Klio #04 (220) 2025

Poltorak S.N. (St. Petersburg). “Konarmiya” – a Cycle of Stories by I.E. Babel about the Soviet-Polish War of 1920 – as a Historical Source

Zelenyanskaya Yu.V. (St. Petersburg). A New Reading of the “Axonometric Plans” of Peterhof, Made by the French Cartographer P.-A. de Saint-Hilaire in 1772–1775

SERGEY NIKOLAEVICH POLTORAK

Dr. Sc. (Historical), Professor

Professor of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University

195251, Russia, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya st., 29

Professor of the Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin 196605, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoe shosse, 10

е-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article provides a source study analysis of short stories by I.E. Babel, known under the general title “Konarmiya” (Cavalry). It is noted that this work of art is based on the personal impressions of the writer, who served in various positions in the First Cavalry Army of the Red Army during the Soviet-Polish War of 1920. The future writer worked as a correspondent for the army newspaper “Krasny Konnik” and was also an employee of the political department of the 6th division of Budyonnovsk’s army. Despite the fact that “Konarmiya” was published several dozen times in separate editions and is not only a literary work, but also a vivid historical source, this cycle of stories has not yet been studied as a historical source. At the same time, a number of historians, including modern ones, have repeatedly turned to “Konarmiya” as a published document. The author comes to the conclusion that such publications represent an original and valuable historical source.

Keywords: I.E. Babel, Civil War in Russia, First Cavalry Army, Soviet-Polish War, 1920

Karpova V.V. (St. Petersburg, Pushkin). Changes in the Content of “New Type” Children’s Magazines during the Russian-Japanese War (1904-1905)

VERONIKA VIKTOROVNA KARPOVA

Candidate of Historical Sciences,

Associate Professor of Department

of Russian History, Pushkin Leningrad

State University, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation

196605, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Pushkin,

Petersburg highway, 10

e-mail: nika7676@mail.ru

Abstract. The article examines the impact of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905 on the content of children’s magazines. Four “new type” journals were selected as the object of research: “Zadushevnoe slovo”, “Rodnik”, “Vskhody”, ” Putevodnyj ogonek”. Back in the pre-war period, the distinctive features of such publications were the coverage of certain aspects of the socio-political life of the country, the desire to involve readers in socially useful activities, and the establishment of children’s communication on the pages of the magazine. It is no coincidence that during the war years there was an active coverage of military operations, the heroism of soldiers, charitable practices of the population, and the involvement of children in them. The desire of the editorial offices of the magazines to acquaint readers with the nature, history, culture, customs of Japan, and at the same time other Far Eastern territories affected by military operations (Manchuria, Korea, Vladivostok, Sakhalin, etc.) is revealed. The article pays special attention to various forms of charitable activities in which children and adolescents participated, including donations transferred through magazines for various needs, and their coverage in the children’s press. The hypothesis that children would actively talk about their socially significant activities in letters sent to the editor, and that the topic of the war would become one of the dominant ones at least in 1904, was not confirmed: their personal interests remained predominant.

Keywords: children’s magazine, “Zadushevnoe slovo”, “Rodnik”, “Vskhody”, “Putevodnyj ogonek”, Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, charity

Khmyrov D.V. (St. Petersburg). Parish Life of Russian Emigrants in Wiesbaden (Germany) during the Period of Political Leadership of National Socialism: In the Letters of the Rector of the Church of St. Elizabeth, Archpriest Pavel Admantov

DENIS VLADIMIROVICH KHMYROV

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Theology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theology at the Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy named after F. M. Dostoevsky

191023, Saint Petersburg, Fontanka River Embankment, 15

e–mail: Hmyrovdenis@mail.ru

Abstract. The article examines events from the 1930s related to the parish of St. Elizabeth’s Church in Wiesbaden using previously unpublished files from the State Archives of the Russian Federation. The long-time rector of the church, Archpriest Pavel Adamantov, addresses in a lengthy letter to the Chairman of the Synod of Bishops, Metropolitan Anthony (Khrapovitsky), listing the difficulties that priests and parishioners have encountered as a result of the attempts of the German authorities to unite the parishes of the Russian Church within the framework of one church-administrative district. The Reich Ministry of Church Affairs of Germany initiated a decision to transfer the parish of Wiesbaden from the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Eulogius (Georgievsky) to the jurisdiction of Bishop Tikhon (Lyashchenko) of Berlin. The purpose of these actions, according to the author of the letter, was to try to redirect all the cash flows of the financially prosperous parish to new owners – representatives of Bishop Tikhon’s (Lyaschenko) circle and the local party cell. From a historical perspective, these events clearly characterize the new government of Germany, which skillfully played on the ambitions of Russian hierarchs and the material interests of some parishioners who were not very active in religious life, but who distinguished themselves in the political arena. Under pressure from the Nazi authorities, the rector, together with the Wiesbaden parish, transferred to the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia in 1937. However, documents testify to the courage with which he and his parish resisted state interference in church life for several years.

Keywords: Russian Orthodox emigration, Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, Archpriest Pavel Adamantov, St. Elizabeth Church in Wiesbaden, Metropolitan Anthony (Khrapovitsky), Bishop Tikhon (Lyashchenko), 1930s in Germany, religious policy of National Socialism

Mamontov A.L. (St. Petersburg). St. Petersburg Scientists on the Fall of Rome: A Historiographical Essay

ANDREI LEONIDOVICH MAMONTOV

Candidate of Historical Sciences

St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, St. Petersburg State University

Associate Professor (St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering), Senior Researcher (St. Petersburg State University)

190005, Russia, Saint Petersburg, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya st., bldg. 4

e-mail: andrei_mamontov@list.ru

Abstract. The object of the article is to analyze how historians from St. Petersburg interpreted the fall of the Roman Empire, which is restricted here to the political crisis of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The first part of the article is an overview of the concepts put forward by scholars of the 19th – early 21st centuries: I. K. Kaidanov, I. M. Grevs, M. I. Rostovtzeff, S. I. Kovalev, A. B. Egorov, and others. The second part, on the contrary, studies the legacy of only one historian, who, on the author’s view, covered the crisis of the 5th century most fully – Yu. B. Tsirkin. Most attention is paid to the comprehensive interpretation of the causes of the fall of Rome, contained in the second volume of his work “Political History of the Roman Empire”. It takes into account the processes that took place in various spheres of society — for example, the alienation of various social groups from the state, the weakening of imperial power, the growth of taxation, the crisis of municipal self-government, the isolation of latifundia and the impact of barbarians — and the relationship between objective circumstances and the human factor in history. In the final part of the essay it is concluded that the works of Yu. B. Tsirkin and other scholars reflect the characteristic features of the St. Petersburg school of classical history.

Keywords: the fall of Rome, the St. Petersburg School of Classical History, Yu. B. Tsirkin, the Roman Empire, the St. Petersburg Historical School

Petrova S.I., Petrov I.F. (Krasnodar). On the Phenomenon of Cultural Solipsism: Historiography of the Issue

SOFYA IGOREVNA PETROVA

Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor

NAN CHOU VO “IMSIT Academy”. 350010 Krasnodar, Zipovskaya str., 5.

e-mail: Sofya8888@yandex.ru

IGOR FEDOROVICH PETROV

Doctor of Philosophy, Professor

NAN CHOU VO “IMSIT Academy”.

350010 Krasnodar, Zipovskaya str., 5.

e-mail: IgorPetroff@yandex.ru

Abstract. Cultural solipsism believes that each culture exists in its own unique historical and semantic space, defined by its inherent concepts, values, linguistic structures and ways of understanding reality. Within the framework of this paradigm, it is believed that cultures are self-sufficient and closed systems between which full-fledged dialogue and mutual understanding are impossible. The article shows that each culture represents a unique way of realizing the universal capabilities of humans as a species. In it, general anthropological structures are refracted through the prism of specific conditions, traditions, and beliefs. Therefore, despite all the differences, all cultures are based on certain invariants determined by a single human nature. This makes it possible in principle to understand the other, to get used to his cultural world, to find common ground. At the same time, the recognition of the existence of anthropological universals does not mean the denial of cultural diversity and the identity of individual traditions. Rather, these universals create a common platform through which a dialogue of cultures becomes possible while preserving their uniqueness.

Keywords: culture, historiography, universals, solipsism, diversity, system, values, man

Adalar Umit (St. Petersburg). Contribution to Analysis of the Problems of Modern Turkish Historiography on Transcaucasia during the Crimean War (1853 – 1856)

ADALAR UMIT

Postgraduate student, Department of History of the Middle East,

Faculty of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg State University.

199034, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 11

e-mail: umitadalar@hotmail.com

Abstract. The main purpose of the article is to analyze modern Turkish historiography dedicated to the Caucasian Front (Transcaucasia) of the Crimean War (1853-1856). In the article the author attempts to identify and evaluate scientific and other works on the Transcaucasian Front of the Crimean War in modern Turkish historiography. The author examines strong and weak aspects of the main works of Turkish historians on the Crimean War, their past and present status, giving his critical analyses of the modern and contemporary Turkish historiography. The author uses a historical-critical method, in which he tried to conduct historical criticism based on the principles of objectivity when considering historiography. The chronological scope of the study covers modern and contemporary Turkish historiography of the problem during the 20^th– 21^st centuries.

Keywords: Crimean War, Turkish historiography, Transcaucasia

Kitanov T.T. (Moscow). Cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Formation and Development of the Military Component of the Collective Security System in the CSTO (CST) Format

TALGAT TALAPKEROVICH KITANOV

Adjunct of the Special Faculty

of the General Staff Military Academy

of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

119571, Vernadsky Avenue, 100, Moscow

e-mail: kitanovt@inbox.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the military-political cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the creation and development of the military component of the collective security system in the format of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (Collective Security Treaty). The features of Kazakhstan’s interaction in the interests of forming and strengthening the military components of the regional security system on a collective basis are shown. The main factors influencing the military-political interaction of the Organization’s member countries in the interests of developing the military forces and means of the Collective Security Treaty are noted. Since the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the First President Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev was one of the first leaders of the post-Soviet countries to actively advocate the creation of a military-political union in order to strengthen national and common security in the post-Soviet space. Kazakhstan’s membership in the CSTO (CSTO) was a significant factor in maintaining the necessary level of security in the Central Asian region.

Keywords: military-political cooperation, Collective Security Treaty of 1992, Collective Security Treaty Organization, threats and challenges to national and regional security, military component of the forces and means of the collective security system

Fogel A.S., Bataev M.N. (Samara). Public and Squad Feasts of the First Centuries of Ancient Rus and Their Place in Public Consciousness

ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH FOGEL

Candidate of History, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, Associate Professor, 141 Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation,

e-mail: alexandr_fogel@inbox.ru

BATAEV MIKHAIL NIKOLAEVICH

3rd year postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, 141 Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation,

e–mail: mikhail45@rambler.ru

Abstract. This article is devoted to the analysis of public and squad feasts as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon in the life of the society of Ancient Rus and the cultural and historical perception of this phenomenon. Feasts are considered by the authors as a certain stabilizing space-locus, very different from both everyday life and all others. From the point of view of the perception of a person of Ancient Rus, a feast is simultaneously a place where something important is constantly happening (and a feast simply cannot be arranged for a simple reason), where it is necessary to behave according to certain rules and canons, with exits both to “public policy” and the situation of a feast as a kind of “information center” and “communication center” of everyone with everyone, and to the sacred-mythological plane. A feast is a place where various Christian and pagan rituals are held and sacrifices are made. The authors consider the squad feasts separately, since there are even more meanings here – this is the distribution of “materialized luck” by the leader, this is the center of decision-making, this is the embodiment of squad equality and brotherhood. For the squad, the feast was perceived as a kind of constant phenomenon – an “eternal feast” that distinguishes the life of a squad member from the life of ordinary people. But this same “constancy” of the feast was perceived as an introduction to the gods and heroes of antiquity and their exploits – to the squad feast with Odin in Valhalla.

Thus, in the feasts one can simultaneously see many layers of ancient Russian life in a “concentrated form”, but they also act as its opposition, “anti-behavior”.

Keywords: Ancient Rus’, Ancient Scandinavia, princes, squad, medieval mentality, epic, feasts

Serebrennikova T.L. (Moscow). Sacrificial Offerings in the Traditional Cults of the Peoples of the Volga Region through the Prism of Mythology and Ritual Practice

ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH FOGEL

Candidate of History, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, Associate Professor, 141 Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation,

e-mail: alexandr_fogel@inbox.ru

BATAEV MIKHAIL NIKOLAEVICH

3rd year postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, 141 Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation,

e–mail: mikhail45@rambler.ru

Thus, in the feasts one can simultaneously see many layers of ancient Russian life in a “concentrated form”, but they also act as its opposition, “anti-behavior”.

Keywords: Ancient Rus’, Ancient Scandinavia, princes, squad, medieval mentality, epic, feasts

Ivanov M.V. (Moscow). International Statistical Congress and the Establishment of Population Census in Russia

MARK VADIMOVICH IVANOV

2nd year Master’s student, Department of Ethnology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University

119192, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospect, 27, building 4.

e-mail: markivanov.info@mail.ru

Abstract. The 19^th century was a period of rapid development of demography. If at the beginning of the 19^th century population statistics were only in its infancy, by the end of the century population censuses had been conducted in all European countries. In this research we will consider how population statistics were originated (on the example of the 1846 Belgian population census), how this discipline evolved (based on the analysis of the sessions of the International Statistical Congress of 1853-1878), and what role the Russian scientists played in the evolution of the international statistics (we examine the figure of P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky as an example). Analysis of the census form of the First general census of the population of the Russian Empire (1897), which became the result of the development of Russian national statistics in the 19^th century, will allow us to trace how statistical standards were used in our country and, at the same time, provide an opportunity to see the uniqueness of the statistical system of the Russian Empire, based on its features – ethnocultural diversity and religious situation.

Keywords: ethnic demography, censuses of population, statistics, census form, International Statistical Congress, categorization

Alekseev A.N. (St. Petersburg). Commemorative medals of the 18th century as “signs of royal favor”

ALEXEY NIKOLAEVICH ALEXEEV

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering.

190005, Saint Petersburg, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya st., bldg. 4

e-mail: a-lex60@ya.ru

Abstract. Based on numerous archival documents, the author of the article analyzes the development of medal art in Russia in the 18th century. The role of Peter the Great in its development is emphasized, since the sovereign understood the importance of such insignia in the moral stimulation of the service nobility and the nobility as a whole. It is emphasized that the events of the Northern War became one of the catalysts for the development of medal art, a kind of signal to Europe about the strength of Russian weapons. It is noted that the art of medal making, which emerged under Peter the Great, became very popular among the privileged classes of society. Referring to one of the works of A.S. Pushkin, the author shows the high degree of trust that the nobles had in relation to the holders of medals during that historical period of time. It is noted that for Peter’s contemporaries, the commemorative medal was a socially significant item, testifying to the solid social position of the person who possessed such a mark of distinction.

Keywords: Northern War, medal art, commemorative medals, personal medals, 18th century

Ilyashenko A.F. (Moscow). The Image of the Enemy in the Foreign Policy of Emperor Alexander I in 1815-1825

ALEXANDER FILIPPOVICH ILYASHENKO

Postgraduate Student, Department of Russian History of the

Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,

Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,

Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.

e-mail: a.iljaschencko@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article analyzes the ideas of Emperor Alexander I and his entourage about the nature and specific image of threats to European security in 1815-1825 on the material of public manifestos and notices, as well as office records of Russian diplomats. The image of the enemy represented the essential basis of the political theology formulated by the tsar in the context of his foreign policy concept. The figure of the enemy in public documents was identified with Napoleon during the period of the struggle against him and a few years later, then the revolutionary danger came to the fore, including harmful ideas spreading like a disease and secret societies that existed in most countries in secret, purposefully and in an organized manner contributed to the disruption of peace and destabilization of European countries and their rulers. A special role in these processes was played by France, which was considered the source and center of revolutionary activity and therefore caused particular wariness on the part of Russian diplomats and the Tsar. The image of the enemy in Russian foreign policy was linked to an anti-religious position, the origins of which were in revolutionary ideas. For Emperor Alexander and his entourage, the existence of threats and dangers to the European world was one of the significant factors that influenced their actions in the international arena.

Keywords: Alexander I, enemy image, Russian foreign policy 1815-1825, revolutionary ideas, secret societies, threat to European security, representations of Russian diplomats

Savvinov P.O. (Yakutsk). Judicial Investigators in the Communicative Practice of the Yakutsk District Court in the Late 19th – Early 20th Century

PAVEL O. SAVVINOV

Institute for Humanitarian Research and North Indigenous Peoples Problems of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, аassistant scientist

Russian Federation, 677000, Yakutsk, st. Petrovsky, 1

e-mail: pavel_savvinov@mail.ru

Abstract. The article examines the activities of judicial investigators of the Yakutsk District Court in the late 19th – early 20th century, focusing on their interaction with the police, prosecution, and local authorities. The study highlights the specifics of judicial proceedings in the Siberian periphery and the adaptation of legal norms to regional realities. In Russian historiography, judicial investigators in the communicative practice of the Yakutsk District Court during this period have been little studied. The source base of the research includes administrative and judicial-investigative documentation of judicial investigators and the Yakutsk District Court from the National Archive of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Additionally, legislative acts such as the Judicial Statutes of 1864 and the Temporary Rules of 1896, which regulated the activities of judicial investigators considering the regional specifics of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, were used. A retrospective method was applied to analyze causal relationships within the judicial system of the region, along with a system-structural method to identify its key elements. The author concludes that this study reveals the specific nature of judicial investigators’ work in the remote frontier of the Russian Empire. Investigative practice demonstrates that these officials played a crucial role in crime investigations; however, the lack of qualified specialists and the challenging conditions of travel reduced the efficiency of justice.

Keywords: judicial investigators, Yakutsk District Court, investigation, transport infrastructure, legal proceedings, communication

Vyalykh P.V. (St. Petersburg). The Specifics of the Activities of Domestic Merchants of Foreign Origin on the Example of the Ulsen-Kulikov Families in the Middle of the XIX – early XX Centuries

PAVEL VIKTOROVICH VYALYKH

Lawyer, Deputy Chairman of the Presidium

of the Triumph Bar Association

195220, Saint Petersburg, Grazhdansky Ave., 11

e-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article presents a historical overview of the development of commercial entrepreneurship in Arkhangelsk in the mid–19th and early 20th centuries using the example of a comparative historical analysis of the evolution of the family business of Norwegian entrepreneur Martin Olsen and a family of Kholmogorsky peasants. The author applies a comparative analysis of the relationship of historical events with the processes of formation of professional self-determination of Ulsen-Kulikov. The assessment of the specifics of the activities of domestic merchants of foreign origin as a privileged urban category of entrepreneurs is presented on the example of the Ulsen-Kulikov family. In the evolution of the family business, the role of Martin Olsen’s marriage to Anisiya Kulikova and Mikhail Kulikov’s marriage to the daughter of Arkhangelsk merchant A. Yeryukhin and the latter’s election as a member of the city’s Trade Deputation is highlighted. The article presents the results of a comparative historical analysis of family business trends in the context of urban trade and entrepreneurship development in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, identifying the relationship between the professional activities of foreign capital and domestic commercial shipbuilding. The analysis of the formation of family enterprises is presented in the context of methodological approaches to the history of everyday life. The materials were collected based on the results of a study of archival documents and Russian historiography. Most of the materials are part of the author’s archive, which has been consistently collected over the course of 12 years and presented on his personal blog.

Keywords: history of everyday life, methodology of everyday life, history of entrepreneurship, merchant peasants, trade deputations, merchants, Olsen, Kulikov, Erokhin, Arkhangelsk, guilds, shipbuilding, shipping entrepreneurship, St. Petersburg

Shevelyov V.Yu. (St. Petersburg). Social Portrait of a Teacher in the Pedagogical Periodical Press of Russia in the Late 19th – early 20th Centuries

VITALY YURIEVICH SHEVELYOV

State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Leningrad region «Pushkin Leningrad State University»,

196605, Saint Petersburg, Pushkin, Petersburg highway, 10

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-8903;

e-mail: shevelev_vitalik@mail.ru

Abstract. Based on the content analysis of Russian pedagogical periodical press, the article examines the constituent elements of the teacher’s social portrait in the 1890s – 1900s. The author analyzes «Journal of the Ministry of Public Education», magazines «Russian Primary Teacher», «City and Rural Teacher», «Public Education», «Education» and «Russian School». Based on the data obtained, the main characteristics of teacher’s social portrait of the late 19th – early 20th centuries were highlighted. The most common feature turned out to be the teacher’s education, which should not have been limited only to knowledge of subjects and methods of teaching them. The teacher had to have knowledge of agriculture and medicine, as well as the basics of age-related physiology and psychology. Also, among the most common features of teacher’s social portrait in the designated period, there was marked insufficient monetary remuneration for their work. The teacher had to have high moral qualities, since by his own example, both at school and outside, he formed the personality of his students. The scientific and pedagogical community believed that teachers, especially in rural areas, should spread their knowledge in peasant families, conduct active social activities, assuming various additional functions. The least common traits were love for one’s work, love for children, and love for the Motherland.

Keywords: pre-revolutionary periodicals, socio–economic situation of the teacher in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, teacher’s professional and personal characteristics, Russian Empire

Chugunov A.A. (Moscow). Psycho-emotional Perception of the Revolutionary Events of February 1917 by the Russian Intelligentsia

ALEXEY ALEXEYEVICH CHUGUNOV

Graduate Student,

School of Public Administration,

Lomonosov Moscow State University

119991, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, Building 4

e-mail: ChugunovAA@spa.msu.ru

Abstract. The revolutionary events that took place in February 1917 had an impact not only on the political, economic, and spiritual spheres of society, but also on the psycho-emotional. Various social groups and individual citizens have experienced a wide range of emotions and experiences. The purpose of the article is to identify the spectrum of the psychoemotional state of the Russian intelligentsia as a reaction to the events of February – early March 1917 on the basis of personal sources, periodicals and texts of works of art. An analysis of the psycho-emotional state of intellectuals in the first months of the 1917 revolution allowed them to be divided into three main groups: “inspired,” “pretended,” and “frightened.” The representatives of the first group were distinguished by an optimistic outlook and support for the events that took place. The group of “inspired” was not homogeneous; there were among its representatives both those who unconditionally accepted the revolution and those who rightly feared the unpredictability of its consequences. Therefore, it is legitimate to divide this group into “jubilant” and “cautious.” The second group, the “pretenders,” included intellectuals who declared their support for the revolution, not out of deep faith in its achievements, but out of the need to protect their interests. The representatives of the third group – the “frightened” – were disoriented, afraid of any outcome of the revolution, they were characterized by pessimism and longing for a stable past life. Since the beginning of the revolution in February 1917, representatives of the Russian intelligentsia have experienced a variety of emotions: joy, excitement, sadness, and even fear. The psychoemotional state of the Russian intelligentsia during 1917 was fluid. Both the “inspired” and “frightened” intelligentsia, not to mention the “pretended” intelligentsia, could gradually change their attitude towards the revolution due to objective and subjective factors.

Keywords: Revolution of 1917, psycho-emotional state, Russian intelligentsia, “inspired”, “pretended”, “frightened”

Petin D.P. (Moscow). Influence of Administrative-territorial Reforms in the RSFSR on the Formation of Justice Institutions and Agencies in the Kola North in the 1920s–1930s

DMITRY P. PETIN

Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Postgraduate student of the Federal Research Center «Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences»

Industrial Investments LLC.

Deputy Director for Legal Issues on Non-Core Assets

115184, Russian Federation, Moscow, Pyatnitskaya St., 9/28 p. 2

e-mail: dmitriy.petin@rndv.ru

Abstract. During the October Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War of 1917–1922, the entire state system was being torn down. New Soviet central and local authorities appeared, which were gradually filled with powers and competence in the course of the relevant reforms. Given the territorial specificity of the new state (vast territory, remoteness of regions from the center, lack of proper logistics, etc.), it was necessary to carry out appropriate administrative and territorial reforms. The purpose of these reforms was to find an optimal model of vertical subordination of local authorities to republican authorities, to improve the interaction between the center and the periphery. In general, administrative-territorial reforms are a special historical process, during which the state is divided into certain parts according to the economic principle (zoning). While until the early 1920s the Soviet authorities retained the imperial division of the country (guberniya – uyezd – volost), reforms were carried out in the subsequent period. Instead of the former provinces and uyezds, oblasts – economically self-sufficient large regions created taking into account economic specialization, transport networks and population settlement – began to appear. The oblasts themselves were divided into districts, and the districts were divided into raions, in accordance with which the system of republican and local authorities was built. The article analyzes the administrative and territorial reforms (zoning) carried out in the RSFSR in the period from 1920 to 1930, which influenced the formation, status and competence of the justice bodies operating in the Kola North. Kola North is a designation for the territory of the Kola Peninsula, located between the Barents Sea and the White Sea. The Murmansk Oblast is currently located on this territory, but at the time of the formation of the Soviet state, this territory was not an independent administrative-territorial unit and was part of the Arkhangelsk Province as the Alexandrovsky uyezd, located only on a part of the Kola Peninsula. Later administrative-territorial reforms changed the status of this region, which entailed changes in the status of justice bodies, the active formation of which began in 1920 after the restoration of Soviet power in the Kola North, with the formation of the first courts and the central local justice body – the District Bureau of Justice. Therefore, administrative-territorial reforms influenced not only the status of the central local bodies of justice, but also the institutions assigned to the jurisdiction of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR. Given the lack of scientific works in this direction, the analysis in this article will allow us to conduct further research on the impact of administrative-territorial reforms on the formation of bodies and institutions of justice (courts) in the Kola North.

Keywords: Reforms of administrative-territorial structure of the RSFSR, Kola North, zoning, judicial institutes, justice, notary, Soviet power

Burnasheva N.I., Kovlekov I.I. (Yakutsk). Study of Tin-bearing Ores of Verkhoyanye and the Beginning of Tin Mining Industry in Yakutia (1930s)

NATALIA IVANOVNA BURNASHEVA

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,

Institute for Humanitarian Research and

North Indigenous People Problems of

Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Department of History, Chief Researcher

677020, Russia, Yakutsk, st. Petrovsky, 1.

e-mail: n_burnasheva@mail.ru

IVAN IVANOVICH KOVLEKOV

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor,

North-Eastern Federal University

named after M. K. Ammosov, professor

677013, Russia, Yakutsk, Belinskogo, 58

e-mail: Kovlekov@mail.ru

Abstract. The article examines the history of the formation of the tin mining industry in Yakutia, which dates back to the years of the first soviet five-year plans. This was the period when the Yakut ASSR faced the tasks of industrialization, creating the foundations of the mining industry, which was associated with the rise of the economy of the republic. It is shown that the beginning of the tin mining industry in Yakutia was associated with the development of Soviet science during this period, primarily with geological discoveries of minerals in the country. A direct role in this was played by the scientific discovery of the sulfide-cassiterite type of mineralization in the deposits of Transbaikalia by academician, professor S. S. Smirnov. In the early 1930s this scientific discovery formed the basis for the discovery of large tin ore deposits in Western Verkhoyanye by geological prospecting expeditions. On the basis of one of them, the Ege-Khaiskoye deposit, in the late 1930s the center of the tin mining industry of Yakutia was formed, the activities of which became widely known in the USSR and in the world, and became the flagship of the tin industry of the Soviet era. Since the commissioning of the mining and processing plant, tin from Yakutia has become one of the most impotant types of raw materials in the military economy.

Keywords: industry of the Yakut ASSR, academician S. S. Smirnov, tin mining, geological prospecting expeditions, tin deposit

Fedulov S.V., Tarasov A.V., Soloviev D.N. (St. Petersburg). Political work in the Submarine Brigade of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet (1944)

SERGEY VALENTINOVICH FEDULOV

Dr. Sci. (Historical), Professor

of the Department of Humanities and Social and Economic Disciplines

Mozhaisky Military Space Academy,

corresponding member of AVN,

197198, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Zhdanovskaya street, 13,

e-mail: serg.val.fed.661000@yandex.ru

ALEXANDER VLADIMIROVICH TARASOV

PhD, (Military), Assistant professor,

Head of the Department of Humanities and Social and Economic Disciplines

Mozhaisky Military Space Academy,

197198, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Zhdanovskaya street, 13,

e-mail: serg.val.fed.661000@yandex.ru

DMITRY NIKOLAEVICH SOLOVIEV

Dr. Sci. (Historical), Assistant professor,

Senior Lecturer of the Department of Humanities and Social and Economic Disciplines

Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy

195009, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Komsomol street, 22

e-mail: botanik-s@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the 80th anniversary of the Great Victory in the Great Patriotic War. It reveals the main areas of political work in the Submarine Brigade of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet. A Special Military Operation showed the need for targeted and systematic educational work with personnel to develop high moral, psychological and combat qualities. In this regard, the reorganization and formation of military-political work structures in the army and navy began, the main goal of which is to solve the above-mentioned problems. In the course of organizing military-political work, an important role is played by the historical experience of the Great Patriotic War. Based on this, the article shows a set of political work activities both during the preparation of submarines for the 1944 campaign as a whole and during a combat mission on submarines. Political work was carried out from the period of winter ship repairs carried out by the crews of ships until the results of the combat mission were summed up. The activities of the Political Department of the Submarine Brigade are used as an example, as well as political work during the combat mission of the submarine “Shch-310“, commanded by Captain 3-rd Rank S.N. Bogorad.

Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, Submarine Brigade of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, Political Department, political support, agitation, submarine “Shch-310”

Anikin S.A., Brytkova K.D. (Ulyanovsk). The History of Aviation Technology Development during the Great Patriotic War

SERGEY ALEXANDROVICH ANIKIN

Associate Professor, Department of Humanities and Socio-Economic Sciences UIGA,

Candidate of Historical Sciences

Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation

named after Chief Marshal of Aviation B.P. Bugaev,

432071, Mozhaisky St., 8/8, Ulyanovsk

е-mail: s.a.anikin@bk.ru

KSENIA DMITRIEVNA BRYTKOVA

cadet of the C-24-1 training group of the Department of Search and Rescue

flight safety and technosphere safety UIGA,

Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation

named after Chief Marshal of Aviation B.P. Bugaev,

432071, Mozhaisky St., 8/8, Ulyanovsk

е-mail: logina.ksenya@inbox.ru

Abstract. The article describes the concept of “Aviation technology”. The phases of the rise and decline of the Soviet Union’s aviation technology during the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War are considered in detail. The development of the Soviet industry in terms of the number of aircraft manufactured is also analyzed. A detailed study of the factories for the manufacture of aircraft, aircraft units and aircraft engines determined their number and location in various conditions of the war period. The article clearly sets out the requirements of the leadership of the Air Force for the manufacture and modernization of fighters, attack aircraft and bombers. Examples of aircraft that are symbols of Soviet wartime aviation, designed by the most famous aircraft designers (Yakovlev, Ilyushin, Lavochkin, Petlyakov, Tupolev, etc.) and used in military aviation to participate in battles to protect the country from the enemy. The flight specifications of these aircraft are also presented, which are compared between different models of aircraft manufactured in the Soviet Union. The Il-2 attack aircraft model is described in detail, and Stalin’s opinion about this aircraft model is given. The formation and further development of the concept of two fighters – maneuverable and high-speed in the mid-1930s – is considered. The article describes the requirement of the People’s Commissariat of the Aviation Industry for the reconstruction of aircraft in order to maximize their range. Comparisons of flight characteristics and design features between Soviet and German aircraft are included. After analyzing the factories that supply aluminum for the manufacture of aircraft, the results of their work during the war were presented.

Key words: aviation equipment, aircraft, bombers, fighters, flight performance characteristics

Boyko N.S., Filatov A.V., Ganiev T. K. (Ulyanovsk). Implementation of the Party and State Policy of the USSR in the Territory of the Ulyanovsk Region Based on the Decisions of the 20th Congress of the Central Committee of the CPSU (based on materials from the periodical press)

NATALIA SEMENOVNA BOYKO

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Associate Professor of the Department of History, 4 Lenin Square, Ulyanovsk, 432071,

e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru

ARTYOM VLADIMIROVICH FILATOV

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Associate Professor of the Department of History, 4 Lenin Square, Ulyanovsk, 432071,

e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru

TIMUR KUDRATULOEVICH GANIEV

applicant, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov

4/5 Lenin Square, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russian Federation

e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru

Abstract. In the USSR, the implemented domestic and foreign policy was adopted at the highest level – at the regular congresses of the CPSU. The article attempts to examine the internal policy of the Central Committee of the CPSU, which was adopted at the XX Congress. The report of N.S. Khrushchev, announced at this congress under the conditions of the continuing totalitarian regime, not only inspired the delegates of the congress, but also frightened them with its unexpected information and novelty. It should be noted that in this situation, neither the supreme leadership of the country nor the majority of the population were ready for drastic changes. The article examines the role and place in the information environment of the regional newspaper “Ulianovskaya Pravda” as the mouthpiece of the regional committee of the CPSU. During the stated chronological period, newspapers, as the main tool of the mass media, played an important role in broadcasting state policy to the masses of the population, in addition, through newspapers, party and state bodies received information from the population as feedback. After the Twentieth Congress, as the authors of the article note, the process began, even if timidly and cautiously, the democratization of society, the periodical press, radio and television expanded the range of information, began to pay more attention to the real political and socio-economic state of the country, as well as to the activities of senior personnel both in primary party organizations and in RC of the CPSU and the Regional Committee of the CPSU.

Keywords: XX Congress, CPSU, Ulyanovsk region, “Cold War”, cult of personality, newspaper Ulianovskaya Pravda

Maximov M.V. (St. Petersburg, Pushkin). Cultural and Living Conditions of Gatchina Workers in the First Post-war Years

MICHAEL VYACHESLAVOVICH MAXIMOV

postgraduate student of the Department of History of Russia of the Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin, Peterburgskoe sh., 10, St. Petersburg, 196605,

e-mail: maximov1915@mail.ru

Abstract. This article examines the cultural and living conditions of Gatchina workers in the first post-war years, focusing on the everyday situation of people in the process of restoring the city’s urban and industrial infrastructure after the devastating Great Patriotic War. The main focus is on the processes of reconstruction of the urban and industrial infrastructure, as well as measures taken by local authorities to improve housing conditions, the health care system, educational institutions and ensure cultural and patriotic leisure of the population. The study emphasizes that at times it was local authorities who were responsible for the deterioration of living conditions, which led to a decrease in the standard of living, a drop in labor motivation and an increase in deviant behavior among the working class. The work reveals the complex relationship between the ineffectiveness of management decisions, difficult everyday realities and social problems that became characteristic features of the post-war recovery period. The study draws on a wide range of sources, including archival data, statistical reports and eyewitness accounts, which provides a deep understanding of the historical context and allows us to draw conclusions about the causes and consequences of the socio-economic policies towards workers in the city of Gatchina during the period under review.

Keywords: Everyday life, restoration, everyday life, the Great Patriotic War, Gatchina, workers

Khronova I.A. (Krasnodar). Collective Farm Personnel of the South of Russia in the Restoration of Agriculture in the Years of the 4th Five-year Plan

IRINA ALEKSEEVNA KHRONOVA

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Political Science, I.T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University

350004, Russia, Krasnodar, St. Kalinin, 13.

e-mail: Khronova.I@edu.kubsau.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of the formation and training of collective farm personnel during the restoration of collective farms during the fourth five-year plan in the Krasnodar Territory and the Rostov Region. There were a number of problems in the process of restoring agriculture: the catastrophic destruction of infrastructure, lack of materials and equipment, severe drought in 1946, population migration, problems involving demobilized people in labor, and a shortage of qualified personnel. The purpose of the work is to analyze the formation of collective farm personnel in the restoration of agriculture in 1946-1951. The relevance of this study lies in the need to study the process of restoring collective farms in southern Russia in the territory under consideration. The scientific novelty of this study is to highlight the historical period in the development of agriculture, which is still poorly understood. An analysis of the reasons for the successes and obstacles during the restoration of the collective farms of the Kuban and the Don at the specified time will make it possible to trace the features of the revival of agriculture in the post-war period. The sources were documents from the Center for Documentation of the Modern History of the Krasnodar Territory, the Center for Documentation of the Modern History of the Rostov Region, the Municipal Archive of the Neklinovsky District of the Rostov Region, statistical data, research papers, and periodicals. Conclusions are drawn about the need to resolve the problems facing the collective farm by restoring and forming internal personnel reserves.

Keywords: collective farmers, labor, five-year plan, restoration, agriculture

Samylovskaya E.A., Podolsky S.I., Tarnovetskaya E.E., Avargina E.A. (St. Petersburg). Student Art Activities in the Post-War Years: from the History Leningrad Mining Institute in the Late 1940s – 1950s

EKATERINA ANATOLYEVNA SAMYLOVSKAYA

PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of History, Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University

199106, Saint Petersburg, V.O., 21st Line, Bldg. 2

e-mail: katerina-samylovskaya88@yandex.ru

SERGEY IGOREVICH PODOLSKY

PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of History, Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University

199106, Saint Petersburg, V.O., 21st Line, Bldg. 2

e-mail: octet@yandex.ru

EKATERINA EVGENYEVNA TARNOVETSKAYA

student, Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University

199106, Saint Petersburg, V.O., 21st Line, Bldg. 2

e-mail: bozhevillya@yandex.ru

EKATERINA ALEKSEEVNA AVARGINA

student, Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University

199106, Saint Petersburg, V.O., 21st line, bldg. 2

e-mail: katya.donskaya99@mail.ru

Abstract. The article examines the organization of leisure activities for students in post-war Leningrad, focusing on the development of artistic amateur activities at the Leningrad Mining Institute. Based on an analysis of domestic historiography, articles and notes from the Institute’s newspaper “Gornyatskaya Pravda” from 1946–1956, memoirs of Institute graduates, and protocols of the Leningrad Mining Institute’s Party Committee, the circumstances surrounding the creation of various amateur clubs and student interest groups and their activities during the post-war period are explored. The impact of the decisions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU and the Hungarian events of 1956 on the mood of mining students is analyzed. Special attention is given to the history and fate of the famous literary association of the Leningrad Mining Institute. The authors conclude that the post-war period and the thaw gave a powerful impetus to the development of the creative potential of the “miners.” The student environment was highly responsive to changes in the political course of the USSR. In turn, the Institute’s leadership, actively supporting student amateur activities, exercised control over their political reliability. The creative associations of the Leningrad Mining Institute became a place for students to apply their abilities and realize their ideas, including political ones. Moreover, they were popular not only within the Institute’s community but also beyond it, thereby directly influencing the cultural life of the city.

Keywords: student leisure, student amateur activities, Leningrad Mining Institute, post-war Leningrad, “thaw,” Literary Association of the Mining Institute

Suleimanova R.N., Giniatullina L.M. (Ufa). Medical Care for Front-line Soldiers of Bashkiria in 1941-1950

RIMA NUGAMANOVNA SULEIMANOVA

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department

of Modern History of Bashkortostan

Institute of History, Language and Literature

Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

450057, Ufa, Z. Validi St., 66, Apt. 5

e-mail: rnsulejman@mail.ru

LUIZA MIDAKHATOVNA GINIATULLINA

Postgraduate student of the Institute of History, Language and Literature

Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

450059, Republic of Bashkortostan,

Ufa, Oktyabrya Ave., 46/1, Apt. 79

e-mail: giniatullina71@bk.ru

Abstract. The article examines the state of medical care for veterans of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war years, the provision of necessary medical measures to support their health. Shortcomings and omissions in this area have been identified, and measures have been taken to address them. Based on documentary sources, it was found that medical care for veterans covered a wide range of issues directly related to the problems of their physical and psychological well-being, which was directly related to the development of healthcare in the republic. It also pointed to the importance of solving the tasks set by the Soviet state of social assistance and providing for this category of the population. The authors of the article also studied archival documents, published sources and special literature on the activities of the existing evacuation hospitals of Bashkiria and medical and labor expert commissions during the period under review. During the war, the main tasks of the region’s health authorities were the high-quality medical treatment of wounded Red Army soldiers and their return to combat. Medical and labor expert commissions played an important role in the medical care of veterans, whose task was to determine the types and working conditions available for war invalids. The studied documentary and other sources, along with the peculiarities of the post-war situation in the country as a whole and in the republic, show the basic principles and procedure for organizing a complex of medical measures for demobilized front-line soldiers. In the course of the conducted research on this topic of the article, the relevant conclusions were drawn.

Keywords: Great Patriotic War, post-war period, front-line soldiers, health, medical care, therapeutic measures, region

Prishchepa A.S., Kolomeitsev I.V., Lagoyko A.G., Popov A.A. (St. Petersburg). Turning Theory into Practice: Leningrad Polytechnic’s Contribution to the Atomic Project

ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH PRISHCHEPA

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University,

195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg,

researcher, The Institute of History of the Defence and the Blockade of Leningrad of the State Memorial Museum of the Defense and Blockade of Leningrad,

191028, Solaynoy lane, 9, St. Peterburg,

e-mail: a.prischepa@list.ru

IVAN VLADIMIROVICH KOLOMEITSEV

Candidate of Philosophic Sciences, Associate Professor, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University,

195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg

e-mail: kolomejtsev_iv@spbstu.ru

ANASTASIA GENNADIEVNA LAGOYKO

senior lecture, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University,

195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg

e-mail: anastasia.lagoyko@gmail.com

ARTEM ANATOLEVICH POPOV

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University,

195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg,

scientific secretary, State Memorial Museum of the Defense and Blockade of Leningrad,

191028, Solaynoy lane, 9, St. Peterburg,

e-mail: artempopovspb@mail.ru

Abstract. In the article, the authors examine the key stages in the formation and development of the atomic industry in the USSR, with particular attention given to the role of scientists from the M.I. Kalinin Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. The article covers both the military and civilian aspects of the atomic project, emphasizing its significance for national security and the scientific and technological advancement of the country. Analyzing the historical context, the authors note that the creation of the Soviet nuclear industry was a response to the challenges of the post-war world, including the arms race with the United States. The study presents data on the contributions of leading physicists such as I.V. Kurchatov, Y.B. Khariton, and A.D. Sakharov, as well as engineers like B.L. Vannikov and I.K. Kikoin, along with thousands of engineers and workers whose efforts often remained behind the scenes. The paper highlights that the project’s success was ensured not only by groundbreaking scientific discoveries but also by a unique system of coordination among academic institutions, defense enterprises, and government bodies. Particular attention is paid to the dual nature of atomic technologies: on the one hand, the development of nuclear weapons (the first Soviet atomic bomb RDS-1, tested in 1949) strengthened the USSR’s defense capabilities; on the other hand, the advancement of the “peaceful atom” (the world’s first nuclear power plant in Obninsk, 1954) opened new opportunities in energy, medicine, and industry. The authors emphasize that it was the Soviet atomic project that laid the foundation for the Russian Federation’s modern leadership in nuclear technologies, including the construction of next-generation reactors and the export of high-tech solutions. In conclusion, the authors argue that the Soviet atomic industry serves as an example of the effective mobilization of scientific, industrial, and human potential. Despite difficult historical circumstances, the country’s citizens not only managed to catch up with but, in many respects, surpass their foreign counterparts, securing the status of a superpower.

Keywords: Atomic project, Atom bomb, peaceful atom, USSR, scientists-polytechnics, Atomic physics

Ippolitov G.M., Filatov T.V. (Samara). False Truth – True Lie, or How Falsifiers of the History of the Great Patriotic War Deliberately Ignore Elementary Logic to Achieve Their Base Goals. Article Two

GEORGY MIKHAILOVICH HIPPOLITOV

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor,

Department of Philosophy,

Volga State University of Telecommunications and Information Technology (Samara)

443010, Samara, L. Tolstoy st., 23

e-mail: ippo1953@yandex.ru

TIMUR VALENTINOVICH FILATOV

Doctor of Philosophy, professor, head of the department of philosophy of Volga region State university of telecommunications and informatics (Samara).

443010, Samara, L. Tolstoy st., 23.

e-mail: tfilatoff1960@mail.ru

Abstract. The article examines the main methodological techniques used by modern Russian falsifiers of the history of the Great Patriotic War (22.06.1941 – 09.05.1945), such as “personification”, “selected quotation”, “psychologism”, “animation” and others. A conclusion is made about the fundamental secondary nature of the methodological arsenal of pro-Western oriented domestic specialists of a liberal orientation, who for the most part mechanically reproduce in their works historiographic constructions previously formulated in Western primary sources. At the same time, the thesis is substantiated about the fundamental destructiveness of liberal interpretations of the history of the Great Patriotic War, aimed, ultimately, at the destruction of the historical memory of our people, which, in particular, is reflected in the uncritical borrowing of a number of theses of Nazi propaganda, without references to the relevant primary sources. This publication continues the topic of the relevance of the fight against falsifications of the history of the Great Patriotic War in modern conditions, which we touched upon earlier, in the first article.

Keywords: Great Patriotic War, “personification”, “selected quotation”, “demythologization of history”, national self-consciousness, information and psychological impact, gross distortion of facts

Kolesnikov A.A., Zokoeva Z.V. (St. Petersburg). Russian Abroad in Turkey: Writer Gaito Gazdanov

ALEKSANDR ANTONOVICH KOLESNIKOV

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Saint Petersburg State University, Professor of the Department of International Humanitarian Relations, Director of the Center for Eurasian Studies at Saint Petersburg State University.

199034, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7–9.

e-mail: a.a.kolesnikov@spbu.ru

ZALINA VALERIEVNA ZOKOEVA

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Senior Lecturer, Department of International Humanitarian Relations.

199034, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7–9.

e-mail: z.zokoeva@spbu.ru

Abstract. The article analyzes the role of the Ossetian people in the Russian diaspora that emerged after the Civil War of 1917–1921, with a focus on emigration to Turkey. The authors explore the historical context of the “Russian Exodus,” during which millions of refugees found themselves outside the former Russian Empire, facing challenges of adaptation and preserving cultural identity. Special attention is given to the activities of North Caucasian White émigrés, including Ossetians, who participated in the struggle against the Bolshevik regime and subsequent emigration. The contribution of Ossetians to the socio-cultural life of the Russian diaspora is examined, highlighting their involvement in military, educational, and cultural initiatives. Biographical details are provided about key figures of Ossetian emigration, such as Gaito Gazdanov, along with other military and public figures. The authors emphasize the importance of further research on this topic to restore historical memory and strengthen Russian-Turkish cultural dialogue.

Keywords: Russian Exodus, White Emigration, Ossetians, Turkey, Gaito Gazdanov, North Caucasian Diaspora, Cultural Identity

Averyanova A.N. (Saratov). National Policy and Changes in the Ethnic Composition of the Saratov Region in the 1990s

ANNA NIKOLAEVNA AVERYANOVA

Postgraduate student of 3 years of study at Saratov National Research State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky, Department of National History and Historiography, 410004, Russia, 83 Astrakhan Street, Saratov

e-mail: Averannna@yandex.ru

Abstract. This article examines in detail the demographic, migration, and ethnic changes in the territories of the republics of the former Soviet Union and Russia, from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. The author, focusing on the events preceding the collapse of the USSR in 1991, emphasizes that national conflicts and the collapse of the Soviet state were the result of ignoring the ethnic factor and insufficient consideration of national interests. The main idea of the article is the importance of studying the ethnic composition of the population. Using the data from the All-Union Census of 1989, using the example of the Saratov region, population changes and the impact of external migration were considered, which had a significant impact on the ethnic structure of the region. The author touched upon topical issues of national policy in the Saratov region, where multinational and multi-religious identity play a key role in shaping the modern region. The study emphasizes that the national policy in the Saratov region is aimed at reviving the cultural and social unity of the peoples inhabiting the region, and is considered as an integral component of the process of formation of civil society and a democratic rule of law. The importance of this topic continues to be high in the light of modern challenges related to migration and interethnic interactions.

Keywords: All-Union Population Census of 1989, national policy, Saratov region, nation, conflict, ethnicity

Eremeeva A.N. (Krasnodar). 10 Years After: on the Anniversary of Professor S.N. Poltorak

ANNA NATANOVNA EREMEEVA

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher,

Southern branch of Russian Research Institute for Cultural and

Natural Heritage named after D.S. Likhachov.

350063, Russia, Krasnodar, Krasnaya, 28.

e-mail: erana@mail.ru

Abstract. The article is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Sergei Nikolaevich Poltorak, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, writer, editor-in-chief of the scientific journals «Klio» and «History of Petersburg», founder of the «Nestor» («Poltorak») publishing house, president of the V.I. Startsev International Association of Historical Psychology, vice-president of the Association of Historians of the Civil War in Russia, and retired colonel. The author focuses on the publishing, scientific, and literary activities of S.N. Poltorak in 2015-2025 because of the availability of scientific (biographical) and memoir texts that appeared in connection with his previous anniversaries. The sources used are his scientific and artistic works, reviews of them, periodicals, letters from S.N. Poltorak’s personal archive, and interviews. The continuity and new perspectives in the works on the history of the intelligentsia, military history, and historical psychology are shown. It is proven that the personality (real or fictional), its public and private life, everyday strategies, experience of adaptation and confrontation in the conditions of socio-economic and political transformations in the USSR, post-Soviet Russia and our days have been consistently at the center of interests of the historian and writer in the last decade. Autobiographical motives and intertextual connections in the works of S.N. Poltorak are traced. The main vectors of publishing activities and popularization of historical knowledge are considered.

Keywords: Sergei Nikolaevich Poltorak, biography, historical science, popularization of historical knowledge, publishing activities, fiction

Baibakova L.V., Ovcharenko A.O. (Moscow). Jane Addams ‒ Founder of the First Help Center in the USA for the Poor and the Socially Vulnerable (19th — Early 20th Centuries)

LARISA VILOROVNA BAIBAKOVA

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,

Department of Modern and Contemporary History

of European and American Countries

Faculty of history

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4

e-mail: lbaibakova@yandex.ru

ANASTASIIA OLEGOVNA OVCHARENKO

Post-graduate student

Department of Modern and Contemporary History

of European and American Countries

Faculty of history

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4

e-mail: nastika-95cisv@mail.ru

Abstract. The origins of the women’s movement in the United States are usually associated with the “first wave” of feminism, thanks to which women at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries were given the opportunity not only to study in higher education programs, but also to find employment in their specialty. The struggle of American women for their civil and social rights would have been impossible without the outstanding figures of that era, among whom one of the most significant is the figure of Jane Addams. Despite the wide range of areas that the feminist was involved in, one of the most important for her was the creation of a social rehabilitation center, known as “Hull House”, in one of the poorest and most depressed areas of Chicago. Its goal was, on the one hand, to adapt immigrants from Europe to American society, and on the other, to help low-income Americans who found themselves in a difficult life situation. Thanks to Addams’s efforts, private charity gradually grew into a regular sphere of social work, since on the eve of World War I there were 413 boarding houses in the United States, most of which were founded by women.

Keywords: Jane Addams, settlement houses, USA, feminism, women’s rights movement, Hull-house, social work

Senin A.V. (Moscow). Governor-Generalship of F.F. von Berg (1855-1861): The Grand Duchy of Finland at the Turn of Epochs

ALEXANDER VASIL’EVICH SENIN

Postgraduate student,

department of International Organizations and Global Governance Problems,

Faculty of Public Administration,

Lomonosov Moscow State University,

119234, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4, Moscow,

e-mail: la1429@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the administrative activities of a major statesman of the first half – early second half of the 19th century, F.F. von Berg, as Governor-General of the Grand Duchy of Finland (1855-1861). The object of analysis is the economic and political transformations in the Duchy, carried out with the participation of F.F. von Berg. The source base of the study is largely composed of documents of the Third Section, containing information on the perception of F.F. von Berg’s activities by various segments of the population of the principality. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the political and economic flourishing of the Duchy during the reign of Alexander II became possible largely due to the achievements of F.F. von Berg, which, however, for a number of reasons, were not appreciated by the population of Finland.

Keywords: F.F. von Berg, Grand Duchy of Finland, Third Section, A. Tobizen, Alexander University, O. Tamelander, Saimaa Canal, Sejm

Manukov S.S. (Moscow). The Object of Government is the Welfare of the People”: The Political Portrait of the President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt on the Background of the early 20th century’s Socio-economic Transformations

SERGEI SERGEEVICH MANUKOV

postgraduate student of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov

Department of Modern and Contemporary History of European and American Countries

119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospect, 27, bldg. 4, G. 444

e-mail: manukov.serezha@mail.ru

Abstract. This article examines the role of Theodore Roosevelt’s personality in the context of the social and economic changes of the early 20th century. His path to political Olympus lay through overcoming various life circumstances that hardened his character. Having become the leader of the country by chance Roosevelt put a lot of effort into the emergence of the “imperial presidency”, implying an expanded interpretation of the constitutional prerogatives of the head of the executive branch. The practical steps of the young politician, his originality and charisma raised the authority of the White House in the eyes of American citizens, uniting them on the reformist ideas and pushing them to rethink the role of government in the socio-economic sphere. Roosevelt’s legacy consisted of the reforms of the “square deal”, which included the fight against trusts, the use of arbitration in labor conflicts, environmental activity and consumer protection. Even after the end of his term in the White House, he exerted a great influence on American politics, establishing a new progressive party, which took second place in the 1912 elections after Democrat Woodrow Wilson. Its platform, formulated by Roosevelt under the name of “New Nationalism,” provided for the creation of the foundations for the formation of a welfare state in the United States of America.

Keywords: Theodore Roosevelt, personal history, Progressive Era, “square deal”, “new nationalism”, the President of the United States of America

Karmashov D.E., Nadbitov V.S., Mishin S.A. (Elista). Albert Schweitzer and his Ethical Legacy: A Historical Analysis of the Development of the Concept of Reverence for Life

DANIR EVGENIEVICH KARMASHOV

Bachelor, Department of Russian History,

Documentation and Archival Science

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov

358011, Russian Federation, Elista, st. Pushkina, 11

e-mail: d.karmashov@yandex.ru

VLADIMIR SERGEEVICH NADBITOV

Bachelor, Department of Russian History,

Documentation and Archival Science

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov

358011, Russian Federation, Elista, st. Pushkina, 11

e-mail: vnadbitov2004@mail.ru

SERGEY ALEXANDROVICH MISHIN

Bachelor, Department of Russian History,

Document Science and Archival Science

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov

358001, Russian Federation, Elista, st. Pushkina, 11

e-mail: sergejmisin23925@gmail.com

Abstract. The article examines the life and philosophical legacy of the outstanding German humanist, philosopher of culture and Nobel Prize laureate Albert Schweitzer. Particular attention is paid to the unique synthesis of high ideals and their practical implementation in the work of Schweitzer, who became one of the greatest humanists of the 20th century along with Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. The central object of the study is the ethical concept of “reverence for life”, which not only became the pinnacle of Schweitzer’s philosophical work, but also found direct embodiment in his practical activities. The factors and conditions for the formation of this concept are analyzed, including the personal experience of the thinker, historical circumstances and features of his intellectual development. The research methodology is based on the principles of a comprehensive analysis of biographical materials, philosophical works and practical activities of the thinker. The results of the study allow us to reassess the significance of Schweitzer’s philosophical heritage in the context of modern global challenges and transformations. Particular attention is paid to how his ideas about the inextricable connection between culture and ethics, the need for personal self-improvement and service to humanity remain relevant in the era of global environmental problems and technological transformations. The study demonstrates that Schweitzer’s ethical concept, which combines theoretical postulates with practical actions, can serve as a reliable guide for the formation of a new humanistic worldview that meets the challenges of modernity.

Keywords: Albert Schweitzer, ethics of reverence for life, humanism, altruism, philosophical heritage, practical implementation of ideals, global challenges of our time

Yusupova A.D. (Ufa). Young Family in Bashkortostan: Basis Support Measures

ASIA DAMIROVNA YUSUPOVA

applicant for the Order of the Badge of Honor Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

450054, Ufa, Oktyabrya Avenue, 71.

e-mail: adg-92@mail.ru

Abstract. The importance of the family in society is undeniable. It not only plays a key role in the reproduction of the population, human development and formation, but is also a center for the preservation and transmission of values, traditions, culture, etc. Today, the institution of the family is undergoing serious changes, which were previously associated with the crisis of all spheres of public life. The transformation of the institution of the family has influenced the fulfillment of its main function — reproductive. The main role in the process of population reproduction is played by the young family. At the same time, the young family is the most vulnerable group in need of special attention. Continuous attention to youth and the formation of family values that correlate with modern living conditions is important. Accordingly, the relevance of analyzing trends characteristic of a modern young family is indisputable, primarily with a view to developing mechanisms for its support. The purpose of the study is to consider the main trends in the marriage and family sphere in the republic and, using the example of a young family, to highlight the main support measures.

The article uses the methods of historicism, analysis, and generalization. The chronological framework of the study: 1989-2010. The study of the marital and family situation, in particular the development of a young family in the chronological framework under consideration, will reveal the main problems in this area, which in the future will allow us to develop measures for its competent regulation.

Keywords: Bashkortostan, family institution, transformation, marriage structure, demography, young family, youth, basic support measures

Shchedrin V.A. (Moscow). Manipulation of Historical Memory of the Second World War in the Countries of the European Union

VIKTOR ANDREEVICH SHCHEDRIN

applicant of the Faculty of Public Administration, Department of Management in the Sphere of Interethnic and Interfaith Relations, Lomonosov Moscow State University,

123100, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1

e–mail: viktor–stchedrin@mail.ru

Abstract. This article examines the mechanisms of manipulation of the historical memory of the Second World War in the countries of the European Union, as well as their impact on modern society and politics. In the context of the growing nationalist sentiments observed in recent years, many states are revising their narratives about the war, which leads to a distortion of historical facts and a revision of the roles of the countries participating in the conflict. The article analyzes how each nation seeks to protect its interpretation of events, which creates situations of conflict and disagreement within the framework of the common European discourse. Examples of manipulation of historical memory at the level of state policy and educational systems are discussed, which affects the perception of youth and the formation of historical identity. Special attention is paid to the role of the Soviet Union during the war, which in some EU countries is subject to varying assessments, which causes discussions about historical justice and memory. The basis of the research methodology is the analysis of monographs devoted to the problem and the verification of the theses presented in them using popular sources (newspapers, magazines and online articles) and legal sources (resolutions). The issue of historical memory manipulation is a rather poorly studied area of historical research, both among Russian and foreign researchers, and tends to focus on local manifestations of changes in historical memory. This study examines the issue of changes in historical memory of the Second World War, and particularly the role of the Soviet Union abroad, which represents a unique point of view for this problem. The role of the Soviet Union in liberating Europe from Nazism is one of the most controversial issues in the context of historical memory manipulation. In some EU countries, there is a tendency to minimize the contribution of the USSR to the victory over fascism, which is associated with modern political realities and the desire to rethink historical events in the light of new ideological attitudes. Ideological manipulation contributes to the growth of nationalist sentiments. Such manipulations are infiltrating educational practices, which creates additional challenges for the education system in EU countries. Educational institutions should be attentive to how to present historical event in order to avoid distortion and forming biased opinion among the young.

Keywords: historical memory, manipulation, World War II, European Union, nationalism, historical identity, Soviet Union, narratives, historical events, globalization

Shiryaev B.A. (St. Petersburg). If War Comes Tomorrow… (Polish Intervention or the Last Invasion of Rus’)

BORIS ANATOLYEVICH SHIRYAEV

Doctor of Science (History), Honorary professor of Saint–Petersburg State University, Professor at the Department of American Studies at the School of International Relations of Saint–Petersburg State University, Honored worker of Education of the Russian Federation.

1/3 Smolny Str., Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 191060.

e-mail: b.a.shiriaev@spbu.ru

Abstract. In this article the author poses eternal questions of the competition and conflict between two civilisations — the Western European Catholic–Protestant Civilisation and Eastern European Orthodox Civilisation. Introducing the reader to the topic, the author states that Russia is at the state of continuous war against both the West and the East. He provides vivid historic examples as the arguments for his statement. In his search for deeper grounds to reach the “spring” of the fenomenon the author incorporates his thoughts, examples, illustrations, suggestions, recommendations into the framework of the theory of cultural–historic types and civilisations by N. Ya. Danilevsky. Thus, unveiling the historical canvas, observing events in retrospection, the author proves the fact of misguidance and deceptive, poorly reasoned decision–making of the “rulers” of Russia and intelligence in 1990–s, who failed to build the strong and secure perimeter of loyal leadership in the CIS. The author reveals the “double standards”, or the tendency to “double–mindedness” of modern Russian society. While soldiers fight at the fronts of war, those who used to spend their lives in vein keep on doing that twice harder. The author concludes that this troublesome tendency turns into an existential threat that is stipulated by the continuous confrontation between Russia and the West. The future of Russia is highly dependent on the decisions about the consolidation of its people.

Keywords: Russia, Ukraine, Europe, West, East, civilisation, special operation

Grinёv A.V. (St. Petersburg). Is history a full-fledged science?

ANDREI VAL’TEROVICH GRINЁV

Doctor in Historical Sciences and

Professor of the Humanities Institute

at the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.

195251, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29.

e-mail: grinev_av@spbstu.ru

Abstract. This publication is devoted to a critical analysis of the article by G.M. Ippolitov and T.V. Filatov, recently published in the journal Klio: “Once more about history as a science. Reflections – invitation to discussion”. The author believes that this article does not provide solid evidence of the full value of history as a scientific discipline and completely unsatisfactorily resolves (or rather, does not resolve at all) the question of the subject of science in general and history in particular. The author offers his interpretation of this concept with specific examples and evidence. Similarly, the functions, methods and categories of science are considered, with a projection on history. It is concluded that the latter is a full-fledged scientific discipline, although its data are widely used by unscrupulous scientists for various falsifications and manipulations.

Keywords: science, history, object and subject of science, its functions, methods and categories, historical myth-making

Kaleda A.V. (Moscow). Creation of the “Council for the Mental and Moral Development of the Lower Ranks of the First Guards Infantry Division”: Goals, Objectives and First Initiatives

ANATOLII VASILYEVICH KALEDA

postgraduate student,

Department of Russian History of the

Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,

Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,

Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.

e-mail: tolyakaleda@gmail.com

Abstract. The article examines the creation and activities of the “Council for the Mental and Moral Development of the Lower Ranks of the First Guards Infantry Division” founded in 1906. The author analyzes the goals, objectives and first initiatives of the Council. The article highlights in detail the problem of spreading revolutionary ideas among soldiers and the methods of educational work aimed at forming their devotion to the tsar and the Fatherland. Special attention is paid to the role of company libraries and other activities conducted by the Council for the education and upbringing of lower ranks. The research is based on unpublished records and reports stored in the funds of the Russian State Military Historical Archive. Those sources include programs and instructions on the spiritual and moral education and training of soldiers, cases on the supply of books on religious and military subjects to regimental libraries, lists of literature recommended for reading to lower ranks, samples of propaganda leaflets and pamphlets, educational conversation programs and much more, which reveals the multifaceted nature of the Council’s work.

Keywords: educational work, the Guard, spiritual and moral education, the First Guards Infantry Division, educational work among the lower ranks, the Revolution of 1905–1907, Council for the Mental and Moral Development, the metropolitan garrison

KLIO

A Monthly Scholarly Journal

Print agency of the International Academy of History and Social Sciences