Vorob’ev D.A. (Kirovsk). S. G. Sidorov’s Report on the Oredezh Interdistrict Underground Party Center
DMITRIY ALEXANDROVICH VOROB’EV
Lecturer
Museum-reserve “Breakthrough of the Siege of Leningrad”
187342, Russian Federation, Leningrad region, Kirovsk, Ladoga bridge, 2.
E-mail: dmitrij_vorobev_96@mail.ru
Abstract. The transcript of the report by Sergei Georgievich Sidorov, a former deputy commissar of the Komsomol regiment of the 3rd Leningrad Partisan Brigade named after A. V. German, a member of the Bureau of the Council of Veterans of the Partisan Movement of the Leningrad Region, was recorded on December 26, 1972, when he read it out at a bureau meeting. Currently, the document is kept in the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of St. Petersburg. In his report, S. G. Sidorov spoke in detail about the specifics of the work of the Oredezhsky interdistrict underground party center in the period from January 15 to March 14, 1943 on the territory of Krasnogvardeysky, Krasnoselsky, Oredezhsky and Slutsk districts. He described the conditions in which the underground activities were conducted, as well as the fate of the 12 underground workers who were part of this center. Despite the harsh weather conditions, problems with food, uniforms and the constant threat from German punitive detachments, the political and moral condition of the underground remained at a high level. They successfully performed the tasks of scouting the area and conducting propaganda among the population. The value of this source lies in the fact that it is one of the few that make it possible to trace the tragic fate of the inter-district underground party centers in the Leningrad region. Thanks to him, it is possible to study in more depth the specifics of their activities at the final stage of the resistance movement in the region.
Keywords: Great Patriotic War, Battle for Leningrad, Leningrad region, occupation, underground workers, interdistrict underground party center
Menshikov A.V., Mutaliyeva L.S., Tikhomirov A.V. (St. Petersburg). The Coat of Arms of Leningrad: Stages of the Formation of Coat of Arms Symbols (1924–1991)
ANDREY VLADIMIROVICH MENSHIKOV
PhD in Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Administrative law and Procedure, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education «Saint-Petersburg State Fire Service University of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters named after the Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General E. N. Zinichev».
196105, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Prospect, 149
e-mail: frvtjkju@mail.ru
LEILA SASIKBEKOVNA MUTALIYEVA
PhD in Law, Associate Professor, associate professor department of administrative rights and process, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education «Saint-Petersburg State Fire Service University of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters named after the Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General E. N. Zinichev»
196105, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Prospect, 149
e-mail: mutalievals@igps.ru
ARTYOM VALDEKOVICH TIKHOMIROV
D. Sc. (History), Assistant Professor, Professor of Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines Department, Military Signal Academy
194064, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, aven. Tikhoretsky, 3.
e-mail: at1782@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the stages of the development of the emblems of Leningrad, provides the main variants (sketches) of the Leningrad coat of arms and the characteristics of the armorial figures, details the role of periodicals and the contribution to the process of the formation of symbols of representatives of the city administration, public associations, museum workers and citizens, including the architect A. L. Rotach, researcher of the State Hermitage A. I. Korsun, writer D. A. Granin, Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR D. Valyavin, local historian V. V. Nesterov, Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council V. I. Matvienko, Director of the State Hermitage B. B. Piotrovsky, Senior Researcher of the Department of the History of Russian Culture of the State Hermitage G. V. Vilinbakhov, Chairman of the Leningrad City Council A. N. Belyaev.
The article presents the stages of development and implementation of the Decision of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council of May 6, 1989 № 323 «On the announcement of an open competition for the best draft design of the coat of arms of Leningrad», the text of the «Program and conditions of the open competition for the best draft design of the coat of arms of Leningrad», the composition of the competition jury, the results of the competition. The article reveals the features of the formation of the Decision of the Leningrad City Council of People’s Deputies of April 30, 1991 № 25 «On Conducting a Survey of the Population of Leningrad on the Restoration of the Original Name of the City», the Decision to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of September 6, 1991 «On the Return to the City of Leningrad of its Historical Name of St. Petersburg», and also considers two variants of the Decision of the Presidium of the Leningrad City Council of September 6, 1991 № 270: «On the introduction of official symbols of Leningrad and the return of historical names» and «On the introduction of official symbols of St. Petersburg and the return of historical names». The source base of this study is based on the materials of the National Library of Russia, the Russian State Historical Archive, the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg and the Central State Archive of Literature and Art of St. Petersburg.
Keywords: St. Petersburg, Leningrad, heraldry, official symbols, coat of arms, armorial figure
Latushko N.N. (Moscow). Coverage of the Moscow Trials of 1936-1938 on the Pages of the journal “Communist International”
NIKITA NIKOLAEVICH LATUSHKO
postgraduate student of the Department of History of Social Movements and Political Parties of the Lomonosov Moscow State University
119234, Russia, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, building 1
e-mail: nikita.latushko@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of the coverage of the Moscow Trials in the «Communist International» journal. Following the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the Comintern leadership supported a propaganda campaign against former opposition leaders among foreign communists. Participants in the show trial were placed on a par with fascist forces. The study revealed some features of the presentation of information in the journal different from the official Soviet media. Thus, in the press of the Communist International, there was a dual interpretation of Trotskyism, which itself along with the anti-Troskyite struggle in the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) were put into the context of the international situation of the 1930s and were interpreted as a common problem for the world proletariat. It is noted on the example of the Moscow Trials how the distribution of the official Soviet position to the external reader through the journal «Communist International» became a factor influencing the internal policy of the USSR and the adjustment of repressive measures against the opposition.
Keywords: Communist International, «The Communist International» journal, national section of the Comintern, AUCP, political repressions in the USSR, The Moscow trials, trotskyism
Nekrasov I.B. (Moscow). Topical Problems of Historiography on the Military and Civil Activities of General P.N. Wrangel in Crimea in April – November 1920
IVAN BORISOVICH NEKRASOV
Postgraduate
Russian State Social University
129226, Russian Federation, Moscow, Wilhelma Pika str., 4, building 1,
e-mail: ivan.nekrasov100@gmail.com
Abstract. The military and civil activities of General Wrangel in the Crimea in 1920 are a unique historical phenomenon that includes many interesting and unknown details, and the Crimean evacuation is one of the striking examples of the successful organization and conduct of such operations. The evacuation of White troops from the Crimea became the end point for the anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia and marked the end of the Civil War.
The article is devoted to the historiography of the military and civil activities of General P. N. Wrangel in the Crimea in April-November 1920. Key moments of this period are considered, including the evacuation of White troops from the Crimea. The reforms carried out by Wrangel, which included both military and civil measures, as well as political reforms, are analyzed.
The article also examines various approaches to the study of this topic in Russian historiography, highlighting the Soviet and current stages. The differences in the assessments of researchers of the success of military and civil reforms carried out by Wrangel are shown. A conclusion is made about the need for a detailed analysis for each direction of reforms, which would show both their successes and failures, indicating their possible causes.
Keywords: General P.N. Wrangel, Russian army, military and civil reforms, evacuation, political and military leader, Crimean state
Medushevsky N.A. (Moscow). German Togoland: Missionary Activity and the Completion of German Colonization of Togo
NIKOLAY ANDREEVICH MEDUSHEVSKY
Doctor of Political Science, Professor
Russian State Humanitarian University
125047, Moscow, Miusskaya sq., 6.
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
117198, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya st., 6.
e-mail: Lucky5659@yandex.ru
Abstract. The presented article is devoted to the study of the development of German colonialism in Togo. The article examines the final stage of German colonial control over the region, covering the period from 1900 to 1918. Against the background of this stage of colonization, the author particularly emphasizes the development of missionary activity in the region, represented by the Bremen Mission. Despite the fact that the processes of colonization and missionary work developed in parallel and did not have a strict management link, the author proves that German colonization created favorable conditions for this form of Christianization. At the same time, the study shows that the activities of the Bremen Mission in its historical scale went far beyond the colonial rule of Germany, since it was initiated before its establishment, covered a wider geographical region and determined the cultural development of this region after the end of German colonialism. Certain connections between the region and the Bremen Mission remain to this day. In addition, the author pays special attention to the fact that the missionaries created the written language Ewe, which became a universal means of communication for representatives of this ethnic group after the colony of German Togoland was divided into mandates of France and Great Britain in 1919-1920. In addition to the analysis of the factor of Christianization of the colonial population, which had previously been practically not considered in Russian studies, the author’s consideration of the period of the end of Germany’s colonial rule in Togo is also novel. This historical period had also been very limitedly considered in Russian historical studies. In this context, the relevance of the presented article is associated with the increase in scientific knowledge about the colonial history of Togoland, but also has an outlet for modernity, since German colonization laid the foundation for the future modernization of such states as Togo and Ghana.
Keywords: German Togoland, colonialism, metropolis, Christianization, Ewe, Bremen mission
Phra Paron Phunthasane (Jayānando Bhikkhu) (Ulan-Ude). Between Dhamma and Throne: The Sangha’s Role in Royal Legitimation and the Rise of Theravāda Buddhism in the Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Ayutthaya (13th–17th Centuries)
PHRA PARON PHUNTHASANE (JAYĀNANDO BHIKKHU)
Postgraduate student (PhD)
Banzarov Buryat State University (BSU), Ulan-Ude, Russia
670000, Russia, Ulan-Ude, 24a Smolina Street
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8479-7070
e-mail: peter.ppj.bsu@gmail.com
Abstract. This article examines the role of the Buddhist Sangha in legitimizing royal authority and institutionalizing Theravāda Buddhism in the early Thai kingdoms of Sukhothai and Ayutthaya (13th–17th centuries). Drawing on a comprehensive analysis of epigraphic inscriptions, chronicles, legal texts and recent Thai-language scholarship (2016–2025), the author reconstructs the mechanisms of interaction between the monastic community and the monarchy. At the core of this model lies the concept of the “dhammarāja” (righteous monarch), whose duty to safeguard the purity of the Buddhist Dhamma conferred moral legitimacy upon his rule. As the guardian of religious and ethical norms, the Sangha simultaneously became integrated into state infrastructure, assuming responsibility for education and mediating the resolution of property and family disputes. Special attention is devoted to the evolution of the “bun-khun – dhammarāja” nexus, as well as to the spatial and visual dimensions of legitimation—temple architecture, iconography and the ritual layout of cities. The author notes that the proposed “Dhamma ↔ Throne” model provided the conceptual foundation for later legislative monuments of the 18th–20th centuries. Introducing these new materials into Russian academic discourse helps bridge existing historiographical gaps and furnishes a basis for further comparative studies of Buddhist statecraft.
Keywords: Thai Buddhism, Theravāda, Sangha, dhammarāja, Sukhothai, Ayutthaya, source studies, Buddhist studies
Travkin S.N. (Pushkin, St. Petersburg). Copper Kopecks and Some Trends in the Coin Circulation of Eastern Europe in the XVII Century
SERGEY NIKOLAEVICH TRAVKIN
candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of history
Pushkin Leningrad State University.
196605, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoe shosse, 10.
e-mail: trawkin09@yandex.ru
Abstract. Coins are a very important historical source that often provides unexpected and relevant information on economic and cultural development. In the middle of the 17th century in Russia, by decision of the government of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645–1676), an attempt was made to switch to the minting of copper pennies. The novelty of the proposed article is that it demonstrates that this reform was not unique. Similar reforms had their own peculiarities in different countries, but there was a general trend. An attempt was made in all states to switch to an inferior coin in order to solve the financial problems of the government. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, copper alloys were produced in 1659–1666. In 1662–1683, copper imitations of the money of neighboring countries were minted in the Moldavian Principality. In the 17th century, small denominations of Baltic cities under the rule of the Swedish Crown became widespread in the Eastern European market. All the coins in question were defective. All of them brought short-term benefits to the government. Each reform has resulted in social upheavals. The article shows for the first time the universality of the processes that took place in the money business of Eastern Europe in the 17th century.
Keywords: treasure, penny, copper, coin, find, new time, numismatics, silver, middle ages, chronology
Skvoznikov A.N. (Samara). Macedonia and the Historical Policy of the Balkan States in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century
ALEKSANDR NIKOLAEVICH SKVOZNIKOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Samara State University of Economics, Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy and History
443011 Samara, Sovetskoy Armii St., 141
e-mail: skvoznikov2003@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the formation of the foreign policy doctrine of Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece in the Balkans in the 19th century and the role of historical policy in this process. The author reveals a pattern that immediately after gaining independence from the Ottomans, each Balkan state directed its foreign policy efforts to the struggle with its neighbors for control over the territory, seeking to occupy its geopolitical niche, to establish itself as an influential regional power in the Balkans. The main foreign policy task of the young Balkan states in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries was the gradual reunification with their compatriots living in different parts of the Balkan Peninsula and once divided due to historical reasons. The implementation of this task naturally caused ethno-territorial conflicts between the Balkan peoples, who sought to expand their state territory at the expense of their neighbors. In their struggle, the national elites of the Balkan states widely used the symbolic resources of the past, various forms of historical politics to consolidate national identity and justify their geopolitical aspirations in the conditions of fierce competition with neighboring states for disputed territories in the Balkans.
Keywords: Balkans, Ottoman Empire, Macedonian question, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, foreign policy, historical memory
Bitkov I.S. (Krasnodar). Ideological Views of Yakov Sanzhur and His Place in the Russian Left Emigration in the USA
IVAN SERGEEVICH BITKOV
Assistant of the Department of History and Political
Science of the Kuban State Agrarian University,
Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin,
350044, Kalinina St. 13, Krasnodar,
e-mail: SANDINO1934@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines the main milestones in the life and work of Ya.A. Sanzhur, a publicist, an active member of the trade union organization “Industrial Workers of the World”, the author and editor of the newspaper “Golos Truzhenik”. The article presents new data on the biography of Ya.A. Sanjur, outlines the main aspects of his ideological views, and takes into account theoretical polemics with anarchists and Marxists. The weaknesses of the anarchist theory are Ya.A. Sanzhur’s denial of the class nature of society and their idealistic view of the history of society. As an industrialist, Ya.A. Sanjur supported the thesis of the “dictatorship of the proletariat”, meaning by it the ownership of the means of production by the working class through factory committees, and not by the “proletarian” state, as understood by Marxists. Sanjur’s skeptical attitude towards anarchism and Marxism predetermined his firm position on the non-entry of the “Industrial Workers of the world” into the Profintern or the Berlin International. The article reflects the external and internal criticism of the historical works of Ya.A. Sanzhur, in particular, “The History of the Industrial Workers of the World”. The article is based on original archival sources from the State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory and the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam.
Keywords: Ya. A. Sanzhur, G.P. Maksimov, anarchism, revolutionary syndicalism, «Industrial workers’ worlds», «Voice of the Worker», USA
Lapina I.Yu., Kargapoltsev S.Yu. (St. Petersburg). The Acquisition of State Independence by Finland
IRINA YURIEVNA LAPINA
Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
SERGEY YURIEVICH KARGAPOLTSEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
Abstract. In the article, the authors state the facts and circumstances of the growth of national-separatist and anti-monarchist sentiments in the Grand Duchy of Finland at the beginning of the 20th century, based on autochthonism, Swedish-Finnish nationalism and Russophobia. The aspects and the causal relationship of the recognition of the independence of the Republic of Finland by the authorities of Soviet Russia are analyzed. The authors note the features of the civil war in Finland, as well as in Northern and Eastern Karelia, where Finnish nationalists clashed with units of the Red Army, which went down in history as the first Soviet-Finnish armed conflict of 1918-1920. The article also examines the synchronous events in the Baltics and North-West Russia. Based on a wide range of literature and sources, the main results of the Tartu (Yuryev) Peace Treaty, signed on October 14, 1920 between the RSFSR and Finland, are updated.
Keywords: Russian Empire, Grand Duchy of Finland, Helsingfors, Nicholas II, February and October Revolutions of 1917, V.I. Lenin, Baltic Fleet, Finnish Republic, Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, Rüdiger von der Goltz, RSFSR, civil war in Russia and Finland, N.N. Yudenich, Soviet-Finnish armed conflict of 1918-1920, Russophobia, Tartu (Yuryev) Peace Treaty, Finland
Miloshevich M.P. (St. Petersburg). On the Issue of the Nazi Genocide of the Slavic Population in the Occupied Territories of the USSR 1941-1945: New Materials
MILAN PETAROVICH MILOSHEVICH
2nd year Master’s student at the Institute of History of St. Petersburg State University, chief archaeographer and leading archivist of the Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation of St. Petersburg.
192007, Tambovskaya St., 17, Saint Petersburg
e-mail: milan2012567@gmail.com
Abstract. The article explores the systemic nature of the Nazi policy of genocide of the Slavic population in the occupied territories of the USSR, based on the racial doctrine of the Third Reich. Based on declassified archival materials, including directives, propaganda pamphlets and protocols of post-war trials, it is proved that the extermination of the Slavs was not an accidental consequence of the war, but part of a strategy aimed at colonizing Eastern Europe and the biological suppression of “lower races.” The key element of this policy was the “Master Plan Ost”, which provided for the extermination of 85% of the population of Poland, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, as well as the deportation and Germanization of the remnants.
The ideological basis of the genocide was the pre-war speeches of Adolf Hitler, where Bolshevism was declared a threat to the “white race”, and the racial classification enshrined in the documents of Heinrich Himmler. Slavs classified as “foreign blood” were systematically exterminated through starvation, punitive operations (Khatyn, Koryukovka) and forced labor. Famine was used as a weapon: directives ordered the withdrawal of food, which led to the deaths of millions. Special attention is paid to the role of the administrative machine of Nazism: The Rosenberg Ministry coordinated not only economic robbery, but also cultural destruction, from the prohibition of education in native languages to the destruction of churches and museums. Collaborators, including Ukrainian police battalions, actively participated in mass shootings. The paradox of Nazi propaganda is revealed through the contradiction between public promises of “liberation” (Sauckel’s proclamation) and secret directives of total destruction.
The relevance of the topic is due to both the ongoing attempts at historical revisionism and the need to form a holistic view of the genocide of the Slavs as an integral part of the Nazi policy of genocide. In the context of increasing xenophobia, political abuse of historical memory and distortion of the facts of the Second World War, an impartial study of archival sources is becoming an important tool for countering falsifications. The author calls for a critical analysis of the documentary legacy of the Third Reich in order to preserve the lessons of the past and actualize issues of international legal responsibility for crimes against humanity.
Keywords: racial politics, Nazism, genocide, occupied territories, archival materials, Slavic population
Lepsaya T.M. (Moscow). Natural and Climatic Conditions of the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and Their Impact on the Rear Support of the Red Army During the Great Patriotic War
TARIEL MIRABOVICH LEPSAYA
adjunct of the special faculty
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Federation,
119571, Vernadsky Avenue, 100, Moscow
e-mail: levanamina0214gmail.com
Abstract. Many books and articles have been written about the history of the Great Patriotic War, revealing the courage and heroism of Soviet soldiers and showing the enormous contribution of the rear to the defeat of Nazi troops.
However, the enormous interest in the history of the Great Patriotic War in Western countries is waning. Especially in recent years, there has been a diligent “rewriting” of the history of the war, in which the role of our country is belittled, only negative facts and events are revealed during various operations, if they were, they are deliberately given an exaggerated appearance.
In this article, the author focuses on the natural and climatic conditions of the Abkhaz ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) during the Great Patriotic War and their impact on the combat operations and logistic support of the Red Army. The article also provides examples of the Red Army’s adaptation to the most difficult conditions of the mountainous landscape and weather features.
The article highlights several key points. Firstly, an analysis of the natural and climatic conditions of the Abkhaz ASSR during the war was conducted, which made it possible to identify the main characteristics of the region that influenced the combat operations of the Red Army formations and military units. Secondly, the influence of the mountainous landscape on logistic support was studied, including the difficulties faced by the rear units and subdivisions. The third important aspect was the study of the measures taken to adapt the personnel of the formations and military units to the natural and climatic conditions. The fourth point is the assessment of the contribution of the local population to support the Red Army, which made it possible to understand how civil initiatives and assistance from the population influenced the combat capability and morale of the personnel of the Red Army units and military formations.
Keywords: Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Great Patriotic War, Red Army, natural and climatic conditions, mountainous landscape, rear support, delivery of material resources, rear units and subdivisions
Terentiev V.O. (St. Petersburg). The Position of the German Nobility in the Third Reich After the Assassination Attempt on Hitler on 20 July 1944
VALENTIN OLEGOVICH TERENTIEV
Bachelor’s student at the Institute of History and Social Sciences of the Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen
191186, Russia, St. Petersburg, emb. Moika River, 48,
e-mail: valentin.terenne@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines the status of the German aristocracy in Germany after the failed assassination attempt on Hitler. The relevance of this article is due to the insufficient development of this topic by Russian and foreign researchers. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the relationship between the nobility and the National Socialists was contradictory: a partnership due to common interests was combined with the claims of the Nazis and Hitler’s personal hostility to the aristocracy. The assassination attempt on Hitler became a catalyst for the planned liquidation of the nobility. The measures were dual: avoiding open anti-noble propaganda due to the risk of splitting German society, the Nazis carried out a “hidden” liquidation of the nobility, carrying out repressions against them, confiscating property and depriving them of leadership positions in the Wehrmacht. The involvement of the nobles in the conspiracy, despite the lack of wide publicity, worsened their image in society, which was realized by the nobles themselves. This is indicated by two identified reactions of the nobility to the deterioration of their image: alienation and image protection. A dismissive attitude towards the nobility in the army was also identified. For further study of the topic, it is necessary to analyze the reports of the gendarmerie of various cities to identify the general picture of the population’s reaction to the involvement of the nobility in the conspiracy and to search for specific measures to eliminate the nobility during the war.
Keywords: Operation Valkyrie, 20 July 1944, German society, officers, aristocracy, nobles
Kalachev E. G. (Moscow). The United States of America Foreign Policy Towards Turkish Opium, 1972–1976
EGOR GENNADYEVICH KALACHEV
Master’s student of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History of the Faculty of History of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 2nd year
119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1
e-mail: e.kalachev69@mail.ru
Abstract. The author of this work focuses on the American policy towards Turkish opium in 1972-1976. Based on a wide range of sources (official documents, press materials, public speeches), the position of the United States and problematic points of their interaction with Turkey on this issue were studied. Initially, the Americans were afraid of the resumption of Turkish opium smuggling, but the Turks took good control measures that satisfied American demands. As a result, the problem was exhausted, although consultations at various levels continued. In addition, such a responsible policy of the Turkish leadership contributed to the lifting of the embargo on military aid to Turkey by the United States, introduced on February 5, 1975 in connection with the Cyprus crisis.
Keywords: USA, Türkiye, opium, opium poppy, drug addiction, embargo, H. Kissinger, J. Ford, Congress
Sidorov A. A., Tretyakov A. D. (Moscow). American Realists’ Views on the Theory of Hegemonic Stability in the Post-bipolar Period (1991—2009)
ANDREY ANATOLIEVICH SIDOROV
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Associate Professor of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History
of the Countries of Europe and America, Faculty of History
Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov
119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, no. 1
e–mail: aas@fmp.msu.ru
ARTEMY DMITRIEVICH TRETYAKOV
postgraduate student of the Faculty of History
Department of Modern and Contemporary History of European and American Countries
Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov
119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, no. 1
e–mail: wilhelm.meister@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article analyzes the views of American experts from among the supporters of the realist approach to international relations on the theory of hegemonic stability in the post-bipolar world. It is noted that this theory is one of the main theoretical concepts for describing the world order that emerged after the end of the Cold War. In the American expert community since the 1990s, it began to be perceived as an effective tool for explaining events taking place in the world arena. At the same time, among representatives of the realist approach, this theory received mixed assessments. It is noteworthy that some realist experts accepted the theory of hegemonic stability as a relevant concept explaining the dominant position of the United States after the collapse of the USSR and the absence of a counter-hegemonic coalition. At the same time, other representatives of realism – “realist skeptics” – continued to insist that the global hegemony of the United States is a short-lived construct. The article points out that the economic crisis of 2008–2009 has become an important element in the discussions about the theory of hegemonic stability in the post-bipolar period. As a result of the crisis, the hegemon in the person of the United States has become not a stabilizer, but a destabilizer of the world economy. As a result of the crisis, an increasing number of American realists have become skeptical about American hegemony. The article concludes that the theory of hegemonic stability was an important element for American realists, but was largely rejected as a result of the 2008–2009 crisis.
Keywords: US foreign policy, theory of hegemonic stability, hegemony, political realism, J. J. Mearsheimer, K. Waltz, R. Gilpin
Kalugina E.M. (Velikiy Novgorod). The falsification of Ypres Fabrics as One of the Ways of Abuse in Novgorod-Hanseatic Trade in the 14th–15th Centuries
ELIZAVETA MIHAYLOVNA KALUGINA
Postgraduate student of the Department of World History and International relations of NovSU
Yaroslav – the – Wise Novgorod State University,
173003, Russian Federation, Velikiy Novgorod,
Bolshaia Sankt-Peterburgskaia St., 41,
e-mail: kalugina_lizaa@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the issues of importing Ypres fabrics to Rus in the 14th–15th centuries, with particular attention to the problems of falsification of such textiles. The cloth from Ypres was characterized by high quality and played an important role in the trade between Novgorod and the Hanseatic League. Written sources indicate that the Hanseatic merchants could not supply Rus with all types of fabrics produced in Ypres, but they were allowed to bring only certain types of cloth, namely the lakens, “familiar” for buyers, having a full length and width. One of the problems in Novgorod-Hanseatic trade of the period under review was the falsification of Ypres fabrics. At that time various forms of deception were used in order to sell fabrics from other textile centers as if they were authentic Ypres cloth. The studied sources show that the falsification of Ypres cloth was carried out, first of all, through using fake seals or counterfeit packaging; the documents also mention cases when other producers, while manufacturing their fabrics, made them resemble Ypres cloth. Besides that, the sources describe situations when a packaging of Ypres cloth was cut and opened, a part of the fabric was cut off, and then the laken was sealed again. Furthermore, the article points out the main reasons for the falsification of Ypres fabrics that include the strable demand for them from Novgorodians, high price of such goods, and the repeated restrictions on the sale of English cloth in Novgorod.
Keywords: Hansa, Novgorod, fabrics trade, written sources, Ypres fabrics, trade abuses, falsification of fabrics
Fogel A.S., Chudin M.A. (Samara). Some Features of the Image of Baba Yaga in Traditional Russian Culture and its Northern Parallels (Based on North Russian, Finno-Ugric and Old Norse Materials)
ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH FOGEL
Candidate of History, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, Associate Professor,
141 Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation,
e-mail: alexandr_fogel@inbox.ru
MAXIM ARKADYEVICH CHUDIN
3rd year postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History,
141 Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation,
e-mail: 8cobretti@mail.ru
Abstract. This article is devoted to attempts to identify and compare folklore and ethnographic images of Baba Yaga and characters typologically close to her within the northern medieval tradition – Russian, Scandinavian and Finno-Ugric. Such characters include the Scandinavian Hel, possibly the Scandinavian “Angel of Death” Ibn Fadlan, the Karelian-Finnish Louhi, the Komi-Permyak Yoma and the Tan-varp-ekva of the Ob Ugrians. In the course of examining the images, we were able to identify a number of common motifs inherent to these characters to one degree or another. Based on the research materials, we compiled a single summary table of characters and motifs associated with them. In the analysis, it is inevitably necessary to take into account the diverse features of folklore material – its often very late recordings, the relativity of analogies, the conditions of existence and distribution, the possibility of direct and indirect borrowings and the existence of various kinds of “wandering plots”. But even in this situation, we, with a certain approximation, can still talk about both the active mutual influence of constantly interacting cultures, and the possibility that some “original” characters (or even a single character) had common roots and were close not only typologically, but were also “created” within the framework of the synthetic cultural zones of the early Middle Ages on the basis of long and diverse interaction of culturally and historically close peoples, and only then began to develop each on its own, simultaneously acquiring unique features, local color and even spreading to new territories. The work is written taking into account the research of modern domestic researchers.
Keywords: Ancient Rus, Finno-Ugrians, Scandinavians, Eastern Slavs, folklore, paganism, medieval mentality, synthetic contact zones
Rozhin I.S. (Khabarovsk). The Activities of the Law Enforcement Agencies of the Russian Empire in the Implementation of Migration Policy in the Territory of the Amur General Government on the Eve and During the First World War
IVAN SERGEYEVICH ROZHIN
postgraduate course student
of the Far Eastern Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
of the Russian Federation after named I.F. Shilov.
680020, Khabarovsk, Russia. Barracks, 15
e-mail: ivangrozniy640@gmail.com
Abstract. The article examines the migration policy of modern Russia through the prism of the historical experience of the Russian Empire, on a systematic basis that ensured the safety of migration processes. Special attention is paid to summarizing the experience of the administration and police authorities of the Amur governorate-general in regulating and limiting migration flows from neighboring countries in the person of China, Korea and Japan on the eve and during the First World War. The Amur authorities have taken measures to regulate migration processes in the Far East by issuing regulatory documents and forming specialized police units to combat crimes committed by migrants in the Amur region. During the First World War, the Russian leadership imposed restrictions and bans on the sale of alcohol and narcotic drugs (opium poppies) on the territory of the Russian Empire, which were not approved by the majority of the Amur population. Having failed to accept the conditions of martial law in the country, Russian citizens in the Far East began to purchase prohibited products by hook or by crook, ranging from moonshine and ending with the purchase of alcohol from Chinese diasporas who provided this type of service due to the increased demand for alcoholic beverages among Russians, which the law enforcement agencies of the general government had to deal with.
Keywords: Amur governorate-general, First world war, migration, police, migration policy, migrant, crime, Chinese nationals
Chebarev V.V. (St. Petersburg). On Some Issues of Artillery and Technical Support of the Educational Process in the Officer Artillery School
VLADISLAV VYACHESLAVOVICH CHEBAREV
Deputy Head of the Faculty (artillery) of the Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy,
195009, Russia, St. Petersburg, Komsomola, 22,
e-mail: Chebarev_vladislav@icloud.com
Abstract. The article discusses the artillery and technical support system created in the Russian Army and in the Officer Artillery School. An analysis of combat firing of students conducted at various ranges, as well as tests of several dozen designs of gun and commander goniometers, compasses and other devices for closed aiming of guns at a target, as well as various tubes for ammunition is carried out. Information is presented on the importance of the Sergiev military artillery range and the narrow-gauge railway, which served to provide classes with students in the summer. In connection with the introduction of balloons for the purpose of reconnaissance of the enemy, issues of servicing artillery fire and adjusting fire with the help of balloons are introduced into the educational process. For high-quality training of students, a target situation at the range is first developed and then implemented. Materials and methods. Previously unpublished and poorly studied archival sources from the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg [1, 2, 3, 6, 7] and the Artillery Journal [4, 5] have been introduced into scientific circulation. The following applied methods were used in the study: historical-analytical and historical-systemic methods. The use of these methods allowed the study to more objectively assess the contribution of the Officer Artillery School to the development of artillery and technical support for the artillery of the Russian army. Results. Show that the Officer Artillery School made a significant contribution to the development of artillery tactics, artillery fire, as well as to the improvement of weapons and military equipment, and training and material base. Conclusions. The Officer Artillery School was a conductor of advanced ideas in tactical, artillery-shooting and artillery-technical training of the Russian artillery.
Keywords: Main Artillery Directorate, Officer Artillery School, Luga Artillery Range, testing, binoculars, tubes, live firing, targets, dugout
Primakova M.R. (Moscow). A Destiny of the Wooden Architecture Monuments of the Russian North in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries (Based on the Materials of the Arkhangelsk Diocese)
MARIA ROMANOVNA PRIMAKOVA
Postgraduate Student at Lomonosov Moscow State University,
Department of Russian History of the 19th Century – Early 20th Century
119234, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4, E427
ORCID 0009000577861882
E-mail: mariahprimakova@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the problems of preserving the church architecture of the Russian North through the prism of interaction between central and local institutions. The study is based on materials from the Arkhangelsk Diocese, where a significant number of monuments of church wooden architecture were concentrated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A range of issues related to repair and restoration work and scientific study of ancient churches connected various institutions, the most significant of which was the Imperial Archaeological Commission. At the local level, these issues were under the jurisdiction of diocesan departments, including the Arkhangelsk Church Archaeological Committee. The interaction of church and museum-security institutions took place in conditions of geographical remoteness of architectural monuments from metropolitan and regional centers, and was complicated by the low cultural level of the population and clergy, who used the ancient churches. An important factor influencing the nature of interagency cooperation was the increasing attention of the press and the general public to the problems of preserving architectural monuments. The author concludes that cooperation between local and central institutions, state and church security measures was in its infancy during this period, and their few fruits were mostly lost after the revolution.
Keywords: Russian North, wooden architecture, architectural monument, Archangel Diocese, church archaeological committee
Bugaev R.A. (St. Petersburg). The Influence of the Regional Committee of Finland on the Army at the Time of the October Armed Uprising
BUGAEV ROMAN ALEKSEEVICH
Postgraduate student of the Department of Modern History of Russia,
Saint Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
197110, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Petrozavodskaya Street, 7
E-mail: roman.fyodorov.74@mail.ru.
Abstract. This publication highlights the main aspects of the influence of the Regional Committee of Finland on the bodies of soldiers’ self-government in the context of the preparation and conduct of the October armed uprising. The conditions of the disintegration of the troops of the Northern Front contributed to the penetration and spread of radical ideas among the soldiers through the revolutionary authorities. Under these conditions, the Regional Finance Committee was able to support the soldiers’ committees of the 42nd Army Corps in their systematic disobedience to the orders of the Provisional Government on redeployment. In turn, the Provisional Government and the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets were misinformed by members of the Regional Committee that there was no insubordination and orders to move troops were being carried out. In reality, the corps troops never carried out the transfer and could not defend the Provisional Government at the time of its confrontation with the Bolsheviks and their allies. The OKF’s activities also concerned assistance to the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. The assistance came in the form of a shipment of weapons by the Finnish Regional Committee and the dispatch of reinforcements in the form of two companies of soldiers. This predetermined the seizure of power in Petrograd by the forces of the “left block” and further interaction between the government of the Soviets and the Regional Finance Committee.
Keywords: Regional Committee of Finland, October Armed Uprising, Northern Front troops, “left block”, 42nd Army Corps
Shvedova V.V. (St. Petersburg). The City Militia of Spassky District and the Workers’ Militia of Vyborgsky District in Petrograd during the October Revolution of 1917
VALERIA V. SHVEDOVA
Junior Research,
the Department of Russian History (19th–21st centuries)
at the Institute of History and Social Sciences,
The Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia,
191186, Russia, St Petersburg,
Embankment of the river Moika, 48
e-mail: vvshvedova@herzen.spb.ru
Abstract. This article examines the Petrograd City Militia in 1917, with particular emphasis on the Spassky and Vyborgsky districts during the October Revolution. Drawing on previously unpublished archival materials and firsthand accounts, the author analyzes the militia’s stance amid the Bolshevik seizure of power and its response to the political transition. The study explores the evolving dynamics between the city militia, Soviet authorities, and the Red Guard. Key findings reveal that the militia’s attitude during the revolutionary days ranged from neutrality to open confrontation, heavily influenced by the political affiliations of its commissioners and their deputies. Despite the «Decree on the Workers’ Militia» issued by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the RSFSR on October 28, 1917, and attempts by the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) to assert control over the city militia’s commissariats – including those in Spassky district –commissioners resisted and refused to relinquish authority. Simultaneously, the workers’ militia of Vyborgsky district, predominantly composed of factory laborers, was politically divided: not all worker-militiamen supported the Bolsheviks’ rise to power.
Keywords: Petrograd city militia, workers’ militia, Petrograd, the October Revolution, Vyborgsky district, Spassky district
Shchedrin V.A. (St. Petersburg). The Russian Civil War and its Memoralization in Contemporary Russia
VIKTOR ANDREEVICH SHCHEDRIN
Applicant of the Faculty of Public Administration, Department of Management in the Sphere of Interethnic and Interfaith Relations, Lomonosov Moscow State University
123100, Russia, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1
e–mail: viktor–stchedrin@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the memorialization of the Russian Civil War, emphasizing the continuity of the conflict in the cultural and ideological spheres. After the formal cessation of hostilities in the 1920s, resistance persisted through uprisings and émigré movements, while the Soviet regime, easing repressions by the 1960s, permitted the romanticization of the White cause in film and literature. In the post-Soviet era, efforts to memorialize the Whites intensified: organizations such as the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS) and Beloe Delo (White Cause) were established, and monuments to Kolchak and Kappel were erected. However, these initiatives face dismantling under pressure from left-wing groups and the contradictory policies of authorities who proclaim “reconciliation” while preserving Soviet symbols (e.g., erecting monuments to Dzerzhinsky). Poll data (showing a rise in sympathy for Stalin to 51% by 2018) reflect societal divisions and a trend toward re-Sovietization. The author concludes: without a state-level reckoning with Bolshevik crimes and an honest dialogue with the past, the memorialization of the Civil War will remain a battleground of ideological confrontation.
Keywords: Russian Civil War, historical memorialization, White Movement, Soviet culture, resovietization
Yahutl Yu.A. (Krasnodar). On the Question of the Activities of the RCP(b) in the Kuban Village (1921–1924)
YURI ASLANBIEVICH YAHUTL
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Kuban State University, Department of Russian History 149 Stavropol Street, Krasnodar, 350040, Russia
e-mail: a075ca@eandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines the process of constructing the fundamental principles of party work and structures of the RCP(b) in the pre-collective farm village at the initial stage of the new economic policy. Since coming to power, the Russian Communist Party has considered working with the peasantry to be one of its priorities. Its content was actively formed in the 1920-s on the basis of the directives of the RCP(b)-VKP(b) and Soviet legislation. This topic is an urgent scientific problem of modern historical science in order to study the practical experience of involving a wide range of people in modernization processes who are able to respond to the calls of the authorities, as well as in the context of updating theoretical concepts. There is a need to assess the role of the RCP(b) in these processes. They were characterized by a complex and contradictory nature, especially in rural areas, where opposition to the reforms of the Bolsheviks was the most stubborn and painful. The NEP was one of the most difficult stages in the Bolsheviks‘ activities, when party structures were being formed at the local and regional levels. In the conditions of the socio-political and economic crisis, the Communists built primary organizations in rural areas, solving practical tasks of restoring peasant farms.
Keywords: interaction, RCP(b), communists, Kuban and the Black Sea region, crisis, NEP, rural population
Averyanova A.N. (Saratov). Administrative-territorial Division and Ethnic Groups of the Saratov Volga Region (1926-1939)
ANNA NIKOLAEVNA AVERYANOVA
Postgraduate student of 3 years of study at Saratov National Research State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky, Department of National History and Historiography, 410004, Russia, 83 Astrakhan Street, Saratov
e-mail: Averannna@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of population dynamics, national composition, and the reform of the administrative-territorial division of the Saratov Region from the second half of the 1920s to 1939. Based on the research of the All-Union population censuses of 1926 and 1939, the preliminary results of the 1937 census, and other statistical and archival sources, it was concluded that the Saratov Volga region by the early 1930s It became the scene of complex demographic and national changes caused by both internal socio-economic processes and external circumstances, such as the consequences of the First World War (1914-1918), revolutions, the Civil War (1917-1922), the policy of war communism, the mass famine of 1921-1922, which claimed the lives of more than 5 million people, collectivization and political the repressions of the 1930s The article also highlights that in the context of the intensive transition to the socialist system with the coming to power of the Bolshevik Party in 1917, During the October Revolution, the Saratov Region experienced both an increase and decrease in the number of different ethnic groups. The first All-Union Population Census of 1926 demonstrates the multinational composition of Saratov province, where Russians and Ukrainians predominate, records a significant number of Tatars, Mordvins and Germans, which emphasizes the ethnic diversity of the region. The All-Union census of 1937 was not conducted correctly, and the organization was considered unsatisfactory by the government. However, based on the materials of this census, there was a downward trend in the population against the background of collectivization and repressive policies in the state. The materials of the All-Union Population Census of 1939 also record a noticeable decrease in the population compared to previous years, which is a direct result of not only famine, but also government pressure on the population. This research paper raises important questions about the impact of government policy on the population and national composition of the Saratov Region, and highlights the importance of a thorough study of censuses as a source for analyzing demographic changes in specific historical conditions.
Keywords: population; ethnicity; nationality; Saratov province; krai; region; Volga region; All-Union population census; industrialization; collectivization; repressive policy
Agaeva D.M. (Moscow). The Activity of Dagestan Youth in Providing Assistance to the Front during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)
DIANA MAGOMEDOVNA AGAEVA
researcher of the Research Center (fundamental
military-historical problems), the Military University of the Ministry
of Defence of the Russian Federation,
125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14
e-mail: diana.agaeva.2012@mail.ru
Abstract. This article examines various aspects of the activities of the youth of the Dagestan ASSR during the Great Patriotic War. Special attention is paid to her participation in the national movement aimed at providing material assistance to the front. The study demonstrates that one of the key factors contributing to the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War was the selfless patriotic support of the population. This support was expressed in various forms and reflected the desire of citizens to strengthen the country’s armed forces. Based on the analysis of little-known archival materials and other sources, the role of youth in this national movement is analyzed. During the war, the country’s youth showed their best qualities and made a huge contribution to achieving victory. Her exceptional devotion to the Motherland and active participation in patriotic initiatives are emphasized.
Keywords: Dagestan, youth, defense, patriotism, home front, help, Komsomol members, victory, armament, Great Patriotic War, activity
Ivanov D.V. (St. Petersburg). Law Enforcement Agencies of Leningrad and the Region in the Second Half of the 40s-70s: Features of Development and Strengthening
DMITRIY VIKTOROVICH IVANOV
PhD in Juridical sciences, lecturer at the N.A. Shchelokov St. Petersburg Academy of Militia 190005, Saint Petersburg, 7th Krasnoarmeyskaya str., 26 lit.B
e-mail: SaW357@mail.ru
Abstract. The post-war decades in the USSR were marked not only by internal system reorganizations in society and the state, but also by expectations of real changes in all spheres of life, including law enforcement. The state’s policy in this area in the second half of the 1940s-1970s reflected many contradictions and even utopian aspirations (from a harsh repressive course to dreams of self-destruction of the “criminal man” (homo criminalis) and from it to a more mundane program, comprehensive state-public prevention of deviations at various levels). It was at this stage that the role of government agencies, defined and authorized as law enforcement, increased. And although the scientific discourse about them, their signs, functions and competencies has not subsided to this day, in the society of the period under study, they were unconditionally attributed to the organs of the Soviet police, prosecutor’s office and court. In his article, based on archival material, using the example of the Leningrad and Leningrad region police agencies, the author analyzes certain areas of the authorities’ law enforcement policy to create, reorganize and improve specialized operational units designed to address the challenges of countering crimes that pose a great public danger. In addition, the work evaluates the nature of transformations in the prosecutor’s office and the court of the Leningrad region in the years under study.
Keywords: law enforcement policy of the state, law enforcement agencies, internal affairs agencies, courts, prosecutor’s office, crime prevention, Leningrad and the region, 1940s-1970s.
Fenina E.A. (St. Petersburg). Foreign Contacts in the field of Classical Musical Art of Leningrad in the 1960s – Early 1990s
EKATERINA ALEXANDROVNA FENINA
Artist – vocalist (soloist)
Mariinsky theatre,
190068, Teatralnaya Square, 1, St. Petersburg,
e-mail: feninaek@mail.ru
Abstract. The article explores the practice of external communications of Leningrad’s musical intelligentsia from 1960s to early 1990s, based on the documents of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) Rimsky-Korsakov State Conservatory and Michailovsky Opera and Ballet Theater. Previously unpublished materials from personal archives of S.L. Gaudasinsky and I.P. Bogacheva were also involved in the study. In 1960s, under the conditions of the relative liberalization of Khrushchev’s time, professional contacts with foreign partners were developing intensively at the Conservatory of Leningrad and the practice of foreign tours of Soviet performers and musical collectives became common. Since late 1960s and early 1970s the conditions of cultural exchanges had also been tightened. This was largely due to the wave of “non-returners” especially among artistic figures. Under these conditions, checking musicians, traveling abroad for their “party affiliation” and ideals in literature and art became the norm, as shown in the materials of the conservatory archive. The transition to “perestroika” had also extremely affected the sphere of culture. Simultaneously with the commercialization of the sector, there was a weakening in state control over the processes of cultural exchanges, which made it possible to significantly activate foreign relations. The article provides evidence of the exceptional success of Leningrad’s performers abroad, taken from Italian and French print media. The article concludes about the radical changes that took place in the conditions of freedom of creativity, but also about the lack of proper state support for classical musical art in the 1990s.
Keywords: musical culture, Leningrad Conservatory, foreign touring, opera house, S.L. Gaudasinsky
Sumburova E.I., Abdalkin M.A. (Samara). Activities of the Volga and Kursk Biofactories in the 1990s: Experience of Overcoming the Crisis
ELENA IVANOVNA SUMBUROVA
Candidate of History, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, Associate Professor,
141, Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation
e-mail: elena-sumburova@yandex.ru
MIKHAIL ANATOLEVICH ABDALKIN
2rd year postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History,
141, Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation
e-mail: abdalkinm@mail.ru
Abstract. Food security issues in the context of modern sanctions policy are the most important tasks of any state. The authors of the article, using previously unpublished archival documents and epistolary materials, consider the fate of Soviet biofactories in the crisis of post-perestroika times. In the 1990s, biological industry enterprises were on the verge of survival. Not all biofactories were able to overcome the crisis and maintain production. Using the example of the Kursk and Volga biofactories, using the comparative method of scientific research, the authors analyse the factors that influenced the continued existence of enterprises. The article highlights the successful actions of the Kursk biofactory management, which, using its internal potential and human resources, managed to cope with the crisis situation. It highlights the numerous attempts of the Volga biofactory management, which failed to maintain production and led to its bankruptcy and closure. The authors conclude that among the reasons that allowed enterprises to survive in the crisis, the human factor, timely technical retrofitting of equipment and the appeal to modern scientific achievements and business methods played a significant role. According to the authors, the experience of successfully overcoming the crisis by individual biofactories is very valuable, since modern realities indicate the need to build new biofactories, create their own highly developed vaccine production and train qualified specialists.
Keywords: sanctions policy, Volga biofactory, Kursk biofactory, food safety, Soviet experience
Koshkidko V.G., Popov D.A. (Moscow). Formation of Territorial Public Self-government as a Form of Direct Participation of the Population in the Implementation of Local Self-government in the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol
VLADIMIR GRIGORIEVICH KOSHKIDKO
doctor of Historical Sciences, professor and head of the Regional and
Municipal Administration Program, Department of Public Administration,
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
e-mail: koshkidko@spa.msu.ru
DMITRY ALEXANDROVICH POPOV
Postgraduate student, Department of History of State and Municipal Administration, Faculty of Public Administration,
Lomonosov Moscow State University.
119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1
e-mail: PopovDA@spa.msu.ru
Abstract. The article examines the process of formation in the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol of territorial public self-government (TPS) as the most common form of population participation in the implementation of local self-government (LSG). The main attention in the study is focused on the analysis of such positions as: bringing the regulatory legal framework of new entities in this area of the functioning of local self-government in line with Russian legislation; the formation of forms of population participation in the implementation of territorial public self-government in the regions; determining the periods of formation of territorial public self-government and their specificity: presentation of the dynamics and trends of further development of TOS in the municipalities (MO) of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol.
The study of various aspects of the organization of territorial public self-government and the activities of municipal authorities of the studied regions on its formation and development, makes it possible, through identifying their characteristic features, to expand our knowledge of the history of the formation of public-power institutions in Russia and contribute to their further improvement.
Keywords: local self-government, municipalities, local government bodies, territorial public self-government
Smirnov D.O. (Moscow). Features of Russian Media Coverage of President Dmitry Medvedev’s Domestic Policy in 2008–2012
DANIL OLEGOVICH SMIRNOV
Postgraduate student of the Department of History of Social Movements and Political Parties
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University,
119234, Lomonosovsky Prospect, 27, bldg. 4, Moscow
e-mail: 978429@mail.ru
Abstract. The article considers the main features of the information coverage of D.A. Medvedev’s domestic political reforms during his presidency in 2008-2012. The author analyzed the materials of both traditional (television and press) and digital media (Internet publications) devoted to such important events as the creation of the ‘electronic government’, reforms of the Armed Forces and internal affairs bodies, and demonstrated how the media reacted to the ideological and practical content of these reforms. The author assesses the media coverage of D.A. Medvedev’s programme article ‘Russia, Forward!’, where the President expressed his vision of the country’s economic and political future. The author concludes that independent Internet news resources were much more critical of the 2008-2012 reforms than state publications and TV channels. The press responses were rather moderate, highlighting both the benefits and shortcomings of the pursued course. Experts also played an important role in the public debate, defining the main pros and cons of different reforms from a professional point of view. It can be noted that both President Medvedev and the media, especially the digital media, paid great attention to the information support of the ongoing reforms.
Keywords: Dmitry Medvedev, ‘modernization’, electronic media, reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, formation of e-government
Nozdrin D.M. (Moscow). I.S. Turgenev Visiting the Aksakovs
DENIS MIKHAILOVICH NOZDRIN
Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History of the 19th-early 20th centuries, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University,
119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1
e–mail: nozdrindenis11@gmail.com
Abstract. The presented article is devoted to the history of acquaintance between I.S. Turgenev and main representatives of early Slavophilism, mostly the Aksakovs. Evolution of their relationships and their mutual influence is explored. The article is based on memoirs, epistolary and artistic sources.
The problem “westerner Turgenev and Slavophilism” has already been searched by many explorers-biographers, but there is no a special paper, dedicated to the problem. The problem is inextricably linked with the also not enough researched theme “Turgenev and Orthodoxy”. For example, the book of M. Dunaev “Orthodoxy and Russian literature” includes the part dedicated to Turgenev.
The article is divided into 4 parts according to chronology. The introduction tells about the beginning of the 40s, when Turgenev returned from Europe, tried to begin a University career as a professor of Philosophy (unsuccessfully), worked in a department and wrote “Several notes on Russian agriculture and the Russian peasant”. Leaving civil service, he finally dedicated himself to literature. In the first chapter is given the history of Turgenev’s salon acquaintances and his friendship with Konstantin Aksakov. The second chapter tells about the conflict between V. Belinsky and K. Aksakov and also about Turgenev’s disagreement with Slavophils. Then the article describes a short prehistory of the Abramtsevo manor, the place of reconciliation between disputants and of the beginning of their heartfelt friendship. In the last chapter their main points of contact – hunting and literature – is reviewed. Turgenev and Aksakov the elder, Sergei Timofeevich both were passionate hunters. They also really appreciated literary works of each other.
In conclusion of the article short summary on difficult, but long and sincere relationships between Turgenev and the Aksakovs are given. Their mutual influence during the period and changes in views of Turgenev on “The peasant question” are also presented.
Keywords: Turgenev, The Aksakovs, Y. Samarin, A. Khomyakov, V. Belinsky, The salon of A. Elagina, the Moscow house of the Aksakovs, The Abramtsevo manor, Westeners and Slavophiles of the 40s, “Hunter’s notes”, “The Orenburg guberniya Gun hunter’s notes”
Slepenko I.A. (Moscow). Concepts «Objectivity» and «Scientificity» in the Creativity of M. N. Pokrovsky
ILYA ANDREYEVICH SLEPENKO
Graduate student, Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
117292, Moscow, Dmitriya Ul’yanova ul., 19.
e-mail: ilya.slepenko@yandex.ru
Abstract. The period of the 1920s – the beginning of the 1930s, was a time of coexistence between Marxist and non-Marxist historiography in Soviet historical science. However, the question of the continuity of the pre-revolutionary historiographical tradition in the work of Marxist historians has not yet been fully clarified. The purpose of the article is to analyze concepts «scientificity» and «objectivity» in the creativity of M. N. Pokrovsky in order to identify their gnoseological importance in the context of historical views of a historian. As a theoretical and methodological basis of the study is considered «history of concepts», allowing to trace the evolution of concepts «scientificity » in the creativity of M. N. Pokrovsky in the historical context. In the works of M. N. Pokrovsky concept «scientificity » and «objectivity» have different relative weight. «Scientificity » is not a significant concept, to «objectivity» historians are referred to quite often. Two variations of the concept «objectivity» – standard and «bourgeois», used to criticize bourgeois historiography, were identified. In the use of «objectivity» as a marker of bourgeois historiography there is a certain tendency – in 1928-1931 the number of references to «objectivity» as a marker of bourgeois historiography is increasing. The rise of critical remarks about «bourgeois objectivity» in Pokrovsky’s work between 1928 and 1931 it is possible to say that these statements are not a consequence of his methodological views, a demonstrate Pokrovsky’s attempt to integrate into ideological conjuncture, because it is during this period that the ideological pressure on historical science («Academic Trial», «Ethnographer’s Trial», Stalin’s letter in the magazine «Proletarian Revolution») increases.
Keywords: Soviet historiography, history of historical science in the USSR, Soviet historians, scientificity, M. N. Pokrovsky
Teterin P.V. (Moscow). Khrushchev’s Role in Initiating the Cuban Missile Crisis
PAVEL VIKTOROVICH TETERIN
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Associate Professor, Department of Humanities,
125167, Moscow, Leningradsky Ave. 49/2,
e-mail: teterinpost@yandex.ru
Abstract. This article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of revealing the role of Nikita Khrushchev as the initiator of the Cuban crisis in 1962. The article also examines the role of the main factors in the incitement of the Cuban crisis, considers the prerequisites for taking actions that led to the creation of heated relations between the U.S. and the USSR. The research is based on the complex use of methodology, including historical–source study, historical–systemic and biographical methods. The key tool is multivariate analysis.
In the summarized results of the study it is noted that the obtained results are based on the historical and historiographical study of historians and documents concerning the image of Khrushchev and his role in the deployment of missiles in Cuba, intended to deter American aggression, which contributed to the aggravation of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. This work is valuable for a deeper understanding of the causes and consequences of the Cold War as a global confrontation, as well as contributing to a more detailed study of twentieth–century international relations.
Keywords: Caribbean crisis, Cuba, international relations, N.S. Khrushchev, USA, USSR, nuclear threat
Dashkin R.A. (Nizhny Novgorod). The Methodology of Researching Peasant Attitudes Toward Soviet Authority in the NEP Period
RINAT ANVYAROVICH DASHKIN
Assistant Professor (Lecturer)
Department of Russian History and Auxiliary Historical Disciplines
Kozma Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
603005,Ul’yanova Street, 1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
e-mail: dashkinra@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines the methodological foundations for studying the perception of Soviet and Party authorities by rural residents during the NEP period (1921–1929). While the basic principles of historical research (historicism, objectivity, systematicity) remain universal, analyzing perception requires additional interdisciplinary approaches, incorporating methods from social history, historical anthropology, and psychology.
The study employs both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis) and specialized historical methods (historical-genetic, historical-systemic, problem-chronological, and comparative-historical), enabling the reconstruction of mental attitudes and behavioral patterns among the rural population. Particular attention is given to Yu. L. Bessmertny’s ‘serial approach’ and A. Ya. Gurevich’s conceptual framework, which help identify collective consciousness structures that shaped peasants’ attitudes toward authority.
A key focus of the research is the analysis of rumors and informal narratives as reflections of mass consciousness, revealing political sentiments, fears, and everyday anxieties among the population. These oral forms of communication, recorded in official documents, demonstrate the contradiction between state propaganda and peasant perceptions, especially given widespread illiteracy.
The study investigates the influence of socio-economic and institutional factors (land reform, tax policy, anti-banditry campaigns, propaganda) on power perception. By cross-referencing legislative acts, local reports, and oral testimonies, it reconstructs the dynamics of state-peasant interactions.
The work contributes to understanding the mechanisms behind the formation of Soviet power’s image in rural communities, highlighting the complexities of political culture, adaptation, and resistance under NEP conditions. The findings underscore the necessity of a comprehensive methodology for studying perception.
Keywords: NEP, methodology, perception, interdisciplinarity, peasantry