Shorokhov V.A., Krasutsky S.A., Antonyuk M.V. (St. Petersburg). The Balkh conflict of 1646-1647 in the materials of the Russian ambassador to Iran G.V. Bulgakov

VLADIMIR ANDREEVICH SHOROKHOV
PhD, associate prof. of St. Petersburg State University,
199034, Mendeleevskaya line, 5. St. Petersburg. Russia.
e-mail: v.shorohov@spbu.ru

STANISLAV ANDREEVICH KRASUTSKY
Saint Petersburg University
7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St Petersburg, Russia, 199034
e-mail: lgd1987@yandex.ru

MIKHAIL VALENTINOVICH ANTONYUK
Petersburg State University, 199034.
199034, Mendeleevskaya line, 5. St. Petersburg. Russia.
e-mail: antonyukmv@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article aims to introduce the text from the report list of the Tsar’s envoy Grigory Vasilyevich Bulgakov, reflecting the developments that unfolded in 1647-1648. “Battle of the Nations” for Balkh. The latter was a part of the border conflict between the Safavids and the Mughals in 1646-1647. There was an internecine war between representatives of the Ashtarkhanid dynasty – Nadr Muhammad Khan, Subhan Quli Khan, Abd al-Aziz Khan. Each contender for a strategically important oasis was looking for allies and support “from above.” G. Bulgakov, who had been working in Safavid Iran in 1647-1648, “secretly” collected information from participants and witnesses of these significant events. Most of the powers of the region were involved in the confrontation including Uzbek, Kazakh and Turkmen tribes, Qizilbash troops, Rajput warriors. The data provided by the envoy in his list reveals many significant details such as constant negotiations that accompanied all the period of the conflict.
Keywords: Russian-Iranian relations, Safavids, Abbas II, Alexei Mikhailovich, publication of sources, envoy’s report, Grigory Bulgakov

Mudrova N.P. (Maykop). Methodological problems in work with oral (folklore) sources of the North Caucasian peoples

NATALIYA PETROVNA MUDROVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
 Associate Professor of the National History,
Historiography, Theory and Methodology of History Department
FSBEI HE “Adyghe State University”
385000, Republic of Adygea, Maykop, Pervomaiskaya Street, 208
e-mail: mudrowa-nataliya@mail.ru

Abstract. The article reveals methodological problems in work with oral (folklore) sources of the North Caucasian peoples until the 19th and early 20th centuries. They did not have writing and kept the memory of the past in a special codified form. They passed it on from one generation to another in oral form. In this regard, folklore performed an important, although not perfect, function of preserving the historical memory of ethnic groups about the past. Folklore material is especially relevant during the reconstruction of the initial history of the North Caucasian peoples. The peculiarity of this type of historical sources requires a special approach to its study. It would be rational to take a comprehensive approach in working with folklore texts. The author uses general scientific, specifically historical, interdisciplinary theoretical approaches as well as methodological experience. On its basis, carry out source study work with texts, identifying in them information that is significant for the researcher, developing new methods of study.
Keywords: oral (folklore) sources, collection, North Caucasus, people, method, memory, plot, classification, typology

Shchukin S.V. (St. Petersburg). The Councils of Toledo and the Visigothic monarchy in the 630s: limitation or guarantee of the king’s power?

SERGEY VLADIMIROVICH SHCHUKIN
1st year graduate student, Department of History of the Middle Ages, Institute of History, St. Petersburg State University
198095, Metrostroevtsev st., 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: st061190@student.spbu.ru

Abstract. The article focuses on the period 621-639 in the Visigothic Kingdom and attempts to explain the role of the Councils of Toledo in the political life of the country. The author examines the reigns of Suintila, Sisenand, and Chintila and their relationship with the church on the base of the texts of the early-medieval chronicles and the decisions of the Councils of Toledo. Royal power in Visigothic Spain is described by author as initially strong, which allowed the kingdom to survive the crisis of the dynasty in the early 7th century. The author notes that Suintila had a poor relationship with the nobility, which led to his overthrow. The church was forced to support Sisenand, which seriously weakened the kings authority. In order to avoid new rebellions, Sisenand and his successor Chintila had to convene the Councils of Toledo three times in 6 years, where the church gave repeated guarantees of the king’s authority. However, in doing so, many powers also were transferred to the church and the election of a king was introduced, this reform is described as damaging to dynastic power in Spain. The author suggests that the Councils of Toledo failed to secure royal authority and gradually transferred all instruments of control over the kingdom into the hands of the church.  The article is based on a wide range of sources, including the decrees of the Councils of Toledo and various Spanish chronicles.
Keywords: Visigothic Kingdom, Councils of Toledo, Suintila, Sisenand, Chintila, Early Middle Ages, Spanish Church

Filatov A.A. (St. Petersburg). The struggle with impact of Judaism in legislation of Theodosius the Great

ALEXEY FILATOV
PhD student, Institute of History,
Saint Petersburg State University
7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034
Saint Petersburg, Russia
e-mail: alexfil1997@mail.ru

Abstract. The article is dedicated to the features and specificity of interaction of Roman Empire with the Jewish communities located within its’ territory. Theodosian Code remains to be the chief and most detailed source on this topic. In this period, Roman legislation increasingly begins to be influenced by Church tradition. It predominantly concerned non-Christian segment of population. Unlike antique paganism, becoming a thing of the past, Judaism in Roman Empire proceeded to hold its’ positions. Since Constantine the Great, an active campaign launches to confine the impact of Judaism. The preserved fragments of Theodosian Code inform us that multiple Jews not only kept to follow their religious customs, but also spread them among Gentiles and Christians. In efforts to confront Jewish proselytism, Christian emperors promulgated the special laws aimed to confine conversions to Judaism. These restrictive measures have become more frequent under Theodosius the Great and represent a new stage in Roman-Jewish relations amid the process of Christianization of the Empire. This period will become a crucial one in history of the Jewish world and its’ further existence during the Middle Ages.
Keywords: Roman Empire, Theodosius the Great, Christianity, Judaism, proselytism, Roman legislation, Theodosian Code

Verdieva L.A. (Moscow). Authority and sacrality after the Mongol invasion under Timur (1336–1405) and his descendants

LEYLA ASADOVNA VERDIEVA
PhD Student, Department of Middle and Near East History,
Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University
11991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Leninkiye gory, 1
e-mail: leylatotoro@gmail.com

Abstract. The concept of a ruler chosen by God as an intermediary between Himself and mankind has roots in the pre-Islamic era. In Islamic Iran it was presented by baraka – “blessing”, divine grace bestowed by God. The death of the Abbasid caliph in 1258 put an end to such notions, and the subsequent Mongol and Timurid sovereigns no more considered themselves as carriers of baraka. Taking all the above mentioned into account, the study of the ideological justifications for the claims of political power of the rulers in Post-Mongol Iran is of particular interest. The article examines the so-called desacralization of the rule’s status after the 13th century, which can be observed in the example of the Timurid dynasty. The current study also focuses on the alternative hierarchy of power, developed by Eastern Iranian mystics as well as later attempts to combine functions of the “saint” and the ruler; the most successful one resulted in the creation of the Safavid state at the beginning of the 16th century.
Keywords: shaykh, ruler, authority, sacrality, saint, Iran, awliya, Timurids, Safavids

Moroz T.O. (Moscow). English emigrant nobles in Italy during the reign of Mary I Tudor (1553-1558)

TIMOFEY OLEGOVICH MOROZ
Postgraduate student of the Department of History of the Middle Ages, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
119234, Lomonosovsky prospekt, 27 building 4., Moscow
e-mail: moroz.timofey.o@gmail.com

Abstract. The article examines the issue of the residence of English aristocrats in exile during the reign of Mary I Tudor (1553-1558), drawing upon the material of English noble emigration to Italy between 1555 and 1558. The purpose of the research is to identify differences between the organization and activities of English emigrant groups in Italy and those in Germany and Switzerland. The study also aims to identify patterns in the behavior of English expatriates in Italy and to examine the circumstances surrounding the residence in Italy of prominent members of the English aristocracy. The study is based on a variety of sources, including correspondence between expatriates, documents, and narratives compiled by expatriates themselves. Two key centers of English emigration in Italy are the focus of the analysis: Padua and Venice. An analysis of the composition and organizational structures of the communities residing here allows us to conclude that they differed significantly from the emigrant groups formed in German and Swiss territories. These communities were dominated by nobility, and were not structured like churches or composed of families or households. Instead, they consisted of groups of noblemen, often traveling with entourages. The author pays particular attention to the analysis of the cases of Sir Peter Carew, Francis Russell, and Edward Courtney. Drawing on the material from these cases, the author reveals the characteristics of the experience of nobles in exile: their interactions with authorities, issues related to the organization of exile, and the nature of their movements. The author identifies a behavioral pattern characteristic of members of this branch of emigration. These individuals sought to distance themselves from political and religious disputes, remaining in a state of opposition. They also preferred to receive education, including both university studies at prestigious University of Padua and introduction to the culture of Renaissance Italy.
Keywords: Reformation in England, Сounter-Reformation, Marian exile, emigrant communities, University of Padua, Peter Carew, Francis Russell, Edward Courtney

Subbotin V.I. (Moscow). Criticism of the Frankfurt National Assembly in German Political Lyrics 1848-1849

VLADISLAV IGOREVICH SUBBOTIN
Postgraduate student; Department of Modern and Contemporary History of European and American Countries, Lomonosov Moscow State University 119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4
e-mail: vladislavsubbotin98@yandex.ru

Abstract. This article examines the poetic responses to the activities of the Frankfurt National Assembly. Publications of poetry in politically oriented newspapers and magazines, as well as individual poetry collections, are used as sources. The work focuses on a critical, mostly satirical line of assessment of the activities of the first parliament during the revolution of 1848-1849. The work examines both institutional criticism of parliament and attacks on individual parliamentary factions and prominent political leaders of St. Paul’s Church, as well as disapproving assessments of government decisions they make. The article suggests a significant role of political lyrics in the formation of a negative image of the Frankfurt Parliament in the eyes of the public, which contributed to the embezzlement of its already modest political capital.
Keywords: Frankfurt National Assembly, Revolution of 1848-1849, political lyrics, Austrian Empire, unification of Germany

Zaytsev A.A. (Moscow). The female face of Hindu nationalism: the activities of the Rashtriya Sevika Samiti and Durga Vahini organizations in India

ANDREY ALEXEEVICH ZAYTSEV
2nd year postgraduate student at the Center for Indian Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
107031, Russia, Moscow, Rozhdestvenka str., 12
e-mail: andrey.zaytsev1998@yandex.ru

Abstract. The Hindutva ideology, which many researchers denote as Hindu nationalism, began to take shape at the end of the 19th century against the background of the reform movement in Hinduism, it developed noticeably in the first half of the 20th century during the national liberation movement in India thanks to the activities of its leaders V.D. Savarkar and M.S. Golvalkar. This ideology represents a model of India’s development from the point of view of the traditions and values of Hinduism, the country’s dominant religion. After India gained independence, Hindu nationalism became the main ideological opponent to secular Indian nationalism, which is represented by the Indian National Congress and some other parties. Today, the Hindutva ideology is the basis of both the domestic and foreign policy of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India and the current Prime Minister of the state, Narendra Modi, as well as other organizations, which are united in a single network called the Sangh Parivar. It also includes two organizations dealing with the issues of women and their position in Indian society – Rashtriya Sevika Samiti (the women’s wing of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) and Durga Vahini (the women’s wing of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad). The article covers the history of the creation and development of these organizations, main directions of their activities, the biographies of their leaders, how the Rashtriya Sevika Samiti and Durga Vahini see the role of women in Indian society.
Keywords: India, Hindutva, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Rashtriya Sevika Samiti, Durga Vahini, Vishwa Hindu Parishad

Naumova N.N., Yakimova M.O. (Moscow). The Western Balkans: Challenges and Prospects for European Integration (2003-2021)

NATALIA NIKOLAEVNA NAUMOVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, 4
e-mail: naumovafrance@yandex.ru 

MARIA OLEGOVNA YAKIMOVA
Postgraduate student of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, 4
e-mail: marie.yakimova27@mail.ru 

Abstract. This article examines the process of European integration of the countries of the Western Balkans and analyzes various aspects of the foreign and domestic policies of the European Union (EU) towards this region. The authors, after studying the historical context and key events starting with the Thessaloniki Summit in 2003 which gave rise to this process, evaluate the progress in accession negotiations especially for countries like Serbia and Montenegro which at the turn of the decade were closest to joining the integration community. The text shows the main challenges faced by countries seeking to join the EU such as resolving territorial disputes and meeting the Copenhagen criteria. Particular attention is given to political and economic issues such as corruption, organized crime, and economic backwardness faced by candidate countries. The scientific study also raises issues related to Serbia’s multivector policy, including its relations with Russia, China, and the impact of these relationships on the country’s prospects for joining the EU. It also discusses the problems between Bulgaria and Northern Macedonia, their impact on Northern Macedonia’s accession process to the European Union, and the difficulties faced by other countries in the region trying to join the “big European family”. Today, despite the political advantages of expanding the EU into the Western Balkans to strengthen its international authority, it remains a challenging task due to internal and external obstacles that have not yet been overcome.
Keywords: European Union, Western Balkans, integration, Serbia, Montenegro, Copenhagen criteria, territorial disputes, negotiation process, international relations

Gerasimova A.I. (Arkhangelsk). Sacral space and architecture of the Summer Coast of the White Sea

ALYONA IGOREVNA GERASIMOVA
Associate Researcher
of the Scientific Center of Traditional Culture and Museum Preservation N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
163020, Russia, Arkhangelsk, Nikolsky Ave., 20
e-mail: gerasimova.a@fciarctic.ru

Abstract. In the article on the basis of archival documents and field materials the sacral space and architecture of the tract Kurtiaevo, located on the Letnij coast of the White Sea, are considered. A tract of land was called an area different from the surrounding area. It is any natural sign, measure, natural boundary marker, such as: a river, a mountain, a ravine, a mane, a forest (V.I. Dahl). In the sacralisation of the territory and cherished place lies the meeting of man with the divine, something inexplicable, which becomes an incentive motive for creating a religious space. Thus, according to one of the legends, an image of St Alexis, the Man of God, appeared on a tree stump in Kurtiaevo. Later a chapel was built on this place. The Orthodox space of the historical and cultural landscape of the Kurtiajevo tract included the church of St Alexis, the Man of God; two chapels and several mineral water springs, among which the Talez brook with holy water stands out. The sacral space of the tract reflected the peasant tradition of organising Orthodox space. The study, based on a comprehensive approach, describes the Kurtiaevo tract as a sacral space created and deified by Russian peasants-pomors, located on the Letnij coast of the White Sea and identifies the main markers of the formation of this sacral landscape.
Keywords: sacral landscape, Russian North, temple, chapel, holy spring, architectural and constructional features

Tichonova V.B. (St. Petersburg). On the characteristics of religious boundaries in Russia in the 17th century

VERA B. TICHONOVA
Docent, candidate of cultural science
St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technology and Design,
191186, St. Petersburg, ul. Bolshaya Morskaya, 18
e-mail: veritas_24@mail.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the religious borders of Russia in the 17th century. The characteristic features of the spiritual boundaries that ran in the early modern era between Russian Orthodoxy and other Christian denominations are examined. In the context of the spiritual boundaries of the 17th century. The relations of Russians to fellow believers – Orthodox immigrants from the East and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – are also considered. And also – the peculiarities of the confrontation during the early schism between the Old Believers and the Nikonians, who formed new spiritual boundaries within Russian Orthodoxy. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, taking into account historical, cultural, and philosophical studies, the author characterizes various aspects of the religious boundaries of pre-Petrine Russia: differences in attitudes towards Catholics and Protestants; features of the protective policy under the first Romanovs; features of spiritual boundaries and problems of violating them. The main stages of the transformation of the religious borders of Russia in the 17th century are also highlighted: the negativization of attitudes towards people of other faiths and the tendency to strengthen spiritual boundaries after the Time of Troubles; a strict protective policy under the first Romanov and the almost complete closure of religious borders; increased interest in spiritual influences from the Orthodox East and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which showed tendencies towards blurring spiritual boundaries; carrying out church reform in the spirit of compliance with foreign co-religionists and the beginning of a confrontation between supporters and opponents of maintaining the former religious borders of Russia; the formation of new spiritual boundaries within Russian Orthodoxy – between the reformed official Church and the Old Believers.
Keywords: religious boundaries, Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodox co-religionists, protective policy, church schism, secularization

Geliskhanova M.A., Muzhuhoeva E.D. (Magas). Christianization of the Ingush in the XVIII century

MADINA ALIEVNA GELISKHANOVA
2nd year graduate student,
Ingush State University.
Idris Zyazikov Avenue, 7, Magas, 386001, Russia,
e-mail: madina-06@bk.ru

ELZA DZhUNIDOVNA MUZhUHOEVA
Professor the Department of History
Ingush State University
Idris Zyazikov Avenue, 7, Magas, 386001, Russia,
e-mail: elzadm@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article examines the Christianization of the Ingush in the 18th century. The historical context of this period, associated with the spread of Christianity by the Ingush, is analyzed using various sources and historical data. Special attention is paid to the impact of Christianity on traditional Ingush beliefs and traditions. The study of the Christianization of the Ingush in the 18th century is important for understanding the interaction between different cultures and religions, as well as for studying the historical and cultural heritage of the Ingush people. The Christianization of the Ingush is the process of converting the Ingush to Christianity, which began in the XVIII century and continued into the XIX century. The process of Christianization of the Ingush included the use of various methods and strategies, including the missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. The missionaries, while promoting the new religion, did not fight against traditional Ingush beliefs and customs.
Keywords: pantheon, syncretism, pagan beliefs, Christianity, Ingush, socio-cultural consequences, 18th century, Orthodox Church, missionary activity

Artemenkova K.P. (St. Petersburg). British newspapers about the palace coup of Elizabeth Petrovna on 25 November 1741

KSENIYA PAVLOVNA ARTEMENKOVA
Postgraduate student of St. Petersburg University.
199034, Russia, St. Petersburg, Mendeleyevskaya Liniya, 5.
e-mail: artemen-ksen@mail.ru 

Abstract. Based on publications from 16 British newspapers and magazines, the paper analyses the perception of the British society of the palace coup on 25 November 1741. The British press showed increased interest in the «unexpected» change of power in Russia. Newspaper sources allowed us to identify different versions of the conspiracy against the Brunswick regime, the chronology of the coup, as well as its most important perpetrators. Reports from foreign newspapers give an idea of the first assessments and opinions of the British regarding the causes and consequences of the fall of the Brunswick family. British newspaper reporters were well aware of the events that shaped Elizabeth Petrovna’s rise to power, but they based the news not only on reports from foreign residents but also largely on propaganda texts beneficial to the new Russian government. Despite rare critical attacks by Western European politicians and publishers regarding the legality of Elizabeth Petrovna’s rights to the imperial crown, the image of Peter I’s daughter in the early days of her reign was presented in the British press very positively.
Keywords: the palace coup on 25 November 1741, Elizabeth Petrovna, the Brunswick family, John VI, Anna Leopoldovna, Anton Ulrich, Prince of Hesse-Homburg, the British press of the XVIII century, rossiсa

Nazarov A.N. (Boksitogorsk). Russian peasantry’s mood in the years of Stolypin’s agrarian reform (on the material of Northern and Western provinces of Russia)

ARTYOM NIKOLAEVICH NAZAROV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Boksitogorsk Institute (branch) Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin
22 Vishnyakova str., Boksitogorsk, Russia, 187650.
e-mail: ruin80@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article deals with the specificity of peasantry’s consciousness during Stolypin’s agrarian reform. The research has been carried out on the material of northern and western provinces of Russia. The author has shown the interconnection between the reform and the Russian government’s intention of liquidating the village community, the latter being treated as a main factor of peasantry’s addresses during the Russian revolution in 1905-1907. Special attention is paid to the degeneration of peasantry’s community and its social stratification. Due to this process there appeared different peasant classes such as poor peasants, middle peasants and wealthy peasants (kulaks), their attitudes to the reform being varied. For example, leaving the community and rendering land a property depended on what peasant class a person belonged to. Illustrated factors that preconditioned the indicated attitudes. It has been shown that the dissatisfied peasants resorted to both passive and active forms of confrontation directed against the government and fellow villagers as well.
Keywords: Stolypin’s reform, peasantry, peasant community, peasant community consciousness, mass consciousness, North-West Russia

Litvinov V.P. (Yelets). About the organization of the detective police in Russian Turkestan

VYACHESLAV PETROVICH LITVINOV
candidate of historical sciences
Stepana Razina St, Yelets, Lipetsk Region, Russia, 399740
SPIN-код: 9120-1652, AuthorID: 1055060
e-mail: litvi-nov.slav@yandex.ru)

Abstract. The article is devoted to the issue of organizing the detective criminal police in the pre-revolutionary Russian regions of Central Asia (Russian Turkestan). The author notes that the history of Russian detective work has a deep history, which, however, did not lead to its stable institutionalization. Meanwhile, the increase in crime in the second half of the 19th century prompted the government to organize detective departments in St. Petersburg, Moscow and other large cities of the country. There were no such institutions in Russian Turkestan, and the functions of criminal investigation were performed by the police of the War Ministry. It was only in 1908 that the Institute of Criminal Investigation was established in Tsarist Russia and its branches were organized throughout the country. In 1911 it was extended to the regions of the Turkestan region. Its structures had different ranks. According to the author, this circumstance contributed to the strengthening of the fight against crime and the detection of criminal cases in the region.
Keywords: Russia, Turkestani edge, criminal investigation, detective branches, categories, the State Duma, the State Counsil

Kalashnikova E.B., Mokrousov V.S. (Samara). The Soviet model of ideological and Soviet education in the troops of the active army (1917-1920)

ELENA BORISOVNA KALASHNIKOVA
associate Professor of the Department of theory of law and philosophy
 Samara State University of Economics
443090, Russia, Samara, Sovetskaya Armiya, 141
e-mail: kalashnikova-helen@yandex.ru

VYACHESLAV STANISLAVOVICH MOKROUSOV
graduate student of the Department of theory of law and philosophy
Samara State University of Economics
443090, Russia, Samara, Sovetskaya Armiya, 141
e-mail: slava163rus@mail.ru

Abstract. The system of political education that developed in the period under review was the most important factor that organized the army and ensured its victory in the Civil War. The article examines the model of ideological and Soviet education in the troops of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army in the period from 1917 to 1920. The main aspects of the political and educational work carried out with the servicemen of the Red Army during the period under review, as well as the main directions of educational work, are investigated. The relevance of the topic under study lies in the fact that the analysis of the existing system of genealogical education in the army during the Russian Civil War and their practical implementation may affect the application of historical experience in organizing military and political work in our time.
Keywords: Ideological education, Soviet education, propaganda, the Red Army, educational work, party political work

Sipeykin A.V. (Moscow). Circulars of OGPU on the realisation of the Soviet Legislation on religion in the era of the “Great Turn”

ALEXANDER VIKTOROVICH SIPEYKIN
Ph.D., associate professor of Moscow University of Industry and Finance “Synergy”
129090, Moscow, Mesсhanskaya street, 9/14, 1.
e-mail: sipeykin@yandex.ru

Abstract. This article is devoted to the circulars of OGPU as a source of the history of the antireligious and antichurch policy of the Soviet Power in the era of “Great Turn” of 1929 – 1930 years. Modern researchers analyse Soviet legislation in connection with by-laws issued by Soviet and Party organs. Circulars of the Secret Service also explain many circumstances of the Soviet Policy towards religion and believers in that period. The preamble of these documents describes the results of the realisation of the previous circulars and difficulties in implementing them. The main part of these classified documents explains main tasks of the soviet antireligious policy which weren’t exposed in other soviet and party documents. The circulars of 1929 – 1930 years testify about the shift in the antireligious policy.  OGPU switched from clandestine manipulations into overt repressions. The victims of these repressions would be both “loyal” renovationist and sectarians, and “counterrevolutionary” “tichonites”.
Keywords: Soviet antireligious policy, soviet antichurch policy, soviet legislations on religious organizations, circulars of OGPU, the “great turn”

Latushko N.N. (Moscow). Personnel policy of the Comintern through the prism of the campaign to verify and exchange party documents in the CPSU (b) in 1934-1936

NIKITA NIKOLAEVICH LATUSHKO
postgraduate student of the Department of History of Social Movements and Political Parties
Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov
119234, Russia, Moscow, Lenin Hills, building 1
E-mail: nikita.latushko@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article examines the changes that affected the personnel policy of the Communist International during the campaign to verify and exchange party documents in the CPSU (b) in 1934-1936. The interrelationships between the campaigns conducted in the CPSU(b) and the ICCI were revealed, as well as the reasons for the start of such events: doubts about the reliability of foreign communists, forgery of party tickets, lack of dossiers and information on staff members, suspicions of the existence of a spy network in foreign sections and further recognition by the leadership of the Comintern of the existing problem. It is noted that due to the influence of the campaign to verify and exchange party documents in the CPSU(b) through the Russian section and the local party committee, the staff policy of Communist International was centralized and tightened with the creation of a database of employees, later transferred to the NKVD for subsequent verification.
Keywords: Communist International, AUCP, the campaign to verify and exchange party documents, VII Congress of the Comintern, staff policy, NKVD

Grishina A.S. (Voronezh). Aviation Day and subsequent ones: combat operations of the 5th Air Army during the Iasi-Kishinev offensive operation (August 20-29, 1944)

ANNA SERGEEVNA GRISHINA
Ph.D. in Historical Sciences,
Applicant of the Department of History of Russia,
Voronezh State Pedagogical University.
394043, Russian Federation, Voronezh, ul. Leninа, 86.
e-mail: vspihist@rambler.ru

Abstract. The article provides a historical reconstruction of the sequence of combat operations of the aviation of the 5th Air Army of the 2nd Ukrainian Front in the Iasi-Kishinev strategic offensive operation. The result of the operation was the defeat of Army Group Southern Ukraine, the liberation of a significant part of the territory of Romania and its transition to the side of the United Nations. A significant role in this was played by the combat actions of the pilots of General S.K. Goryunova. The beginning of the Soviet offensive coincided with the celebration of Aviation Day (Air Fleet Day), and Soviet pilots celebrated this day with shock combat work against enemy ground forces and aircraft. Two more days later, the 5th Air Force achieved absolute air supremacy, forcing the enemy to sharply reduce the number of combat missions and forcing them to avoid air combat. In total, during the operation, army pilots carried out six times more combat missions than the enemy, and destroyed three times more German and Romanian aircraft than they lost themselves. Pilots of bombers, attack aircraft and fighters, technicians and drivers of airfield service battalions, and civilian workers behaved courageously and selflessly, and their military work was appreciated by the Motherland.
Keywords: Great Patriotic War, Romania, 5th Air Army, Iasi-Kishinev offensive operation

Lavrenov S.Ya., Polyansky M.S. (Moscow). The Second Front in Europe (on the 80th anniversary of the Normandy Operation (June 6 – August 30, 1944)

 SERGEY YAKOVLEVICH LAVRENOV
Leading Researcher, Center for Fundamental Military-Historical Problems Military University of the Ministry Defense of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Advisor to RARAN, 125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14.
 e-mail: lavrs@yandex.ru

 MIKHAIL SEMYONOVICH POLYANSKY
Chief Researcher, Center for Fundamental Military Historical Research Problems of the Military University of the Ministry Defense of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, 125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14. e-mail: m-s-pol@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article examines the evolution of the approach of the Western allies to the timeliness and expediency of opening a Second Front in Europe, substantiates that, to a large extent, it was due to the desire to obtain the maximum possible political benefits from the invasion of Europe; reveals the subsequent falsification of this event in Western historiography, based on the assertion of the decisive contribution of Western countries to the victory over fascism. Attention is drawn to the political maneuvering of British Prime Minister W. Churchill and US President F. Roosevelt, who sought to delay the process of opening the Second Front as much as possible, thereby transferring the main military burden to the Red Army, and not to their own armed forces. The role of Joseph Visarionovich Stalin in persuading the Allies to open the Second Front is noted. An assessment is made of the modern hypocritical policy of the former allies of the USSR, who did not invite the leadership of the Russian Federation to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the Normandy operation, but considered it possible to share the celebration with the “overdue” president of Ukraine.
Keywords: The Second Front in Europe, Operation Sledgehammer, Operation Roundup, disinformation operation Bodigard, the Normandy landings (Operation Overlord)

Franсev A.P. (Moscow). The 1947 reorganisation of the Propaganda (Information) Department in the context of the trade union policy of the Soviet military administration in Germany

ALEKSANDR PETROVICH FRANСEV
Postgraduate student in the 2nd year of
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
Faculty of History,
Department of Russian History XX-XXI centuries.
1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
ORCID: 0000-0002-4955-1853.
e-mail: allekkssf@gmail.com

Abstract. On 6 June 1945, the Soviet Military Administration was organised in the Soviet zone of occupation of Germany in accordance with a decree of the USSR Council of People’s Commissars. In the course of its operation until 1949, it was repeatedly reorganised, changing its structure and areas of activity. The first major reorganisation took place in 1947, and the entire structure of the SWAG was changed. This article examines the process of reorganisation of the SWAG in 1947, using the Propaganda Department as an example. It analyses and systematises the studied aspects of the reorganisation of the Propaganda Department, and on the basis of new documents, which have not been previously introduced into the scientific circulation, offers a new perspective on this process. The relevance of the article is conditioned by the fact that the Propaganda Department of the SWAG and its reorganisation are examined from a new aspect – trade union policy. The study concludes that the reorganisation of the Propaganda Department in 1947 was not a turning point in the management of trade unions and did not directly lead to significant changes in this aspect.
Keywords: USSR, Red Army, military administration, Soviet occupation zone, Propaganda Department

Baturin A.S. (Kemerovo). Historiographic review of scientific works on the topic of the domestic automotive industry in 1946 – 1965

ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH BATURIN
lecturer at the Department of General Education Disciplines
branch of the federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education
“Central Music School – Academy of Performing Arts”
“Siberian”
650056, Russian Federation, Kemerovo, st. Voroshilova 22b
e-mail: Alex-910891@mail.ru

Abstract. The article provides a historiographical review of scientific works on the topic of the domestic automotive industry in the first post-war decades. The author identified the stages with justification of the chronological framework, which covers the period from the mid-1940s. It shows not only specific works, but also the territorial principle. Analyzing the collected material, scientific works of various nature were presented: from small articles to works consisting of several parts. Such a work of a popular science nature was written by L. M. Shugurov entitled “Cars of Russia and the USSR.” It is divided into 3 parts according to a chronological principle and in its general form traces the dynamics of the development of road transport since the end of the 19th century. and until the end of the 1990s. In a separate question, the author classified dissertations on a similar topic. The article identified 6 groups: passenger transportation, road safety, highways, operation of road transport, automotive industry and road transport of regions of the USSR. It is noteworthy that all dissertations belong to the last identified stage, which began in the late 1980s. This suggests that historians have become interested in road transport relatively recently. In conclusion, the author highlights the role of the development of motor transport in the region.
Keywords: Kemerovo region, historiography, automotive industry, all-Soviet, all-Siberian, regional

Solentsova E.A., Ibragimov R.E. (Samara). International cooperation of the Research Institute “Giprokauchuk” in the 1950-1960s in the context of the technological revolution in the USSR and the world

ELENA ALEKSEEVNA SOLENTSOVA
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy and History, Samara State Economic University
443090, Samara, st. Soviet Army, 141
e-mail: solentsova2009@mail.ru

ROMAN ELSHADOVICH IBRAGIMOV
graduate student, Samara State Economic University
443090, Samara, st. Soviet Army, 141
e-mail: ibragimov.ra@mail.ru 

Abstract. This article examines the international activities of the «Giprokauchuk» Research Institute in the 1950-1960s – a period of significant transformations in the economy under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution. Based on archival data, the most pressing scientific problems for the USSR were identified, the development of which was carried out by scientific and technical employees of the «Giprokauchuk» Research Institute. The materials studied made it possible to correlate their significance for domestic and world science.

The authors of this study note trends that persisted in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution and the deployment of the “chemicalization of the national economy” program in the USSR, associated with the problems of technological re-equipment of domestic enterprises with the latest developments in the field of chemistry. Scientific research in the USSR, as it seems to us, was ahead of the possibilities of re-equipping industrial enterprises, despite significant institutional changes in the management level.

The policy of “peaceful coexistence” during the Cold War expanded opportunities for international contacts. In the 1950s-1960s the USSR sought to build relations on terms of “reciprocity.” Scientific and technological transfer (exchange) was provided by scientists and engineers working at the research institute through participation in international congresses, conferences, and review of foreign specialized scientific and technical literature. Thanks to mutual exchange, largely between the “people’s democracies”, there are a number of completed projects and turnkey enterprises in the world. Specialists from the «Giprokauchuk» Research Institute have successfully implemented projects in Eastern Europe and China.
Keywords: research institute, international relations, USSR, technology transfer, Soviet scientific community, Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

Vorob’ev D.A. (Kirovsk, Leningrad region). Transcripts of messages and memoirs about the underground movement of the Leningrad region as a historical source

DMITRIY ALEXANDROVICH VOROB’EV
Postgraduate student
Saint Petersburg Institute of History Russian Academy of Sciences
197110, Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Petrozavodskaya,7.
 Lecturer
Museum-reserve “Breakthrough of the Siege of Leningrad”
 187342, Russian Federation, Leningrad region, Kirovsk, Ladoga bridge, 2.
e-mail: dmitrij_vorobev_96@mail.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to transcripts of messages and memoirs about the underground movement of the Leningrad region, which are presented in the Central State Administrative Committee of St. Petersburg in two funds: P-4000, which were recorded by employees of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of History of the CPSU(b), and P-4788L, which were recorded by employees of the section of veterans of the partisan movement at the Museum of History of Leningrad. Most of the transcripts were recorded in the 1950s – 70s, when the Battle of Leningrad was actively studied by Soviet historians. Both former underground workers and underground leaders, as well as researchers, took part in their recording. Based on their analysis, the author concluded that they have been preserved in small numbers to this day. They are reliable sources, since their authors used various archival materials, as well as their own memories, confirmed either by documents or by the memories of other participants. With the help of them, many different aspects of the underground movement of the Leningrad region can be considered, which have not yet been covered by historians. Most of the transcripts given in the article were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, since the process of studying them began not so long ago.
Keywords: Leningrad region, Battle for Leningrad, underground movement, transcripts, Central State Archive of historical and political documents of St. Petersburg

Kudryavtsev V.Yu. (Kursk). Contribution of the Soviet-Vietnamese Friendship Society to the development of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976-1985

VLADISLAV YURIEVICH KUDRYAVTSEV
postgraduate student of the Department of History of Russia, Kursk State University
305000, Kursk region, Kursk, st. Radishcheva, 33
e-mail: kudrvl62@mail.ru

Abstract. The article deals with the activities of the Soviet-Vietnamese Friendship Society, the results of which had a positive impact on the development of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976-1985. It is noted that the Soviet-Vietnamese Friendship Society acted as a key link between the peoples of the two countries. On the basis of the analysis of the documents of the central Russian archives it is concluded that the significant contribution of the Soviet-Vietnamese Friendship Society was traced within the framework of creating conditions for the exchange of experience and establishing personal contacts between Soviet and Vietnamese specialists, accelerating the adaptation of the experience accumulated by industrial, educational, research and agricultural organizations of the USSR to the conditions of Vietnam, increasing the level of knowledge of the Russian language by the citizens of the SRV, improving the equipment of educational institutions of the allied countries. At the same time, the contribution of the OSVD to the development of the Vietnamese economy was limited because the main tasks of the Society were related to information and propaganda, cultural and educational activities.
Keywords: Soviet-Vietnamese Friendship Society, USSR, SRV, public organizations, international contacts of the Soviet Union, people’s diplomacy

Kushkhov A.Kh. (Moscow). Career trajectories of the top leadership of the CPSU 1985–1991

ANZOR KHACHIMOVICH KUSHKHOV
graduate student of the chair of history of political parties and social movements
Moscow State University
119234, Russia, Moscow, Leninskiye gory, corp. 1
E-mail: P602F@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article is dedicated to the career trajectories of the members of the highest leadership of the CPSU, presented by the Politbyuro and the Secretariate of the Central Committee. The comparison of the compound of the highest leadership during the beginning and the end of the Perestroika is provided. It is detected, that during the Perestroika the traditional Soviet type of industrial leader had lost its former relevance, and at the end of the existence of the CPSU, the leaders with atypical career trajectories had received the most influential positions in the ruling bodies of the party. At the same moment, the leaders of republican communist parties had been included in the Politbyuro, which meant the de-facto “confederalization” of the party. The reasons that influenced the dramatical change of the career trajectories in the highest leadership are shown: transformation of the Soviet society, ideological discordance in the party, democratization of the political system of the USSR and M. S. Gorbachev’s personal pursuit to form a team of sympathizers. It is noticed, that during the end of the Perestroika the rotation of political leaders went out of control of its initiators and turned into separate process, that reflected the disintegration of the party.
Keywords: CPSU, Perestroika, M. S. Gorbachev, highest leadership of the CPSU, 27th Congress of the CPSU, 28th Congress of the CPSU, The April plenary session 1985

Shlomova A.I. (Krasnoyarsk). Settlement characteristics on the territory of Prichulym’e in the middle of the XIX century

ANNA IGOREVNA SHLOMOVA
2nd year master’s student at the Department of History of Russia, World and Regional Civilizations, Humanitarian Institute, Siberian Federal University
660041, Krasnoyarsk, Svobodny Ave., 79
e-mail: kvant41@mail.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of Achinsk district settlements of the mid 19 century. The author attempts to research the settlement structure, the role of roads and rivers, characteristics of toponymy compared with West Siberia and Russian North. The aim of the article is to define the characteristics of the typical settlements in the Achinsk district. The subject of the research is the settlement net within Achinsk district in the middle of the XIX century. The research in based on frontier modernization concept as the way to study peoples’ interaction zones in the conditions of «land-developing syndrome». The statistic method of data processing and the etymological method of local toponyms interpretation are also used to reveal the character and the specifics in the analyzed territory development. Among the historical sources of the research the statistical publication «The lists of settlements in Russian Empire according to the data of 1859» is considered to be the principle one. As a result, typical class and size of Achinsk district settlements was revealed. An average size of Achinsk settlements was close to West Siberia ones, and significantly exceeded the settlement size in central part of the Empire. The peculiarities of oikonym usage were also revealed in the research. The completed analysis showed that land-developing strategy in Achinsk district was based on the integration with local indigenous culture: while founding new settlements in Prichulym’e Russian old-inhabitants mostly used and preserved local Turkic hydronyms compared with possessive character of such process in West Siberia.
Keywords: Achinsk, dvornost, settlement, Prichulym’e, expansion, toponymy

Kazarenko D.S. (Donetsk). The importance of teaching modern historical knowledge in the paradigm of collective memory

DARIA SERGEEVNA KAZARENKO
Postgraduate student of the Faculty of History, Donetsk State University
283048, Russian Federation, Donetsk People’s Republic, Donetsk, ul. Universitetskaya, 24
e-mail: danira.13@mail.ru

Abstract. The article considers the role and significance of historical knowledge, which has a significant impact on the formation of collective memory. The author focuses on the timeliness of the development and approval of the foundations of state policy in the field of history education, and considers the discipline of ‘History’ as a meta-subject polycomponent system that combines multi-vector narratives of both world and national history as the most important factor that unites the past, present and future of the state. Special attention is paid to the issue of developing and approving the foundations of state policy in the field of history education in the Russian Federation. This policy not only promotes historical literacy, but also helps to shape civic identity and patriotism, develop critical thinking and analytical skills among citizens, and emphasises the importance of the meta-educational approach in the process of educating young people. As an example of a meta-subject approach to teaching the discipline ‘National History’ and increasing students’ interest in contemporary events, the author cites literary works devoted to both the Great Patriotic War and the Special Military Operation. In the author’s opinion, this approach will contribute not only to improving the level of historical literacy of young people, but will also preserve the link between generations, presenting history as a single holistic process rather than a set of disparate events.
Keywords: historical knowledge, historical literacy, intensionality, meta-subject approach, collective memory

Lapina I.Yu., Kargapoltsev S.Yu. (St. Petersburg). Civilization challenges and systemic problems of domestic sociogenesis. Part 4

IRINA YURIEVNA LAPINA
Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya stree t, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru

SERGEY YURIEVICH KARGAPOLTSEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru

Abstract. The article is a continuation of the authors’ reflections on world and domestic historical experience. It analyzes globalist ideas and attempts to calculate the possibilities for the future development of world civilization and Russia, as its integral part. The question of using artificial intelligence as a complex tool for civilizational perfection is being urgently raised. The idea of digital transformation, the content of the “information security doctrine” of Russia, and the “national security strategy” are explored. An assessment is made of the process of implementation of the national programs “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation”, “On the strategy for the development of the information society in the Russian Federation for 2017-2030”. The risks and “side effects” of total state control, including one of its forms – the analysis of human biometric data, are studied. The authors evaluate the globalist idea of eliminating “useless people,” whose number in the world reaches 6 billion people. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that globalization represents not only Americanism in the packaging of neocolonialism, but also the ideology of misanthropy in general.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, “new normal”, globalization, digital transformation, information security