Popov A.A., Popova D.V., Prishchepa A.S., Kolomeitsev I.V. (St. Petersburg). Report of the Political Propaganda Department of the Hanko Naval Base, July 20, 1941
ARTEM ANATOLEVICH POPOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University,
195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg,
scientific secretary, State Memorial Museum of the Defense and Blockade of Leningrad,
191028, Solaynoy lane, 9, St. Peterburg,
e-mail: artempopovspb@mail.ru
DIANA VADIMOVNA POPOVA
scientific editor of the State Memorial Museum of the Defense and Blockade of Leningrad,
191028, Solaynoy lane, 9, St. Peterburg,
post-graduate student, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University,
195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg,
e-mail: popovadianaspb@yandex.ru
ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH PRISHCHEPA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University,
195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg,
researcher, The Institute of History of the Defence and the Blockade of Leningrad of the State Memorial Museum of the Defense and Blockade of Leningrad,
191028, Solaynoy lane, 9, St. Peterburg,
e-mail: a.prischepa@list.ru
IVAN VLADIMIROVICH KOLOMEITSEV
Candidate of Philosophic Sciences, Associate Professor, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University,
195251, Politehnicheskaya street, 29, liter. B, St. Peterburg
e-mail: kolomejtsev_iv@spbstu.ru
Abstract. The fifth dispatch of the Politpropagandadepartment of the Naval Base Hanko (then – NB Hanko) of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet dated 20 July 1941. This source is stored in the Archive of Navy (Gatchina), which is the branch of the Central Archive of Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. There are the descriptions of the events in this document, which took place during the beginning of the Battle of Leningrad, and the description of the weekly period from 14 July 1941. The dispatch has the information about garrison’s politico-moral condition and the party-political work in NB Hanko. In this moment Hanko garrison went on the offensive to the enemy’s islands, surrounded the peninsula. The document contains the information about the feats of B.M. Granin’s landing party, about the actions of fighter pilots, defending Hanko, about the cowardice and the crimes of several Hanko defenders, about the agitational work, addressed to the enemy. In the dispatch there is the story about outreach work with the commanders and the soldiers of the Hanko garrison in connection with the publication of the K.Y. Voroshilov’s Order No 3, in connection with the publication of the Resolution, directed to the struggle with deserters, cowards and alarmists in the troops, and in connection with the decree about the introduction of the Institute of the military commissars. In the dispatch there are questions about the mail for the increase garrison morale. The dispatch adds the information reported in another archive documents, memoirs and periodical of those days. For this reason, the source gives us the unique dates.
Keywords: Great Patriotic War, Battle for Leningrad, Battle of Hanko, the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, the Politdepartment of the Naval Base Hanko
Zelenyanskaya Yu.V. (St. Petersburg). “Axonometric plan of buildings and gardens of Peterhof” from 1775 as a historical source. On the issue of urban development reforms’ effect at the turn of 18th–19th centuries
YULIA VALENTINOVNA ZELENYANSKAYA
researcher, Saint Petersburg Institute of History Russian Academy of Science
197110, Petrozavodkaya ul., 7, St. Petersburg
e-mail: zelenyanskayajulia@mail.ru
Abstract. Returning to the past and looking at Peterhof from the bird’s-eye view can be achieved through so called “perspective views”, created by the order of Catherine II in 1772–1775 using the technology proposed by the French cartographer captain-engineer P.-A. Saint-Hilaire. These unique in embodiment and content graphic materials depicted in axonometric projection architectural features of buildings, planning of gardens and overall landscape of one of the most famous Russian imperial summer residences are being mentioned in scientific research since 1920s. However, the practice of their use was restricted by studying of the palaces and parks complex. The aim of the study is to reveal informative potential of the resuming in the specialized thematic group “Axonometric plan of buildings and garden of Peterhof” from 1775, to determine the period of history of Peterhof in the context of administrative-territorial and urban development politics of Catherine II in the second half of the 18th century that is fixed on it, as well as to clarify the date when it was granted town status.
Keywords: Peterhof, urbanistic reforms, Catherine II, P.-A. de Saint-Hilaire, axonometric plans, history, source study
Nikulenkova E.V. (St. Petersburg, Pushkin). V.N. Astrov’s Autobiographical Novel “Krucha” as a Historical Source on the History of the Institute of the Red Professorship
ELENA VLADIMIROVNA NIKULENKOVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department of Russian History, Pushkin Leningrad State University,
196605, Saint Petersburg, Pushkin, Petersburgskoe sh., 10.
e-mail: elena_na2004@mail.ru
Abstract. The article analyses V.N. Astrov’s autobiographical novel “Krucha” as a historical source. The author of the novel – Valentin Nikolaevich Astrov (1898–1993) studied at the Institute of Red Professorship in 1922–1926, simultaneously working in the editorial office of the newspaper “Pravda” and the magazine “Bolshevik”. In the early 1930s he, like many other graduates of the ICP, was repressed in the case of the “Bukharin school”, but was the only one who managed to survive the repression. After his rehabilitation in the mid-1950s, V.N. Astrov was mainly engaged in literary activity, having written three autobiographical novels. The novel “Krucha” was first published in 1966. The second edition of the novel was published in 1969. The novel covers the period from 1922 to 1927. The prototype of the protagonist – Konstantin Peresvetov – is V.N. Astrov himself. In the novel much attention is paid to the story about studying at the Institute, the relationship between students, intra-party discussions, the types of people and the atmosphere of the revolutionary 1920s are well shown. The article analyses the information about the Institute of the Red Professorship given in the novel “Krucha” and compares it with archival sources. The author shows that in general the events described in the novel really happened. This is confirmed by documentary sources and materials of V.N. Astrov’s biography. In addition, the article compares two editions of the novel: 1966 and 1969, shows the difference between them.
Keywords: Institute of the Red Professorship, V.N. Astrov, historical source, “red professorship”, intra-party struggle in the 1920s, “Bukharin school”
Baibakova L.V., Ramazanov R.M. (Moscow). Coercive Methods of Expanded Slave Reproduction to Provide Cheap Labor in The Antebellum South
LARISA VILOROVNA BAIBAKOVA
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Lomonosov Moscow State University
Department of Modern and Contemporary History
119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospect, 27, bldg. 4, G. 444
e-mail: lbaibakova@yandex.ru
RAMAZAN MARATOVICH RAMAZANOV
Master’s Degree student of the Lomonosov Moscow State University
Department of Modern and Contemporary History
119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospect, 27, bldg. 4, G. 444
e-mail: ramazanov.23m@gmail.com
Abstract. In Russian historical science, the process of forced reproduction of slaves in the United States and the closely related trade in human beings has not been specifically studied. However, acquaintance with the memories of former slaves, documented in the 1930s in the form of interviews, provides a unique opportunity to reveal the essence of this phenomenon through the stories of its last witnesses. Moreover, the voices of many victims of this monstrous system of exploitation remained silent and marginalized for a long time. The author has proven that the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade in 1808, which put an end to the import of slaves from Africa, catalyzed the business of human beings within the country, causing its actual institutionalization in southern society. And since the legislative ban concerned exclusively the import of black slaves, a special method of their reproduction on the ground was developed. The goal of slave owners was to fill the labor shortage on plantations, without the burdensome costs of purchasing them. That is why the practice of so-called “slave breeding” was carried out by slave owners through forced sexual intercourse between male and female slaves to reproduce the necessary supply of live goods. In light of the modern rethinking of historical narratives, the gender perspective of the memories of former slaves allows us to deconstruct the romanticized myths about the paternalism of planters, who in fact acted as pragmatic businessmen.
Keywords: institution of slavery, human trafficking, antebellum South, slave breeding, interviews with former slaves
Zhilina E.V., Baibakova L.V. (Moscow). The Specifics of Immigrant Diaspora Adaptation in New York City During the Progressive Era (at the Turn of the 20th Century)
EVGENIYA VLADIMIROVNA ZHILINA
Independent researcher
Russian Federation, 119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Ave., 27/4,
e-mail: jane.zhilina@mail.ru
LARISA VILOROVNA BAIBAKOVA
Doctor of History, Professor
History Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Modern and Contemporary History
Russian Federation, 119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Ave., 27/4,
e-mail: lbaibakova@yandex.ru
Abstract. This article examines the informal and non-institutional mechanisms by which immigrant communities adapted to life in New York City at the turn of the 20th century, a period marked by mass migration and profound ethno-social transformation. The study focuses on the development of ethnic enclaves, parochial schools, native-language newspapers, and systems of community mediation led by padrones, clergy, and local leaders. The article highlights the dual nature of immigrant adaptation: while many communities built strong networks of solidarity and mutual aid, others experienced social marginalization, criminalization, and the emergence of ethnic gangs. Religious and educational institutions, as well as the ethnic press, played a central role in preserving cultural identity and facilitating socialization within the urban environment. Particular attention is given to differences in adaptation strategies among immigrant groups including Irish, Italians, Jews, and Chinese, and how these shaped patterns of integration. In the absence of meaningful state intervention, immigrant communities relied heavily on internal resources and horizontal networks. Ultimately, the article argues that immigrants navigated a complex balance between preserving their cultural heritage and adopting new norms of American urban life, resulting in distinct hybrid identities that reshaped the social fabric of the city.
Keywords: immigrants, adaptation, New York, ethnic enclaves, parochial schools, ethnic press, religious institutions, education, cultural identity, urbanization
Medushevsky N.A. (Moscow). German Togoland: the Emergence and Development of the Colony (вносит правку)
NIKOLAY ANDREEVICH MEDUSHEVSKY
Doctor of Political Science, Professor
Russian State Humanitarian University
125047, Moscow, Miusskaya sq., 6.
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
117198, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya st., 6.
e-mail: Lucky5659@yandex.ru
Abstract. The colonial policy of Germany in the 19th-20th centuries is of great historical interest, not only as part of the general colonial practice of European powers, but also as a factor that influenced the formation of colonial societies in Africa, which later transformed into independent states. Despite the short-term nature of Germany’s colonial expansion, which began in the 1870s and ended after World War I, this activity had a transformative effect on the regions in which it was implemented. It was associated with the creation of agricultural and industrial enterprises, the formation of logistics systems both on the territory of the colonies and between the colonies and the metropolis, the development of postal and radio communications. In addition, the colonizers paid much attention to the formation of a system of administrative institutions based on the institutions of traditional power of the indigenous population of the colonies. In this regard, the colony of German Togoland and its history are extremely indicative, since this colony in a very short time acquired the status of “model”, which meant its typicality within the framework of the colonial policy of the metropolis and compliance with all the basic requirements imposed by Germany on colonial activity. Also, the example of Togoland is of interest from the point of view of the transformational influence, expressed, among other things, in work with the local population and the development of educational practices corresponding to the interests of German colonization. Particular attention is drawn to the issue of Christianization, implemented in parallel with colonization and associated with the activities of the Bremen mission. The significance of this activity is revealed not only through the introduction of the indigenous population to Protestantism, but also through the creation of schools and the written language of Ewe, common to many disparate tribal groups of this community.
Keywords: German Togoland, colonialism, metropolis, Christianization, Ewe, Bremen mission
Pekhterev A.I. (Moscow). The Experience of the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–1654) as the Cornerstone of British Naval Supremacy
ARTEM IGOREVICH PEKHTEREV
postgraduate student for 1 year
Department of Modern and Contemporary History
History Faculty
Moscow State University
119234, Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4
e-mail: artpeh2000@mail.ru
Abstract. While the problem of the formation of the British Empire remains relevant in contemporary historiography, the history of the Royal Navy, which was the cornerstone of the emergence of Pax Britannica, is considered somewhat less often than other aspects of the rise of Great Britain. Researchers rarely refer to early conflicts in which the Navy took part, for example, the Anglo-Dutch wars of the 17th century. At the same time, studying it allows us to take a much broader look at the process of forming the largest state in history. This article examines the fundamental changes that the English Navy underwent during the first Anglo-Dutch War of 1652–1654. At the time the British, based on the realities of the current conflict, developed innovative principles for the construction, acquisition and organization of the fleet, as well as its use in combat (linear tactics, open blockade). The author shows how, using the experience of successfully applying these innovations on the battlefield, the British not only ended the war successfully for themselves, but seized the initiative in the development of naval forces. As a result, by the beginning of the XVIII century the British navy became the strongest in the world, and this paved the way for the conquest of dominance in the oceans and the formation of the British Empire.
Keywords: English History, British Empire, Military History, English Navy, Anglo-Dutch Wars, First Anglo-Dutch War, Robert Blake, George Monck
Xu Chenze (Moscow). Gogol and Guan Hanqing: Satire and Social Criticism in the History of Russian and Chinese Classical Drama
XU CHENZE
master, Lomonosov Moscow State University,
119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospect, 27, bldg. 4
e-mail: xuchenze92@163.com
Abstract. The article is devoted to the comparison of the works of Russian and Chinese playwrights of the 13th and 19th centuries, Guan Hanqing and N. V. Gogol. The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of artistic techniques in the satire of two authors in the cultural-historical and ideological aspects. The methods used include synthesis, literary analysis, historical analysis, and cultural analysis. The author analyzed such works as “The Government Inspector”, “The Overcoat”, “The Nose”, “The Resentment of Dou E” and “Saving a Friend”. The literary legacy of the studied Chinese writer of the Yuan Empire period has been extremely poorly studied in Russian scholarship, which increases the importance of the work being carried out against the backdrop of the modern cultural convergence of Russia and the People’s Republic of China. The article examines the socio-political crisis conditions of the eras and their influence on the prose of the authors under consideration. The results of the study include the conclusion that Guan Hanqing’s work is based on the Confucian concepts of “heavenly justice” and “rectification of names”, while Gogol’s work is influenced by Orthodox culture and the Enlightenment, combined with European grotesque. It is also established that in Hanqing, catharsis as a logical conclusion of action is achieved through the supernatural restoration of the harmony of things and the punishment of immoral figures. In Gogol’s works, catharsis is not so much social as internal, and therefore does not have a direct transformative effect, although it does carry an important social and educational function.
Keywords: N. V. Gogol, Guan Hanqing, drama, satire, social criticism, theater
Gromov M.A. (Moscow). The Italo-Turkish War in Ottoman and European sources
MIKHAIL ANATOLIEVICH GROMOV
1st year postgraduate student of the Russian State University for the Humanities,
125047, Moscow, Miusskaya square, 6
e-mail: gromovmichele21@yandex.ru
Abstract. The Italo-Turkish War of 1911-1912, which is also often called the Tripolitan War, played a significant role in the coming collapse of the Ottoman Empire and influenced international politics on the eve of the First World War. Italy, striving to “catch up” to the next stage of the colonial redistribution of Africa, managed to achieve the rejection of the Libyan territories by the Ottoman Empire, which were the last Ottoman foothold in North Africa. The article analyzes the events of the war on the basis of Ottoman and European – mainly Italian – sources, including diplomatic correspondence, memoirs, journalism and archival documents. The Ottoman sources emphasize national pride, creating an image of a tragic but holy war to preserve identity in the face of external pressure. Italian and European sources, in turn, see this war as a clash of economic and geopolitical interests, without hiding the colonial nature of the events. The work highlights the importance and value of the original sources, which have become an important element of the historical memory of the Italo-Turkish War. Their use allows us to assess the multifaceted perception of the course of the war by both sides.
Keywords: Italo-Turkish War, historiography, Libya, Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Italy
Sizion D.S. (Krasnodar). Uchiyama Gudo’s System of Social and Political Views as a Buddhist Socialist in Japan (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries)
DENIS SERGEEVICH SIZION
Assistant of the Department of History and Political Science, Kuban State Agrarian University, PhD Student, Faculty of History, Sociology and International Affairs,
Kuban State Agrarian University,
350044, Kalinina St., 13, Krasnodar
e-mail: den.sizion@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the development of the system of socio-political ideas of Uchiyama Gudo (1874-1911), a figure of “Buddhist socialism” in Japan. Attention is paid to the analysis of the content of his theoretical works, the relationship and development of Buddhist and socialist elements in Uchiyama’s system of views. The purpose of this article is to examine Uchiyama Gudo in more detail as a thinker and public figure. The main source of the research was three main theoretical works by Uchiyama Gudo: “The Anarcho-Communist Revolution: in Memory of Imprisonment” (1908), “On the Denial of Morality” (1908), “Everyday Awakening” (1911). The initial period of Uchiyama’s work was characterized by a mixture of Mahayana Buddhist dogma with Uchiyama’s own humanistic view of a just society. In Uchiyama’s later works, influenced by early Japanese socialists and anarchists, a materialistic understanding of social institutions was increasingly seen. Uchiyama’s idealism then manifested itself not in an appeal to Soto Zen Buddhism and Mahayana egalitarianism, but in an exaggeration of the role of “harmful ideas” that preserve exploitative relationships. The second point that reflects Uchiyama’s eclecticism is his presentation of possible ways to implement social transformation. The revolutionary pathos and calls to fight the government were either devoid of concrete content, or were reduced to knocking out more tolerable living and working conditions for peasants and workers from the ruling classes. It is concluded that Uchiyama Gudo’s system of social views was extremely eclectic.
Keywords: Buddhism, karma, socialism, communism, anarchism, revolution, agrarianism
Alaichiev U.K. (Moscow). Organization of Military Training of the Population of the Kirghiz SSR in the First Period of the Great Patriotic War
USEN KAMBAROVICH ALAICHIEV
Doctoral candidate, Military Academy
General Staff of the Armed Forces
of the Russian Federation, candidate of military sciences
119571, Moscow, Vernadsky Ave., Building 100
e-mail: usenalaichiev@gmail.com
Abstract. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the activities of the Soviet-party bodies, socio-political and civil structures of the Kirghiz SSR in the context of mobilization activities, military-patriotic education and defense-mass work among the population in the first period of the Great Patriotic War (22.06.1941 – 18.11.1942). Particular attention is paid to the degree of involvement of these structures in the processes of organizing military training for military personnel and the younger generation of the republic, as well as in the adaptation of society to wartime conditions and strengthening its cohesion in the face of a mortal threat. Particular attention is paid to the degree of involvement of these structures in the processes of organizing military training for military personnel and the younger generation of the republic, as well as in the adaptation of society to wartime conditions and strengthening its cohesion in the face of a mortal threat.
Keywords: Great Patriotic War; Kirghiz SSR; mobilization; Osoaviakhim; Komsomol; Red Cross; military training
Gashimli M. A. Ogli (Moscow). Turkey’s Relations with the Anti-Hitler Coalition During World War II
GASHIMLI MIRDJAVID ASHRAF OGLI
2nd year Master’s student, Institute of Oriental and Eurasian Studies,
Russian State Humanitarian University
125047, Moscow, Miusskaya square, 6.
e-mail: mgashimli@mail.ru
Abstract. This study is dedicated to the analysis of Turkey’s neutrality during World War II and the prerequisites for the implementation of this policy in the interwar period. It examines the process of building relations between the Turkish Republic and the major world powers, including Great Britain, France, the USSR, as well as Germany and Italy. Special attention is given to analyzing Turkey’s diplomatic maneuvers aimed at preserving neutrality, including international agreements such as the Montreux Convention, as well as Turkey’s participation in the conferences of the Anti-Hitler Coalition. The study also explores the factors that allowed Turkey to maintain neutrality and benefit from cooperation with the warring coalitions. As a result of the research, it can be concluded that Turkey’s neutrality policy was driven by both internal political issues and external geopolitical challenges. Furthermore, the study addresses the consequences of Turkey’s entry into the war at the final stage and its role in the post-war world order. It can be concluded that Turkey’s neutrality was a diplomatic success that not only helped avoid the negative consequences of World War II but also allowed Turkey to strengthen its international positions among the great powers.
Keywords: Turkey, World War II, neutrality policy, Anti-Hitler Coalition, Turkey’s foreign policy
Bitkov I.S. (Krasnodar). The Second World War: an analysis of the international situation and tactics of the anarchist movement (based on the materials of the theoretical legacy of G.P. Maksimov)
IVAN SERGEEVICH BITKOV
Assistant Professor of the Department of History and Political Science at Kubsau,
Kuban State Agrarian University named after Trublin,
350044, 13 Kalinina St.,Krasnodar
e-mail: mail@kubsau.ru
Abstract. The paper analyzes the creative legacy of G.P. Maksimov, an anarchist theorist, publicist, and activist of the Russian anarchist émigré community, created during the Second World War. The article examines G.P. Maksimov’s publicistic articles in the journal “Delo Truda-Probuzhdenie” (The Work of Labor – Awakening), as well as fragments of his correspondence preserved in the collection of the International Institute of Social History (Amsterdam). In the article, the author traces the changes in G.P. Maksimov’s views on the global conflict. The article reveals G.P. Maksimov’s “defeatist” position, which he maintained from 1939 until Germany’s invasion of the USSR. The article highlights the reasons for G.P. Maksimov’s transition to a “defensive” position and the main aspects of his defensive views. The article reflects the polemics between G.P. Maksimov and the members of the editorial group of “Delo Truda-Probuzhdenie”. G.P. Maksimov’s opinion on the political regime in the countries participating in the Second World War is presented. The Third Reich appears to the anarchist as a dictatorial reactionary state, against which the workers must act in a revolutionary way. The article presents the views of G.P. Maksimov on the political system in the USSR and the domestic policy of the Bolsheviks during the war. The thinker’s point of view on the role of the countries of bourgeois democracy (England and the United States of America) in the struggle against the Hitler reaction is examined.
Keywords. Anarchism, fascism, dictatorship, World War II, food crisis, Nazi Germany, Soviet Union, Great Britain, USA, G.P. Maksimov
Khadzhieva B.M. (Grozny), Tedeeva U.S. (Vladikavkaz), Bondar I.A. (Yessentuki). On Some Causes of the Syrian Political Collapse
BELLA MAGOMEDOVNA KHADZHIEVA
Kadyrov Chechen State University, Lecturer at the Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Faculty
of History, 32 A. Sheripova St., Grozny, 364024
orcid.org/0000-0002-6702-8804
ULYANA SHOTAEVNA TEDEEVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, North Ossetian State Medical Academy, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Health, Public Health and Socio-Economic Sciences,
Vladikavkaz, Pushkinskaya St., 40
orcid.org/0000-0001-9232-1925
IRINA ALEKSEEVNA BONDAR
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Yessentuki Branch, Professor of the Department of History, Law and Social Sciences
Stavropol territory, Yessentuki, Dolina Rozova str., 7
orcid.org / 0000-0003-4710-4213
Abstract. The Syrian conflict is currently becoming the first large-scale event that is capable of turning from a regional confrontation into a problem that goes far beyond the borders of the Middle East region. Today, there are facts of the creation of new threats, the escalation of which shows the interest of all parties involved in the conflict. The actions of the “players” in the conflict contributed to the formation of so-called “axes of resistance”, which have the characteristics of an “instrument of political influence” and are primarily of a geopolitical nature. Using this “instrument of influence”, the parties to the conflict are trying to realize their political and economic regional interests, which in turn can have a negative impact on the entire international situation as a whole. It should be noted that economic, religious, ethnic and domestic political reasons have played an important role in the Syrian problem. To understand the essence of what is happening, it is important to identify the main components of this conflict, which is becoming widespread. An analysis of the prerequisites, causes and dynamics of events in the country will allow not only to determine where the weakening of the domestic policy of the state began, but also to understand the motives and goals of the intervention of external political players who had a decisive impact on today’s events.
Keywords: The Syrian crisis, Alawites, Islamic unity, geopolitics, Middle East
Lapina I.Yu., Kargapoltsev S.Yu. (St. Petersburg). The Grand Duchy of Finland as a Foreign Cultural Enclave in the Geopolitical System of the Russian Empire
IRINA YURIEVNA LAPINA
Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
SERGEY YURIEVICH KARGAPOLTSEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
Abstract. The article states the circumstances of the Russian-Swedish confrontation of the 13th-18th centuries in the struggle for the territories of Finland and Karelia, as well as the autonomization of the Grand Duchy of Finland (GDF), which became part of the Russian Empire during the war with the Kingdom of Sweden in 1808–1809. The authors analyze a wide range of legal and financial-economic preferences granted to the Grand Duchy of Finland by Emperors Alexander I and Alexander II. The authors assess the geopolitical consequences of the annexation of the Vyborg Governorate (“Old Finland”) and northwestern Priladozhye to “New Finland”. The article examines the facts of the growth of separatist sentiments in Finnish society at the turn of the 19th and early 20th centuries, based on autochthonism, nationalism and Russophobia, which manifested themselves as anti-monarchism before the February Revolution of 1917, and after – as a systemic de-Russification of all spheres of life of the Finnish Republic that proclaimed its independence.
Keywords: Novgorod Land, Teutonic Order, Karelia, Livonia, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Sweden, Grand Duchy of Finland, Alexander I, Alexander II, Nicholas II, Abo, Helsingfors
Vinichenko M.V., Pirushkin M.V. (Moscow). Transformation of the Categorical-conceptual Apparatus of “Propaganda” in Cinematography in the USSR and the USA after World War II (вносит правку)
MIKHAIL VASIL’EVICH VINICHENKO
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor,
Professor of the Department of War Memorial Work,
Russian State Social University,
129226, Russia, Moscow, Wilhelm Pick St., 4, building 1
e-mail: mih-vas2006@yandex.ru
MAKAR VLADIMIROVICH PIRUSHKIN
1th year student majoring in
«Russia and the world historical process»,
Russian State Social University,
129226, Russia, Moscow, Wilhelm Pick St., 4, building 1
e-mail: piters.80@mail.ru
Abstract. The article explores the development and functioning of propaganda in the USSR and the USA during the late 1940s to the 1950s. It examines the evolution of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of “propaganda” within different political and cultural contexts. Special attention is paid to institutional mechanisms, visual-communicative practices, and the role of cinema as a tool of ideological influence. Based on historical-comparative, discourse, and visual analysis, the paper highlights the key differences between Soviet and American propaganda strategies. It was revealed that propaganda in the cinema of both countries differed not only thematically, but also in the forms of influence. Differences were observed in administrative, informational and psychological influence. The study concludes that propaganda in both systems was not only a means of mobilization and persuasion but also a way to construct a coherent worldview reflecting the values of each political regime.
Keywords: propaganda, USSR, USA, cinema, ideology, visual culture, public diplomacy
Fogel A.S., Shestov I.S. (Samara). Some Aspects of the Custom of Ritual Co-dying (Sacrifice of Widows) Among the Rus in the 9th-10th Centuries, According to Information from Arab Sources
ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH FOGEL
Candidate of History, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, Associate Professor,
443090, Russian Federation, Samara, Sovetskaya Armiya str., 141
e-mail: alexandr_fogel@inbox.ru
ILYA SERGEEVICH SHESTOV
3rd year postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History,
443090, Russian Federation, Samara, Sovetskaya Armiya str., 141
e-mail: ilia.shestov@gmail.com
Abstract. This article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of reports by Arab authors of the 9th-10th centuries about the funerals of noble Rus and, in particular, the custom of sacrificing widows – the custom of co-dying. The described custom, on the one hand, can be considered as a kind of stereotype of the Arab tradition in describing barbarian peoples from the distant outskirts, living in fact on the threshold of the “afterlife”, and on the other hand, based on archaeological evidence and sources of other traditions, it can act as a real one and significant for pagan times. The article, based on the source base and modern research, examines and analyzes the main problems associated with this ritual – such as the system of “selection” of girls for the ritual, the status of its participants, in particular, the question of the need for the participation of a legal wife, a free woman – or a slave-concubine, various functions of the girl herself during the ritual, the general symbolism and perception of ritual practice from both “our” and “that” side, as well as the combination of funerals and weddings within the framework of one ritual. In addition, the work touches on the problem of the possibility of a gradual transformation of ritual practice and its individual stages – that is, in principle, the possibility that Arab authors conveyed the ritual to us in dynamics, in a gradual “simplification” – from the literal and consistent performance of the ritual norm to the symbolic, “imitation”. The work used modern research by Russian scientists.
Keywords: Ancient Rus’, Rus, squad, sacrifices, traditions, customs, medieval mentality, paganism
Serebrennikova T.L. (Moscow). The functions of sacrifice in the Mari prayers: sacred, social and ecological dimensions
TAMARA LVOVNA SEREBRENNIKOVA
graduate of the Department of Ethnology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
teacher of history and Fundamentals of spiritual and moral culture of the peoples of Russia, school 1329, Moscow
119602, Moscow, Nikulinskaya st., building 10
е-mail: serebrennikovatl@sch1329.ru
Abstract. Based on the analysis of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet historiography, the article examines the functions of sacrifice in the Mari prayers with an emphasis on their sacred, social and environmental dimensions. The information contained in numerous Internet resources, which had not previously attracted the attention of historians, is introduced into scientific circulation. The author pays special attention to the historical background, structure and symbolism of rituals. The article reveals the social aspects of collective identity and cohesion formed during the ritual. The ecological dimension, associated with traditional reverent attitudes toward nature and contemporary environmental challenges, is examined separately. The author of the article concludes that it is necessary to preserve and adapt rituals to changing conditions while preserving their deep essence.
Keywords: Mari worship, sacrifice, sacred dimension, social dimension, ecological dimension, cultural identity, traditional rituals, nature
Rogushina L.G., Frumenkova T.G. (St. Petersburg). Organization of State and Public Assistance to the Population Affected by the Enemy in the Patriotic War of 1812
LIUDMILA GENNADIEVNA ROGUSHINA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian History (XIX-XXI centuries) of the Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University.
48 Moika River Embankment, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation.
e-mail: lrogushina@yandex.ru;
TATIANA GEORGIEVNA FRUMENKOVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian History (XIX-XXI centuries) of the Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University.
48 Moika River Embankment, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation.
e-mail: frumentat@yandex.ru
Abstract. Providing assistance to various categories of the population during the Napoleonic Wars becomes a necessity. After the Patriotic War of 1812, a special type of charitable activity appeared, which is aimed at providing assistance specifically to victims of military operations. For the first time, assistance is provided to the population. The war and the post-war period began to be seen as a special state when the State should provide support to the civilian population aimed at reducing the damage caused to it. State aid is becoming the main type of assistance. The initiators of assistance to victims of wars were representatives of the imperial family. The authorities could not cope with this problem on their own and partially shifted its solution to society. A public-state charity is being formed, the instrument of which is charitable “societies on special grounds”, that is, societies under the patronage of the imperial family. The State government participates in their activities and controls them in various ways. Already during the war, similar societies were being created. In November 1812 The “Estate of Trustees of the Charity of those ruined by the enemy in 1812” was created. The society was taken under the care of Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna, but the emperor himself supervised its work. The “estate” was supposed to provide assistance to urban and rural residents and representatives of any class affected by military operations. Assistance was provided on the basis of petitions submitted to the society. The activity of the “Estate of Trustees of the Charity of those ruined by the enemy in 1812” shows the process of merging state and public charity. The Patriotic War of 1812 marked the beginning of the creation of a system of both state and public assistance to victims of hostilities.
Keywords: Public-state charity; state; assistance to victims of wars; charitable society, Patriotic War of 1812
Mikheyeva G.V. (St. Petersburg). Kutorga’s and the Imperial Public Library
GALINA VASILYEVNA MIKHEYEVA
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor,
Leading Researcher of Library History Department,
National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg),
Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation
191023, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Sadovaya ul., 18.
e-mail: mikheeva@nlr.ru
Abstract. The role of library dynasties, which played a significant role in the history of the Imperial Public Library (National Library of Russia) and its activities, is emphasized. It is noted that the role of the Kutorga’s dynasty, which also left a noticeable mark on the work of the Library in the second half of the 19th century, has not been sufficiently disclosed to date. The article for the first time reveals in detail the relationship of the Kutorga’s dynasty with the Imperial Public Library. The contribution of antiquarian Mikhail Semenovich Kutorga to the disclosure of the funds of classical literature stored in the Library during the short period of his work in it and the replenishment of its funds with gifts in subsequent years are characterized. Particular attention is paid to the catalog of foreign books he created relating to Greek and Roman antiquities, which was fundamentally different from other library catalogs of that time and became a solid information resource that formed the basis for future antique works of its creator and many other domestic scientists. The role of Professor of Mineralogy and Geology of St. Petersburg University Stepan Semenovich Kutorga as an expert for determining the directions of acquiring the Library with specialized literature is emphasized. Particular attention is paid to Mikhail Stepanovich Kutorga, who served in the Library for 15 years and headed the Philology Department. His library activities and selfless work in preparing for the publication of the works of his uncle, the Hellenistic historian, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences Mikhail Semenovich Kutorga, are covered in detail.
Keywords: Imperial Public Library, National Library of Russia, history of libraries, Mikhail Semenovich Kutorga, Mikhail Stepanovich Kutorga, Stepan Semenovich Kutorga, Department of Philology of the Imperial Public Library, antiquity studies
Konoshenko A.M. (Krasnoyarsk). Criminogenic Situation on the Moskovsko-Sibirsky Tractin the Yenisei Province in the Second Half of the 19th Century
ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH KONOSHENKO
History teacher
Krasnoyarsk College of Industrial Service
660064, Krasnoyarsk, st. Academician Pavlova, 23
e-mail: konoshenko@yandex.ru
Abstract. Тhe Moscow-Siberian tract was the main route for the transportation of goods from the European part of Russia to Siberia and vice versa, including tea from Kyakhta. Wagon trains with goods, including up to several dozen wagons, moving along the tract, were often attacked. The article examines the activities of the Yenisei provincial administration and district police departments aimed at preventing thefts from wagon trains following the Moscow-Siberian tract in the territory of the Yenisei province. The actions of the district police officers aimed at uncovering thefts on the tract are highlighted, and statistics of thefts from wagon trains in the districts of the Yenisei province are provided. The article points to the involvement of peasants from remote settlements in the search for stolen goods and the forced formation of peasant teams to accompany wagon trains following along the tract at night.
Keywords: Yenisei province, Тhe Moscow-Siberian tract, wagon train, robbery, second half of the 19th century
Feklistova S.R. (Moscow). Mass Printing and Mass Reading in Saint-Petersburg, 1907-1917
SOFIA ROMANOVNA FEKLISTOVA
Postgraduate,
Department of Russian History of the XIX century – beginning of the XX century,
History Faculty, Moscow State University
119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, Building 4
e-mail: rofirom4@gmail.com
Abstract. The article attempts to restore the information space of St. Petersburg in general terms in the decade preceding the February Revolution. The author demonstrates that after the First Russian Revolution, periodicals became firmly established in the daily life of the Russian capital and exerted a constant informational influence on its residents, shaping mass sentiment. Using a wide range of statistical sources, the author provides information about the dynamics of periodical publications in St. Petersburg and demographic changes in the city at the beginning of the 20th century. It is shown that during this period, the habit of reading and following socio-political news spread among groups of people who had not been previously involved in print media in Russia. According to a widely held view in Russian historiography, political party newspapers made the greatest contribution to this development. Nevertheless, as shown by the study, the circulation of all-Russian party publications was unable to compete with urban, formally non-partisan newspapers and magazines. The author identifies the highest-circulating periodicals in St Petersburg and provides a comparative analysis that allows us to evaluate their circulation, frequency of publication, price, orientation, publisher and target audience.
Keywords: development of Russian printing, commercial press, history of Saint-Petersburg, popular press, history of journalism, Russia in the XX century, publishing house “Kopeika”
Bugaev R.A. (St. Petersburg). The Influence of the Finnish Regional Committee on Russian Troops during the Preparations for the October Armed Uprising (July-September 1917)
ROMAN ALEKSEEVICH BUGAEV
Postgraduate student of the Department of Modern History of Russia,
Saint Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
197110, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Petrozavodskaya Street, 7
e-mail: roman.fyodorov.74@mail.ru.
Abstract. The publication attempts to reflect one of the reasons for the loss of the Provisional Government‘s influence on the troops of the Northern Front, which contributed to the success of the October armed uprising. This was partly due to the activities of revolutionary organizations that became radical in their rhetoric and activities. Based on materials from the periodical press, office documents, orders and other historical sources, the author attempts to examine the influence of the Regional Committee of Finland on the Russian armed forces during the revolutionary process. The Regional Committee of the Army, Navy and Workers of Finland was a Russian revolutionary organization that actively claimed power in the Grand Duchy of Finland. To realize their power ambitions, the Regional Finance Committee and its representatives actively relied on the bodies of soldiers‘ self-government, thus trying to gain control over the troops of the 42nd Army Corps and the armed forces subordinate to the Commander of the Baltic Fleet. The OKF‘s influence consisted of two components: helping soldiers with household chores and supporting their political demands. This led to a confrontation with the authorities in the person of the Provisional Government and the gradual loss of the latter‘s control over the troops of the Northern Front in Finland.
Keywords: Regional Committee of Finland, Provisional Government, revolution of 1917, Grand Duchy of Finland, soldiers‘ self-government, Regional congresses of Finland, troops of the 42nd Corps
Siminchenko O.I. (Moscow). The ‘Cubat’ Restaurant as a Venue for Negotiations on the Cadet Ministry
OLEG IGOREVICH SIMINCHENKO
Master’s student of the Department of Russian History of the 19th –
early 20th centuries, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4
e-mail: siminchencko.oleg@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines a previously unexplored aspect of the negotiations between general D.F. Trepov and the Cadet leader P.N. Milyukov on the creation of the Cadet ministry, namely the venue of their meeting ‒ the restaurant ‘Cubat’. The internal political context of April-June 1906, within the framework of which these negotiations took place, is reconstructed. The paper attempts to explain the motivation of both sides for holding an informal meeting in a St Petersburg restaurant. The range of visitors and the internal atmosphere of the restaurant are assessed. A characteristic of the location of the ‘Cubat’ restaurant in the urban space is given, taking into account the places of residence of both negotiators. The article also makes an assumption about D.F. Trepov’s desire to destroy his negative image widespread among the liberal opposition by organising a meeting with the Cadet leader in a public place. The paper characterises the damage done to P.N. Milyukov’s authority among the Duma faction of the Cadets by the fact of his participation in informal negotiations with the general. Among other things, the paper analyses the behaviour of the parties during the meeting, pointing out the dominance of D.F. Trepov in the dialogue with the Cadet leader. The article notes the general’s calculating and competent approach to the choice of the place of negotiations, which best suited his interests. The considered aspect of the meeting was one of the factors of successful for D.F. Trepov course of the dialogue with P.N. Milyukov. This story may become the basis for further study of the general’s personality as a significant participant of the First Russian Revolution, the beginning of which marks the 120th anniversary this year.
Keywords: D.F. Trepov, P.N. Milyukov, Cadet Ministry, negotiations, restaurant ‘Cubat’
Fan-Yung G.Yu. (Kazan city). The Legal Regulation of the Labor Conditions of Minor and Female Workers in Factories and Plants in Russia before the WWI
GERMAN YURIEVICH FAN-YUNG
PhD of Historical Sciences, Docent of Volga Region State University
of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism (Kazan), 420010, Russian Federation,
Kazan city, Universiade Village, 35,
e-mail: ger-fan-yung@yandex.ru
Abstract. This article attempts to analyze the results of the development of the so-called. “Factory” low of the Russian Empire in terms of legal regulation of working conditions for minors and female workers in factories and plants in Russia before the beginning of the First World War. An age gradation between child workers and teenage workers is presented. Researched and listed as general principles relating to the labor of designated categories of workers, as well as their characteristics (industry, industrial sectors, etc). The role of the Main office of Factory and Mining Affairs in relation to the labor protection of child workers is clearly demonstrated. A conclusion is drawn about the advanced nature of the existing legal norms that regulated the labor of these categories of workers.
Keywords: industrial revolution, the impact of industrial development on social relations, “factory” low of the Russian Empire, the labor of women and minor workers in pre-revolutionary Russia, working hours in the pre-Soviet era
Dyakov S.I., Benda V.N. (St. Petersburg). Activities of the 1st Krasnodar Artillery Command Courses for the Training of Command Personnel for the Artillery of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (RKKA)
SERGEY IVANOVICH DYAKOV
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Associate Professor of the Department of Tactics
(and Combat Operations of the Missile and Artillery Forces)
Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy,
195009, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Komsomola, 22,
e-mail: serDyakoff@yandex.ru
VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH BENDA
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Professor of the Department of History
Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin.
196605, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoe shosse, 10,
e-mail: bvn.1962@mail.ru
Abstract. Objective of the study. The article provides characteristics of archival sources on command courses operating in the early 1920s, presents material on the activities of the First Krasnodar Command Courses (since March 1923, the 1st Artillery Krasnodar Courses) to train officers for three branches of the armed forces. The analysis of the organizational and staff structure is carried out; the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the permanent staff, the social composition of the cadets of 1920 and their distribution upon completion of the courses in 1920 are presented. The data on all categories of military personnel of the courses as of February 1, 1921 and the distribution of horses among units are covered. The characteristics of the recommendations of the subject-methodical commission of the courses for improving the forms and methods of training are given. The problems of providing textbooks and teaching aids and the reasons for not holding classes on subjects of study in 1923 are covered. Materials and methods. Previously unpublished and poorly studied archival sources from the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense (TsAMO) and the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA) were introduced into scientific circulation. The following applied methods were used in the study: historical-analytical and historical-systemic methods. The use of these methods allowed the study to more objectively assess the contribution of the courses to the training of artillery officers. Results. Show that in general the activity of the courses during the considered period for training artillery officers, using the example of the last camp training at the Persianovsky training artillery range, where prize shooting was conducted between batteries, we can speak about the high quality of training in the courses by assessing the average deviation of the point of impact from 4 prize holes (1 battery – 52.07 cm and 2 battery – 113.02 cm). Key findings. The 1st Krasnodar Artillery Command Courses, despite the difficulties, trained 259 junior artillery commanders of the platoon commander level, and sent most of the cadets of the special departments for subsequent training to normal artillery schools. Considering the period of the courses’ existence, during which various upheavals occurred in the country, as well as the fact that the old system of military education was abolished, and a new one was only being created, sometimes relying on the experience of the past, this is a huge contribution both to the development of the military education system and to raising the level of combat readiness of the army of that time.
Keywords: Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (RKKA), artillery, artillery courses, artillery officer, 1st Krasnodar artillery command courses, quantitative and qualitative characteristics, subjects of study, new forms and methods of teaching, textbooks and teaching aids, prize shooting
Wijesinha Ch.L. (St. Petersburg). Different Views on Soviet Justice on the Example of the Conflict between A. Solts and N. Krylenko
CHANDRANATH LALINDOVICH WIJESINHA
Postgraduate student of the Department of National History of the Institute of History,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Saint Petersburg State University”, 3rd year
199034, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9
e-mail: Deadmoon99@mail.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of various approaches to Soviet justice, considered by the example of the conflict between prominent Soviet figures Aron Solts and Nikolai Krylenko. The main focus is on comparing the views of Soltz, who emphasized the importance of strengthening revolutionary legality, combating abuse and strict observance of the law, and Krylenko, whose position was characterized by a strong emphasis on revolutionary expediency. The article traces the formation of the Soviet legal system in the 1920s, a period of active reform and ideological struggle in the legal field. The key works and speeches of Soltz and Krylenko are considered, reflecting their fundamentally different approaches to law enforcement and the role of law in a socialist state. The conflict between the two illustrates a broader debate about the balance between legality and revolutionary necessity.In conclusion, the author notes that, despite their differences, both figures subsequently encountered an even more influential figure in Soviet justice, Andrei Vyshinsky, whose concept became dominant in the 1930s. The article emphasizes the importance of analyzing this conflict for understanding the development of Soviet legal thought and the formation of the legal system of the USSR.
Keywords: N. Krylenko, A. Solts, revolutionary legality, A. Vyshinsky, Soviet law, ideology
Maliuchenko D.A. (St. Petersburg). The “Vesna” Case in the Baltic. Arrests of the Baltic Navy Command Staff in 1931 and their consequences
DMITRY ALEKSEEVICH MALIUCHENKO
postgraduate student of the Institute of History,
St. Petersburg State University
199034, Mendeleevskaya line, 5, Saint Petersburg
e-mail: st055575@student.spbu.ru
Abstract. The undoubted achievements of the domestic historiography of political repressions in the USSR in the 1930s include the definition of the legal mechanism for implementing repressive pressure, the definition of the methods of repressive practice, and the identification of a corpus of personal data of employees of the Soviet special services who were the executors of political terror. Despite the accumulation of a large array of data that allows for a detailed study of not only the largest, but even investigative cases on counterrevolutionary organizations at the local level, research interest in individual stories continues to be extremely selective. This fully applies to the most significant investigative case in the history of the Red Army in the early 1930s, the “Vesna” case, which began on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR and gradually acquired an all-Union scale. Historians of the special services are united by the opinion that the main blow of the arrests of 1930-1931 was dealt to military specialists, former tsarist officers who served in the ranks of the Red Army and Navy. And even taking into account the available estimates of the total number of arrested commanders, the scale of arrests within a given military district or fleet is not fully understood. Our focus is on the Soviet Baltic Navy, whose command staff was also purged as part of the “Vesna” affair. This article presents archival data on the scale of arrests in a number of naval units, the resulting movement of command staff, and the consequences of the removal of commanders for the navy’s combat training process over several training campaigns.
Keywords: the “Vesna” case, Baltic Navy, OGPU Special Department, purge in the army, navy combat training
Fedulov S.V., Tretyakov A.V., Rudenko V.E. (St. Petersburg). Transportation in the Gulf of Finland in Autumn 1941
SERGEY VALENTINOVICH FEDULOV
Dr. Sci. (Historical), Professor
of the Department of Humanities and Social and Economic Disciplines
Mozhaisky Military Space Academy,
corresponding member of AVN,
197198, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Zhdanovskaya street, 13.
e-mail: serg.val.fed.661000@yandex.ru
ALEXANDER VIKTOROVICH TRETYAKOV
Dr. Sci. (Historical), Professor,
of the Department of History of Russia,
Historical Faculty, Kursk State University
305000, Russian Federation, Kursk, Radishcheva street, 33.
e-mail: dr_tretiyakov@mail.ru
VLADISLAV EDUARDOVICH RUDENKO
Engineer of the Scientific Research Center
Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy
195009, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Komsomol street, 22.
e-mail: v.rudenko@szfrgup.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the 80th anniversary of Leningrad complete liberation from the blockade. The historical experience of forming water transport communications in severe ice conditions, under the influence of the enemy, presented in the article has theoretical and practical significance. This experience was widely used by the command of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet in the subsequent blockade years, especially in November 1943 – January 1944 during the redeployment of the 2nd Shock Army to the Oranienbaum bridgehead to participate in Operation “January Thunder”, which made it possible to completely lift the blockade of Leningrad. It should be noted that at present a sufficient amount of research has been devoted to the history of defense and blockade of Leningrad, however, consideration of the direct activities of water communications of the Ladoga Lake and especially the Gulf of Finland is fragmentary in the context of the author’s works. This circumstance indicates the novelty of the article. The study was conducted on the basis of archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The use of scientific methods of analysis and synthesis during the study of the problem of goods and personnel water transportation across the Gulf of Finland during the autumn-winter period of the Leningrad blockade made it possible to substantiate the results of the study.
Keywords: Blockade of Leningrad, Gulf of Finland, Oranienbaum bridgehead, Kronstadt, Red Banner Baltic Fleet, Department of War Communications, Transport Ships
Sulumov Z.H., Aliskhanova M.Kh. (Chechen Republic, Grozny). Party-state Policy in the Field of Introduction of Scientific and Technical Advances into the Oil Industry in 1943-1945: Activities of the Grozny Refinery Group
ZELIEMKHAN HASAMBEKOVICH SULUMOV
Candidate of History,
Associate Professor of the History of the Chechen State
Pedagogical University
364068, RF, Chechen Republic, g. Grozny, p. H. Isaeva, 62
e-mail: zsulumov@mail.ru
MALIKA KHAMIDOVNA ALISKHANOVA
Candidate of History,
Associate Professor of Museology and Cultural Studies
Chechen State
A.A. -H. Kadyrov University
364034, RF, Chechen Republic, Grozny, A. Cheripov street, 32
e-mail: msh.alishanova@mail.ru
Abstract. In the presented material, the example of the activities of the Grozny Oil Refinery association reveals the party-state policy in the field of introduction of scientific and technical advances into the oil industry in 1943-1945 under conditions of new challenges. The authors used as a main source documents disclosing the activities of the party organization, statistics on production and implementation of new technologies of Grozny oil refinery.
The goal is the role of party-state bodies to introduce new scientific and technical advances into the oil industry with the start of reconstruction works of the Grozny Oil Combine.
The relevance of the study of the proposed problem is caused by the demand in modern conditions, in the anniversary year of the celebration of the 80th anniversary of the Victory, to show the hard work of the Grozny oil workers in the years of WWII. In this context, the problems of scientific analysis and critical rethinking of historical experiences become particularly relevant.
Therefore, the investigated problem and attracted a lot of historians, researchers at the regional level, for example, H.A. Gakaev belong to publications on the restoration of the Grozny oil industry in the years of the WWII, the subject of study of Kerimov, I.A., Daoukaeva, A.A., Bakhaeva, T.H. was the history of oil production in the Chechen Republic. In recent years, a lot of scientific papers have been published on this topic, however, its relevance has not exhausted itself.
Keywords: Party politics, oil industry, Great Patriotic War, Red Army, new achievements, «Grozny Oil Complex»
Lavrenov S.Ya., Polyansky M.S. (Moscow). The Storming of Konigsberg: an Up-to-date Reading (on the 80th Anniversary of the Event)
SERGEY YAKOVLEVICH LAVRENOV
Leading Researcher, Center for Fundamental Military-Historical Problems Military University of the Ministry Defense of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Advisor to RARAN,
125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14.
e-mail: lavrs@yandex.ru
MIKHAIL SEMYONOVICH POLYANSKY
Chief Researcher, Center for Fundamental Military Historical Research Problems of the Military University of the Ministry Defense of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor,
125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14.
e-mail: m-s-pol@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines the specifics of the preparation, organization and conduct of the Königsberg offensive operation during the Great Patriotic War. The German command assigned the task of actively countering the offensive of the Soviet troops to the defense of the city-fortress of Königsberg, transformed into a powerful center of strategic deterrence, in order to weaken the offensive impulse in carrying out the main blow in the direction of the capital of Germany.
The composition of the German group of forces included people’s grenadier and infantry divisions, Volkssturm battalions and auxiliary military units prepared for long-term counteraction of the advancing Soviet troops. The city’s defense system included external and internal perimeters, as well as separate forts prepared for all-round defense.
The article analyzes the role of Soviet artillery of all types in the assault on the capital of East Prussia and reveals the four-day assault on Königsberg, carried out in close cooperation of all types and branches of the armed forces. Particular attention is paid to the disclosure of the peculiarities of the preparation and actions of assault detachments, reinforced by artillery guns, mortars and tanks. The role of operational interaction during the frontline operations carried out on the territory of East Prussia by the advancing troops with the involvement of artillery units of the RVGK, air strikes and high-power artillery of the Baltic Fleet is emphasized.
Keywords: 3rd Belorussian Front; Red Army; artillery of the front; offensive operation; Konigsberg; assault; enemy grouping; forts; assault detachments
Podolsky S.I., Samylovskaya E.A. (St. Petersburg). Contribution of Scholars from the Leningrad Mining Institute to the Defense-Industrial and National Economic Development of the USSR in the First Post-War Decade
SERGEY IGOREVICH PODOLSKY
PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of History, Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University
199106, Saint Petersburg, V.O., 21st Line, Bldg. 2
e-mail: octet@yandex.ru
EKATERINA ANATOLYEVNA SAMYLOVSKAYA
PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of History, Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University
199106, Saint Petersburg, V.O., 21st Line, Bldg. 2
e-mail: katerina-samylovskaya88@yandex.ru
Abstract. This article examines the scientific research activities of faculty and staff at the Leningrad Mining Institute (LMI) related to the defense-industrial complex and national economic development during the period 1945–1955. The primary sources for this study are declassified documents from LMI’s research reports (R&D) for the years 1948–1955, which were made public in 1990. The article discusses the involvement of LMI scholars in projects for the atomic industry, particularly their research commissioned by the Second Chief Directorate (SCD) of the Council of Ministers (CM) of the USSR. The role of the institute’s scholars in strengthening the Soviet Navy (SN) is highlighted. The article identifies and analyzes the participation of LMI staff in research on the creation of synthetic fuel. It systematically presents the involvement of LMI scholars in the “Great Construction Projects of Communism”—the construction of hydroelectric facilities in the basins of major Soviet rivers in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Of particular interest is the analysis of the scholars’ work related to advancing cutting-edge methods of coal mining. The authors conclude that, thanks to the restored scientific potential after re-evacuation, LMI scholars made a significant contribution to the defense-industrial and national economic complex of the USSR. This not only aided the USSR’s rise as a superpower but also anticipated the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution (STR).
Keywords: Leningrad Mining Institute, post-war era, defense-industrial complex, national economic development, atomic industry, synthetic fuel, Great Construction Projects of Communism, coal mining methods
Filatov A.V., Saveliev A.V. (Ulyanovsk). Personnel for Agriculture in 1952-53: Problems and their Solutions (Based on Materials from the Ulyanovsk Region)
ARTYOM VLADIMIROVICH FILATOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Associate Professor of the Department of History,
432071, Ulyanovsk, 4 Lenin Square,
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru
ALEXEY VASILYEVICH SAVELIEV
applicant
Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University
named after I.N. Ulyanov, 432071, Russian Federation, Ulyanovsk, Lenin Square, 4,
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the problem and the state of training of machine operators for both MTS (machine technology stations) and collective farms in the post-war decade. The period under study is characterized by the process of restoring the national economy, and an acute shortage of workers was a feature for all sectors of the USSR economy. In the authors opinion, agricultural production lost its human resources to a greater extent during the Great Patriotic War, and this loss continued in the post-war period, due to the outflow of demobilized Red Army soldiers from the countryside to cities for their rehabilitation and the construction of new industrial centers. In the regions, the party and state bodies took all possible measures to equip machine operators to carry out agricultural work on tracked and wheeled tractors and self-propelled combines. For this purpose, short-term courses from 3 to 6 months for the training of machine operators were created in each district at MTS. The research methodology and methodological tools, based on approaches and methods of a general scientific, special and historical nature, made it possible to logically and consistently solve scientific problems in the interests of achieving the research goal. The practical application of the research results can be applied in academic courses on regional history, local history and patriotic education, which is especially relevant in modern times.
Keywords: Ulyanovsk region, machine-technological (tractor) stations (MTS), forest protection stations (LZS), collective farm, machine operator, tractor, combine harvester
Ganin G.I. (Moscow). The The Main Problems of the Moscow Industry on the Eve of the Start of 1965 Kosygin Reform
GEORGIY IVANOVICH GANIN
3rd year Postgraduate,
Department of Social and Economic History of Russia,
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
119571, Moscow, Vernadskogo Ave., 82, str. 1,
E-mail: yegor.ganin@yandex.ru
Abstract. By the mid-1960s the Soviet Union economics, and in particular its industry, faced a number of negative phenomena that required the state economic policy changes, better known as the 1965 Kosygin reform. Some of them (decrease of capital productivity, low rate of development of group «B» industries, longer terms to entry into service of capital construction objects, slow adoption of scientific and technical advances, misallocation of labor resources, defects of territorial-sovnarkhoz management system, excessive regulation of economic activities of enterprises, defects of the established planning system) referred in his report to the September (1965) CPSU Central Committee plenum Soviet Prime Minister A.N. Kosygin. The research conducted in this article on the basis of archival documents of Moscow City Party organization, materials of press allowed to identify such unfavorable phenomena at the regional level, typical for the Moscow industry in the pre-reform period.
Keywords: the 1965 Kosygin reform, Moscow, the industry of Moscow, the enterprise, Seven-Year Plan
Milezhik A.V. (Vladivostok). New Tasks Require New Knowledge: the Role of the Scientific School in Studying the History of Law Enforcement Agencies and Special Services in the Russian Far East
ALEXEY VIKTOROVICH MILEZHIK
Head of the Department of Humanities, Candidate of Historical Sciences
Vladivostok Branch of the Far Eastern Law Institute
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after I.F. Shilov
690087, Kotelnikova St., 21, Vladivostok
e-mail: avmilezhik@yandex.ru
Abstract. The publication examines the concept of a scientific school, defines its role in the development of scientific research, the formation and systematization of new knowledge, their dissemination and popularization, as well as their introduction into the educational process. Attention is drawn to the fact that the creation of scientific schools is a necessity of science. The article analyzes the specifics of the work of research teams in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia using the example of a scientific school for the study of the history of law enforcement agencies and special services in the Russian Far East. The contribution of the participants of the scientific school to the development of historical science, the formation of a scientific worldview, and the upbringing of the younger generation in the spirit of citizenship and patriotism is determined. The conclusion is made about the significant scientific, research, historical and educational potential of the scientific school on the history of law enforcement agencies and special services in the Russian Far East.
Keywords: history, scientific school, I.F. Shilov Far Eastern Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, law enforcement agencies, special services, the Far East, Russia
Cheryachukin M.S. (St. Petersburg). N.G. Ustryalov in the Context of Censorship Practice. The Dialogue Between the Censor and the Historian
MAXIM SERGEEVICH CHERYACHUKIN
postgraduate student of the Department of Modern History
St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences
197110, Russia, St. Petersburg, Petrozavodskaya str., 7
e-mail: 173598@mail.ru
Abstractю The outstanding historian N.G. Ustrialov holds a special place in Russian science. As the author of the first official educational and methodological complex for school education and creator of the “Pragmatic Russian History” system, he became one of the founders of Russian historiography. His works contain an extensive collection of testimonies, opinions, correspondence, reviews, and critical articles published in the press, including the official work of government agencies such as the Institute of Censorship in the Russian Empire. The purpose of this article is to highlight some episodes of N.G. Ustryalov’s business communications and censorship and to give them an overall assessment. The documents related to his name demonstrate the unusual nature of his dialogue. He is shown not only as an author working within the framework of a censor’s policy, but also as a person who was actively engaged in public life. This is a vivid example of the departmental nature of censorship. Historians are not in a subordinate position to the censor, but are on an equal footing. At the same time, this study draws attention to the development of Russian historiography, recording discussions on individual historical issues, and indicating the opinions of parties on events and personalities. Censorship practices are given special attention in the study, including the order of work with historical materials, the development of regulatory frameworks for censorship, and the recording of the opinions of censors themselves. These opinions are interesting in terms of the history of thought.
Keywords: The Main Directorate of Censorship, St. Petersburg Censorship Committee, the committee was established on April 2, 1848, Nikita Ivanovich Butyrsky, Nikolai Gerasimovich Ustryalov, Nikolai Sergeevich Artsybashev, Alexander Fomich Veltman, Jacques Margeret, Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan, Sigismund Herberstein
Kozhukhar A.Yu. (Moscow). The Life and Creative Path of V.I. Agapkin Before the October Revolution of 1917
ALEXEY YURIEVICH KOZHUKHAR
Assistant to the Head of the Academic Order “For Merits
in Culture and Art” of the Song and Dance Ensemble
of the National Guard of the Russian Federation
107031, Moscow, Bolshaya Lubyanka St., 13/16
e-mail: alexeiriabtzev@yandex.ru
Abstract. The presented article is devoted to the life and creative path of the Soviet military conductor and composer, the author of the famous Russian march “Farewell to a Slavic Girl“, Colonel Vasily Ivanovich Agapkin for the period from the moment of his birth in 1884 to the October Revolution of 1917. Agapkin is a very bright, talented and original personality. Not every military conductor ends his service with the rank of colonel, and even the head of an exemplary orchestra of one of the law enforcement agencies. The fact that without a higher musical education, Agapkin reached such heights suggests that he was a very talented, hardworking and purposeful officer and man. All his life, even after his retirement, he devoted himself to military music, and through it to serving the Fatherland. The relevance of the article is due to the lack of accurate data in historical sources on the most important dates in the conductor’s biography, documented. The main objective of the article is to analyze and summarize all documented facts from sources containing information about the biography of V.I. Agapkin. The ultimate goal is to compile an accurate biography of Vasily Ivanovich for the period 1884-1917.
Keywords: military conductor, composer and bandmaster V.I. Agapkin biography, service in orchestra
Shchedrin V.A. (Moscow). Historical Memory of the Cold War and the New Cold War
VIKTOR ANDREEVICH SHCHEDRIN
applicant of the Faculty of Public Administration, Department of Management in the Sphere of Interethnic and Interfaith Relations, Lomonosov Moscow State University
123100, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1
e–mail: viktor–stchedrin@mail.ru
Abstract. The relevance of the study of the new Cold War is due to the growing global tensions and changes in international relations, primarily between Russia and the West. Since the mid-2000s, there has been an increase in confrontation, from the war in Georgia and the annexation of Crimea, to contemporary realities, whose texts are full of rhetorical hostility, ideological confrontation and a new level of conflicts such as cyber warfare. It is important to realize that the new Cold War is not a simple replica of the 20th century Cold War, but a unique context where historical, sociocultural and political factors coexist. The growing distrust between states, the revival of nationalism and new forms of conflict require deep analysis and an interdisciplinary approach to the study of contemporary international relations.
Keywords: new Cold War, Russia, the West, international relations, political rhetoric, cyber warfare, stereotypes, economic rivalry, ideological confrontation, diplomacy