues of labor exploits in the rear, training and provision of workers in the post-war period. The works of R.A. Mukhamedov, A.A. E.M. Sosnovsky, and I.A. Khronova were devoted to the problems of labor organization, staffing, social tension, and economic aspects. [1-5].
Keywords: war, agrarian collectives, collective farms, state farms, production brigades, Socialist competition, indicators, propaganda
Chernukha R.M. (Moscow). On the Tasks and Results of Participation of the personnel of NKVD Troops Military Educational Institutions in the Active Army (1941 – 1943)
ROSTISLAV MIKHAILOVICH CHERNUKHA
Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor,
senior researcher at the Scientific Research Center
(fundamental military-historical problems)
Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya St., 14
Abstract. The article deals with the issues of utilization of the NKVD troops military educational institutions in the active army in the period of 1941-1943. The article is an analysis of the tasks assigned to the NKVD military educational institutions and the results achieved in the front zone and at the front. Commanders of fronts (military districts), using the personnel of the NKVD military schools as the last reserve, sought additional human resources to solve urgent problems. The personnel of military schools of NKVD troops took direct part in the defense of the cities of Leningrad and Ordzhonikidze, as well as performed special tasks to protect the rear of the South-Western Front (Kharkov) and the Moscow defense zone. This approach was justified in the short period of combat operations, but in the long term it posed a threat to the training of the necessary number of officers needed to support the troops.
Keywords: military educational institutions of the NKVD troops, active army, protection of the army rear, defense of Leningrad, defense of Moscow, defense of Ordzhonikidze
Chentsov A.S. (Moscow). Operational Situation in the Kaliningrad Region During the Period of Operation of Emergency Management Bodies (April 1946 – May 1947)
ALEKSEY STANISLAVOVICH CHENTSOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Senior Researcher at the Scientific Research Center
(fundamental military-historical problems)
Prince Alexander Nevsky Military University
Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
123001, Russian Federation, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya St., 14.
e-mail: aschentsov@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the operational situation in the initial period of the integration of the German province of East Prussia into the Soviet Union – the period of functioning of the emergency management bodies (April 1946 – May 1947). The main areas of activity of the civil affairs departments related to the fastest possible integration of the region into the economic life of the country, measures to change the national composition of the Kaliningrad region are defined. Particular attention is paid to the course and problems of migration processes related to the resettlement of collective farmers from the central regions of the Soviet Union, as well as the recruitment of workers for industrial enterprises in the region. It was determined that the unsatisfactory material and living conditions of both the settlers and the German population were one of the reasons for the growth of criminal and economic crime, which reached its peak in the spring of 1947. Based on documents from the Kaliningrad Region Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, which had not previously been introduced into scientific circulation, an analysis of the crime situation in the period under study was carried out, the most characteristic crimes were identified within the framework of both criminal and economic crime, and the social and age characteristics of the criminal element were analyzed.
Keywords: Kaliningrad region, operational situation, civil affairs departments, resettlement policy, German population of the Kaliningrad region, criminal offenses
Ilyichev S.S., Filatov A.V. (Ulyanovsk). The State and Logistical Support of School Education in the 1951-1953 Academic Year (Based On Materials from The Ulyanovsk Region)
STEPAN SERGEEVICH ILYICHEV
Master’s student,
Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov,
432071, Ulyanovsk, 4 Lenin Square,
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru
ARTYOM VLADIMIROVICH FILATOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Associate Professor of the Department of History,
432071, Ulyanovsk, 4 Lenin Square,
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru
Abstract. The author attempts to examine the state and material and technical equipment of school education in the 1951-1953 academic year. The article is based on archival documents of the State Archive of Modern History of the Ulyanovsk Region (GANI UO) and the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk region (GA UO), which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that currently the school education system is constantly changing, new technologies are being introduced into the educational process, schools are being modernized, and therefore it is necessary to take into account the experience of the past in order to avoid mistakes that were made. The methodological basis of the article was based on a set of general scientific, special historical principles and methods of scientific research. The use of descriptive-narrative, problem-chronological, comparative-historical, historical-system methods and statistical analysis gave us the opportunity to study more deeply the features of teacher training in the post-war decade. Such historians as R.A. Mukhamedov, E.S. Fedorova, G.R. Safiullina, R.R. Krasnova, A.Y. Pichugin, A.V. Filatov, A.G. Pashkin dealt with education issues in the Ulyanovsk region [1-8]. In their research, they also touched upon the problems of material and technical support for educational institutions, in particular, fuel supply, ongoing repairs, and the construction of new schools in the post-war period.
Keywords: Public education, school, Ulyanovsk region, universal education, material and technical support of schools, academic performance
Egorov A.S. (Irkutsk). “Priestesses of Love” in “Crocodile”: How a Soviet Satirical Magazine Denounced Prostitution
ALEXANDER S. EGOROV
postgraduate student of the Department of History and
Philosophy, assistant of the Department of Advertising and
Journalism
Irkutsk National Research Technical University
664074, Russia, Irkutsk, Lermontov St., 83
e-mail: aleks_mir_1998@mail.ru
Abstract. As is well known, the Soviet Union had a rather strict censorship, carried out, in particular, by the Main Directorate for Literature and Publishing Houses (Glavlit). The topic of prostitution in the USSR was unprintable until a certain point. For a long time, it was presented as a problem characteristic of the Western, capitalist world. Drug addiction, racketeering, and some other negative phenomena were presented in the same way. Declared by M. С. Perestroika, announced by Gorbachev in 1985, led to glasnost, and glasnost, in turn, led to the fact that Soviet “women with reduced social responsibility” began to be described in the media. First through innuendo, through Aesopian language, then openly. Thus, satirical literary and visual materials about prostitutes were published in the magazine Krokodil, which was in great demand – in 1985 it was published three times a month, with a circulation of 5.6 million copies, and in 1986-1989 it had a circulation of 5.3 million copies. Crocodiles, starting with the “pioneer” V. Vitaliev, exposed the provision of sex services, showed prostitution as the main source of the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), not forgetting the moral side of the issue.
Keywords: prostitution, “Krokodil” magazine, caricature, Mikhail Gorbachev, satire, Soviet journalism, USSR
Vinichenko M.V. (Moscow). History of Kindness: Stakeholders of Social Service and Inclusion in Theatrical Life
MIKHAIL VASIL’EVICH VINICHENKO
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of War Memorial Work, Russian State Social University,
129226, Russia, Moscow, Wilhelm Pick St., 4, building 1
e-mail: mih-vas2006@yandex.ru
Abstract. The aim of the study was to identify the nature of the activities of stakeholders of social service and inclusion in theatrical life. The research methodology and methodological tools, based on approaches and methods of general scientific, special and historical nature, allowed us to logically and consistently solve scientific problems in the interests of achieving the goal of the study. Main results: Stakeholders of social service and inclusion in theatrical life are represented by a group of actors whose activities are diverse and varied, aimed mainly at creating comfortable conditions, a barrier-free environment for spectators with special needs. Government agencies are engaged in problems of social service and inclusion in theatrical life in accordance with real tasks at the federal and regional levels. Their activities are institutional in nature, and are also implemented through national, federal and regional projects. Foundations and non-profit organizations make a significant moral, material, informational, political and organizational contribution to the development of social service and inclusion in theatrical life. Theaters of the country are involved in social service and inclusion to varying degrees: from minimally created conditions to full dedication to the formation of comfortable conditions for people with one type of disability or several at once. In recent years, the tendency of increasing the attention of the theater environment to inclusion, the creation of a comfortable barrier-free environment in theaters for the disabled has become increasingly evident. Educational institutions, acting as stakeholders in social service and inclusion in theatrical life, develop the creative potential of people with special needs, create conditions for their effective socialization on the basis of theaters. Public figures occupy different levels in the social hierarchy, but all their activities are imbued with kindness and are aimed at creating a comfortable theatrical environment for people with disabilities. Members of the leading parties of Russia strive to actively participate in the socialization of people with special needs on the basis of theaters, as do the disabled themselves, people with disabilities, members of their families (parents). Application: The practical application of the research results is possible in the development of social service and inclusion in theatrical life by skillfully using the experience of stakeholders and the Moscow Provincial Theatre. The theoretical significance of the work lies in supplementing the theoretical foundations of social service and inclusion in theatrical life with scientific and methodological elements based on stakeholders. Novelty: For the first time, the categorical and conceptual apparatus for social service and inclusion in theatrical life has been clarified, such concepts as stakeholders of social service and inclusion in theatrical life, social service in theatrical life, charity in theatrical activity, inclusiveness in theatrical life have been formulated (clarified). The originality of the study is based on the author’s approach to the research methodology, which made it possible to identify the nature of the activities of stakeholders of social service and inclusion in theatrical life.
Keywords: kindness, inclusion, social service, stakeholders, theatre life, Moscow Provincial Theatre
Sharapov M.A. (Kazan). Establishment of Small Business in Kazan in the early 1990s
MARSEL AYRATOVICH SHARAPOV
3rd year postgraduate student, Department of National History
Institute of international relations
Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
Russia, 420008, Kazan, Kremlevskaya, 18
e-mail: marsel_sharapov93@bk.ru
Abstract. The article provides a comprehensive study of the formation and development of small business in Kazan in the early 1990s, a period characterized by large-scale economic transformations in Russia. The process of transition from a centrally planned system to a market economy is analyzed, where small business played a key role in the formation of a new economic structure of the city. The main factors that contributed to the development of small enterprises, such as entrepreneurial experience of the founders, favorable economic conditions of the region and support from government agencies are studied. Special attention is paid to the dynamics of growth in the number of small enterprises, their territorial distribution and employment structure. The significant contribution of small businesses to the development of industry, trade and services in Kazan is emphasized. The measures of state support, including tax incentives and the creation of specialized financing funds, which contributed to strengthening the position of small business, are considered. However, the analysis reveals systemic problems such as insufficient involvement of the unemployed in entrepreneurial activity, high administrative barriers and low financial accessibility.
Keywords: small business, entrepreneurship, economic transformation, Kazan, transition period
Titov S.P. (Moscow). Parliamentary Activities of Liberal Parties in the State Duma of the First Convocation
STEPAN PAVLOVICH TITOV
Postgraduate student of the Faculty of History
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
119991, Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4,
e-mail: panyun95@gmail.com
Abstract. The article examines the parliamentary activities of liberal parties (Russia’s Choice, Yabloko, and the Liberal Democratic Union of December 12) in the first State Duma. It examines the general position of liberals after the elections, how Duma committees were distributed among factions, the political amnesty of 1994, the adoption of federal budgets for 1994, 1995, and 1996, and the vote of no confidence in the government. After the elections to the State Duma, a situation of political equilibrium developed: no faction had a decisive advantage. The study revealed the inability of the pro-presidential liberal faction Russia’s Choice to defend the presidential position in the inter-factional struggle. The “anti-reformist” forces managed to push through the lower house of parliament their vision of a political amnesty for participants in the events of August 1991 and September-October 1993, which was disadvantageous to the president. Subsequently, the executive branch had to maneuver between opposition forces when approving federal budgets – “Choice of Russia” lost its subjectivity on this issue. It is worth noting the general passivity of the liberals against the background of other factions of the State Duma. A wide range of sources (regulatory legal acts, transcripts of the State Duma, periodicals, Internet resources) and modern research literature were used in the course of the work.
Keywords: State Duma, liberals, “Russia’s Choice”, “Yabloko”, political amnesty, federal budget, government
Dyakov S.I., Dyakov I.S. (St. Petersburg). On the Reform of the Military Education System in Military-educational Institutions of Rocket Forces and Artillery on the Basis of the Kazan Higher Artillery Command School (Military Institute) Named After Marshal of Artillery M.N. Chistyakov (1991–1996)
SERGEY IVANOVICH DYAKOV
candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor,
head of faculty of the Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy,
195009, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Komsomola, 22,
e-mail: serDyakoff@yandex.ru
ILYA SERGEEVICH DYAKOV
cadet of the Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy,
195009, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Komsomola, 22,
e-mail: gamehipster98@gmail.com
Abstract. The purpose of the study. To conduct training of missile officers in the context of the reforms of 1991–1996, conducted in accordance with the stages of the Concept for the Development of the military Education system of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation). Research methods: analytical, scientific, causal, historical and systemic. Key conclusions: an analysis of the transformation of the military education system in the 90s of the 20th century, using the example of the Kazan Higher Military Command and Engineering School of the Rocket Forces, suggests that all the transformations were dictated by the objective necessity of this period of time, but they did not end there, but gave impetus to further changes. The improvement of any education system, including the military, has always been adapted and is being adapted to the new conditions of the military-political situation, which in turn force the organizational and staff structure of formations, units and divisions of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to fulfill new tasks of protecting the state, and military universities to increase the quantitative and qualitative indicators of graduates.
Keywords: The concept. Military education. The college. Curricula and programs. Educational activities. Specialization. The state exam. Graduate work
Naumov A.O., Demin D.V., Yatsenko E.V., Sedova E.S. (Moscow). RT TV Channel as an Actor of the “Soft Power” of the Russian Federation
ALEXANDER OLEGOVICH NAUMOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Lomonosov Moscow State University, School of Public Administration, Department of International Organizations and Global Governance Problems, Leading Researcher at the RSUH Scientific and Educational Center
119991, Moscow, Lomonosovsky prospect 27, building 4
e-mail: naumovao@my.msu.ru
DMITRY VLADIMIROVICH DEMIN
The applicant
Lomonosov Moscow State University, School of Public Administration, Department of International Organizations and Global Governance Problems 119991, Moscow, Lomonosovsky prospect 27, building 4.
e-mail: ivioa4@mail.ru
ELENA VLADIMIROVNA YATSENKO
The applicant
Lomonosov Moscow State University, School of Public Administration, Department of International Organizations and Global Governance Problems 119991, Moscow, Lomonosovsky prospect 27, building 4.
e-mail: m264@mail.ru
EKATERINA SERGEEVNA SEDOVA
Postgraduate student
Lomonosov Moscow State University, School of Public Administration, Department of International Organizations and Global Governance Problems 119991, Moscow, Lomonosovsky prospect 27, building 4.
e-mail: katherina_S@mail.ru
Abstract. The article analyzes the RT TV channel (“Russia Today”) as an instrument of Russia’s “soft power”. The authors consider the history of the channel’s creation, including the historical context and the reasons that prompted the Russian leadership to establish a foreign broadcasting company, the goals and objectives of the project, as well as the results achieved. Special attention is paid to identifying the reasons for RT’s success, including the timely rebranding of the project, the successful choice of communication strategies, consideration of the interests and characteristics of the potential audience, the channel’s own vibrant style and the active development of its presence on the Internet and social networks. A few years after the launch of the project, RT won the attention of viewers abroad and in 2013 was able to displace the world leaders of foreign broadcasting in the information sphere. The channel actively supported Russia’s foreign policy course, introduced foreign audiences to the history of our country and events inside it, and also raised uncomfortable issues for the Western establishment. After Euromaidan, the persecution of RT began in the West. The final point in this process was set after the start of a special military operation in Ukraine, when the EU and US authorities completely banned RT broadcasting on their territory, thereby fixing their inability to compete on equal terms with Russia in the information sphere.
Keywords: Russia Today, RT, M. Simonyan, foreign broadcasting, “soft power”, information policy
Wijesinha Ch.L. (St. Petersburg). The Revolutionary Views of Aron Soltz
CHANDRANATH LALINDOVICH WIJESINHA
Postgraduate student of the Department of National History of the Institute of History,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Saint Petersburg State University”, 3rd year
199034, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9
e-mail: Deadmoon99@mail.ru
Abstract. The article explores the revolutionary views of Aron Alexandrovich Solts, a significant figure in the history of the Bolshevik Party. The work focuses on the analysis of his political biography and ideological legacy, revealing the key stages of his activity: from early participation in the RSDLP, through the revolutionary events of 1917, to work in the Central Control Commission and the Supreme Court of the RSFSR. The author examines in detail Soltz’s relationship with other party leaders and his contribution to the development of revolutionary thought, highlighting his position on issues of party discipline, revolutionary legality and ethics. The work highlights Soltz’s desire to strengthen the party‘s ties with the working class, his emphasis on the moral purity of party members and his critical attitude towards abuses of power. Known as the “conscience of the party,“ Solz sought to systematize Marxist-Leninist ideology in the context of the formation of the Soviet state, and his work anticipated many aspects of the ideological and political atmosphere of the 1930s. The article also touches on the tragic ending of Soltz’s career, related to his conflict with Vyshinsky. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the importance of studying Soltz’s legacy for a deep understanding of the ideological foundations and contradictions of the early Soviet era and the role of the human factor in revolutionary history.
Keywords: A. A. Soltz; revolutionary legality; party ethics; socialism; working class; ideology
Khavkin B.L. (Moscow). Joachim von Ribbentrop: “I Was Hitler’s Most Faithful Follower”
BORIS LVOVICH KHAVKIN
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities
125047, Moscow, Miusskaya square, 6
e-mail: novistor@mail.ru
Abstract. Based on the materials of the Nuremberg trials, documents from the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the Third Reich, other sources (in particular, Ribbentrop’s memoirs) and literature, the essay examines the life and work of Hitler’s Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop (1893–1946). The article examines the role of Ribbentrop in Nazi geopolitics, in particular, in the development of the concept of the “Eurasian continental bloc” and the policy of German-Soviet rapprochement. The phenomenon of Ribbentrop’s “negative charisma” is considered.
The author examines the thesis of Ribbentrop’s relative independence in the foreign policy of the Third Reich and confirms the conclusion made by historians of the Federal Republic of Germany that the goals of most influential German diplomats coincided with the government foreign policy of Hitler. “Hitler had a decisive influence on the course, methods and pace of foreign policy, leaving the daily routine work to the officials of the foreign ministry.” This work was carried out by the Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs, led by Ribbentrop. As Ribbentrop wrote at the end of his life, “I was the most loyal follower of Hitler.”
Keywords: Foreign policy of Nazi Germany, diplomacy of the Third Reich, World War II, Joachim von Ribbentrop (1893-1946)
Petrova S.I., Petrov I.F. (Krasnodar). On the Problem of Cultural Universals
SOFYA IGOREVNA PETROVA
Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor
NAN CHOU VO “IMSIT Academy”.
350010 Krasnodar, Zipovskaya str., 5.
e-mail: Sofya8888@yandex.ru
PETROV IGOR FEDOROVICH
Doctor of Philosophy, Professor
NAN CHOU VO “IMSIT Academy”.
350010 Krasnodar, Zipovskaya str., 5.
e-mail: IgorPetroff@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to cultural universals, which represent the most common, fundamental features and patterns inherent in all cultures, regardless of their specific historical diversity. Cultural universals play an important role in the process of an individual’s inculturation, assimilation of basic values and norms of society. They form a kind of foundation for every culture. The article shows that the presence of cultural universals reflects the unity of human nature and the patterns of anthropogenesis and sociogenesis. At the same time, universals are realized in each culture in a specific way, generating cultural diversity. The problem of cultural universals is one of the key ones in the philosophy of culture, cultural anthropology and other sciences about man and society. Cultural universals manifest themselves in an infinite variety of local variations, setting the general framework within which all the diversity of human cultures takes place. Their research allows us to identify the common ground behind this diversity, the deep roots and foundations of human culture as such. They show that, for all their cultural diversity, people face the same fundamental issues and solve similar tasks of survival and social organization. At the same time, most scientists emphasize that universals do not mean absolute uniformity. They are rather general structural elements and principles that are filled with specific content in each culture.
Keywords: culture, universals, cultural universals, common, structural elements, features, patterns