Zamaraeva E.I. (Moscow). “Memory Wars” as a Method of Cognitive Wars
LENA IVANOVNA ZAMARAEVA
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor
Associate Professor of the Department of Humanities
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation,
125993, Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, Moscow
e-mail: EIZamaraeva@fa.ru
Abstract. The relevance of the article is due to the problem of the so-called information wars, which develop into cognitive wars. One of the methods of cognitive wars are «memory wars», the spearhead of which is aimed primarily at the younger generations. The author analyzed the main methods used in «memory wars», such as: false interpretation, silence, equalization, manipulation of chronology, falsification itself and construction of a narrative. Signs of the export of the information agenda from the foreign segment of social networks to the Russian one were also identified, the main element of which was the desacralization of Victory Day. It was found that special attention is paid to young people, children and teenagers, who are the bearers of collective memory, who, however, have not yet developed critical thinking. Features of the digital environment are identified that determine its potential as the most significant for waging cognitive wars. It is concluded that the main goal of cognitive wars is the displacement of values and reality itself in the user’s head, the complete elimination of logical and critical thinking in consciousness and the construction of one’s own fragmented picture of the world, a fake reality that has nothing in common with the real reality. Proposals are formulated on what needs to be done to preserve historical memory, for sustainability in cognitive wars, to preserve the mental values on which the unity of our state is based, which is so necessary for us in today’s complex geopolitical situation, since the formation of historical memory determines the societal security of Russian society at turning points in its development.
Keywords: historical memory, cognitive wars, digital environment, critical thinking, digital generations
Spivak N.D. (St. Petersburg). ‘Norman Problem’ in Context of Anthropology and Genetics
NONNA DMITRIEVNA SPIVAK
1st year postgraduate student, Institute of History and Social Studies, Department of Russian History from Ancient Times to Beginning of 19th Century
Russian Herzen State Pedagogical University, Russia,
191186, St. Petersburg, Moika River Embankment, 48
e-mail: mushilda2001@mail.ru
Abstract. Key stages of discussion on ‘Norman problem’ which has been taking place in Russian historiography over past three hundred years are examined. Additional data are cited, obtained by means of application of methods of anthropology and genetics for analysis of remains of young and middle-aged men, contained in a number of burial grounds of ‘Varangian era’ located along the ‘Varangian arc’. This notion includes a number of locations in the North and the West of Ancient Rus’, where Varangians were present, according to ancient chronicles. Results of analysis by means of methods of craniometry and cranioscopy, applied in paleoanthropology, and method of Y-chromosome analysis, applied in paleogenetics, are summarized. General conclusion is that young men, belonging to German anthropological type, and mostly to its ‘Scandinavian’ subtype, and also to ‘Scandinavian’ Y-chromosome haplogroup I1, were present on ancient Rus’ territory during ‘Varangian era’ on a rather extant geographical space. However, they were too few to make considerable impact upon the formation of Russian state.
Keywords: history of Ancient Rus’, ‘Norman problem’, anthropology, craniometry, genetics, Y-chromosome analysis
Phra Paron Phunthasane (Jayānando Bhikkhu) (Ulan-Ude). Sri Lanka’s High Royal Decrees: Source-Critical Potential for the History of Buddhism (3rd century BCE – 19th century CE)
PHRA PARON PHUNTHASANE (JAYĀNANDO BHIKKHU)
Postgraduate student (PhD)
Banzarov Buryat State University (BSU), Ulan-Ude, Russia
670000, Russia, Ulan-Ude, 24a Smolina Street
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8479-7070
e-mail: peter.ppj.bsu@gmail.com
Abstract. The article offers a comprehensive source-critical study of Sri Lanka’s “High Royal Decrees”, a corpus of sovereign documents ranging from the 3rd century BCE to the early 19th century CE. It surveys all attested media—cave donations, sannasa (copper-plate charters), tudapata (palm-leaf grants) and hybrid inscriptions—and reconstructs the evolution of their formularies and functions. The research combines textual, palaeographic, prosopographical and critical discourse analyses with data from the Mahāvaṃsa and Cūḷavaṃsa chronicles and GIS mapping of monastic estates (vihāragam). Findings reveal a close correlation between shifts in language, material and layout and major political or cultural challenges such as South-Indian occupations and European colonial expansion. Sannasa and katikāvata (monastic constitutions) emerge as key instruments for legitimising kingship through the ideal of dharma-rāja (“righteous ruler”) and for regulating the fiscal basis of the Saṅgha. The study refines the periodisation of Sri Lankan epigraphy, expands the typology of royal records and underscores their value for digital Buddhist studies, historical sociolinguistics and legal anthropology.
Keywords: Sri Lanka, royal decrees, Buddhism, Saṅgha, dharma-rāja, source studies, Buddhist studies, religious studies
Zelenyanskaya Yu.V. (St. Petersburg). “Plans and views of the water supply and fountains in Peterhof <…>” album and its “statistical” description, compiled by F. I. von Wistingausen in 1824–1826: source analysis
ZELENYANSKAYA YULIA VALENTINOVNA
researcher, Saint Petersburg Institute of History Russian Academy of Science
197110, Petrozavodkaya ul., 7, St. Petersburg
e-mail: zelenyanskayajulia@mail.ru
Abstract. The article considers one of the rare nowadays preserved graphic sources of the 19th century, dedicated to the Peterhof water supply system — a unique example of hydrotechnical art of the 18th century created with the personal participation of Peter the Great.
The album “Plans and views of the water supply and fountains in Peterhof <…>” and its description, compiled by the director of the Imperial Peterhof paper and lapidary manufactures and the manager of Peterhof water resources and fountains, F. I. Wistinhausen, in 1824–1826 for presentation to the emperor, have been mentioned in scientific publications up to the 1920s. They have been used in research and in projects for restoring historical buildings. However, no source research has been conducted on these documents.
Using a concrete example, the possibility of internal and external critique of the original source was considered without dependence on known data about the personality and work position of the author, assuming his competence in this matter. In this context, for the first time, the purpose of creating these documents and their preservation circumstances were examined; some specific features of Wistinhausen’s interpretation of facts from Peterhof’s 18th-century history were revealed; and the name of his assistant — the author of watercolored miniatures — was discovered. As a result, a preliminary conclusion was made regarding the originality and authenticity of the plans, which is important for their further use.
Keywords: Peterhof, Peter the Great, Alexander I, Nicolas I, Friedrich Wilhelm (Fedor Ivanovich) von Wistingausen, J. Read, plans of Peterhof water supply system, museum collection, historiography, source study
Sinenkov K.V. (Moscow). “Why Has Stalin’s Literature Been Withdrawn from Sale?”: Questions to the Authorial Team of the First Edition of the “History of the CPSU” Textbook (1959)
KIRILL VIKTOROVICH SINENKOV
Graduate student, Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
117292, Moscow, Dmitriya Ul’yanova ul., 19.
e-mail: dambaly19@gmail.com
Abstract. The main text around which the narrative of Party history was constructed during the Stalinist period was the university textbook “History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks): Short Course”. However, after 1953, it began to lose its leading position, and after N. S. Khrushchev’s speech at the 20th Congress of the CPSU “On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences”, in which many conceptual positions of the “Short Course” were sharply criticized, it became clear that the time had come to write a new history of the Party. This was “History of the CPSU”, first published in 1959 and issued up until 1985 under the editorship of B. N. Ponomarev. However, the role of this textbook in the Soviet ideological narrative, as well as the evolution of its structure and content, has not been studied in detail in domestic historiography. The aim of this article is to analyze the questions posed by propagandists from across the USSR to representatives of the authorial team during public discussions of the first edition of “History of the CPSU” in 1959. The analysis of these questions reveals a contradictory public reaction to the changes in the “general line” within the textbook, which served as its vehicle. On the one hand, some propagandists were ready for new interpretations and wished to receive them from historians, but on the other hand, many of the positions of the “Short Course” had become so familiar that it was very difficult to abandon them, even for professional propagandists. Nevertheless, all the questions share one feature — the need to receive from the authorial team unambiguous “instructions” similar to those contained in the “Short Course”, with its clear division between heroes and anti-heroes.
Keywords: Soviet historiography, history of historical science in the USSR, Soviet historians, “History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks): Short Course”, “History of the CPSU”, B. N. Ponomarev
Avliev V.N., Goryaev M.S., Lidzheeva K.F., Namysov S.S. (Elista). Relations Between Kalmyks and Don Cossacks in the 17th-18th Centuries: Historiography and Sources
VYACHESLAV NIKOLAEVICH AVLIEV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Department of IRDA, Faculty of Humanities,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: bartolomeod@yandex.ru
MERGEN SANALOVICH GORYAEV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Department of IRDA, Faculty of Humanities,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: mergengoryaev@mail.ru
KLARA FEDOROVNA LIDZHEEVA
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor,
Department of IRDA, Faculty of Humanities,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: lkf1957@mail.ru
SAVGR SANALOVICH NAMYSOV
Bachelor, Department of IRDA, Faculty of Humanities,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: namysovsavgr@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines issues related to the relationship between the Kalmyks and the Don Cossacks in the 17th-18th centuries, that is, from the period of the first meetings between these social and national groups of the population of the Russian Empire. Since the topic is quite extensive, the article only attempts to explore the issues of historiography and sources on the problematic. As a result of the study, the authors came to the following conclusions. Most sources provide a general description or information about Russian-Kalmyk relations, and the relations of the Don Cossacks and Kalmyks in them appear as a particular in the general, that is, most often in the general context. The relations of the Cossacks with the Kalmyks are covered in several few works by both Soviet and foreign authors. If the first Soviet authors considered the history of the two communities through the prism of a biased negative attitude towards the Cossacks as conductors of Moscow’s colonial policy, then subsequent authors of the 1960s-1980s. of the last century tried to look at it differently and covered mainly the economic and military aspects of the life of the Kalmyks and Cossacks, as well as the Don Kalmyks. As for foreign authors, they gave superficial and reference data on the Don Cossacks of Kalmyk origin, practically not paying attention to the relationship between the Kalmyks and the Don Cossacks. Modern historiography on the relationship between the Volga Kalmyks and the Don Cossacks is almost annually replenished with various works that, to one degree or another, reveal blank spots in these interactions of the two ethno-social groups of the population of the South of Russia.
Keywords: documents, archive, fund, work, Kalmyks, Don Cossacks
Shomuratov O.X., Naumenko O.N. (Urgench, Republic of Uzbekistan). The Defense of the Fortress Cities of the Khorezmshah-Anushтегинид Empire during the Mongol Conquest of the 13th Century
OTOJON XAMIDOVICH SHOMURATOV
Urganch Innovation University,
Department of History,
220100, Republic of Uzbekistan,
Khorezm region, Urgench, Gurlan street, 2.
e-mail: info@uriu.uz
OLGA NIKOLAEVNA NAUMENKO
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor,
Urgench Innovative University,
Professor of the Department of History,
220100, Republic of Uzbekistan,
Khorezm region, Urgench, Gurlan street, 2.
e–mail: info@uriu.uz
Abstract. The article analyzes data from medieval written sources and the results of 20th-century archaeological excavations, which allow us to determine the features of the defense of Central Asian cities against the forces of Genghis Khan. The purpose of the study is to identify the connection between the organization of the defense of cities located in the territory of the Khorezmshah-Anushтегинид state in the 13th century and the traditions of nomadic culture, as well as the “human factor” that emerged during the attack of Genghis Khan’s forces. The article identifies the features of defensive structures in Central Asia during the Mongol military campaign against the Khorezmshah-Anushтегинид state. The research results show that the fortifications in the Khorezmshah Empire were well-developed and met the requirements of their time, but the level of defense depended on the population composition. Fortresses located in areas inhabited by nomads provided the longest possible resistance (6-7 months), while fortified cities with a predominantly artisan population
Keywords: the Khorezmshah state, the Mongol invasion, the 13th century, the “human factor”, cities, fortresses, and Central Asia
Volkova Yu.A. (Nizhny Novgorod). On the Peculiarities of the Controversy with Martin Luther in the First Period of the Reformation (Based on the Example of the Teachings of John Fisher (1469-1535) on Church)
YULIA ALEKSEEVNA VOLKOVA
Senior Lecturer, Department of General History, Classical Disciplines and Law, Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after K. Minin.
603950, Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, st. Ulyanova, 1.
e–mail: yulyavolkova1395@mail.ru
Abstract. In the article it is examined the teaching of the English Catholic theologian John Fisher on the church. His polemics with Martin Luther is analysed, in which he identified the doctrinal challenge to Catholic Christianity posed by the German Reformation. It is noted that Fisher’s sermons against Luther of 1521 and 1526 were published in English as the basis of doctrine for the laities and as model sermons for the clergy, which may have predetermined other causes of the Reformation in England. Fisher defended and accepted doctrine and religious practice as they had developed since the time of the apostles. Attention is drawn to how Fisher proved the authority of the Pope. He believed that obedience to the Pope was the only correct one, in view of his apostolic сontinity from Peter, which was a guarantee of Christian unity and universality. Salvation – eternal life – could be found only in the Catholic Church. In addition to the Holy Scriptures, according to Fisher, the church had to be guided by the apostolic tradition, since oral tradition had to inform the Church no less than the New Testament.
Keywords: Reformation, Catholic Church, Pope, Martin Luther, sermon, Universal Church, Lutheranism
Skvoznikov A.N. (Samara). The Macedonian Question in Bulgarian Foreign Policy in the Last Quarter of the 19th – Early 20th Century
ALEKSANDR NIKOLAEVICH SKVOZNIKOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy and History,
Samara State University of Economics,
443011, Samara, Soviet Army street, 141
e-mail: skvoznikov2003@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the process of formation of the foreign policy doctrine of Bulgaria in the Balkans in the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that, having gained independence, the young Bulgarian state sought to occupy its geopolitical niche, to assert itself as an influential regional power in the Balkans. The main foreign policy task of Bulgaria in the period under review was the gradual reunification of the Bulgarian people, divided due to historical reasons, within a single national state. The implementation of this task encountered a counter movement of other Balkan peoples (Serbs, Greeks), who also sought to expand their state territory. The causes, forms and methods of the struggle of the young Balkan states (Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia) for dominance in the European provinces of the weakening Ottoman Empire, in particular, in Macedonia, are revealed. In their struggle, the national elites of the Balkan states widely used the symbolic resources of the past, various forms of historical politics to consolidate national identity and justify their geopolitical aspirations in the conditions of fierce competition with neighboring states for disputed territories in the Balkans.
Keywords: Balkans; Ottoman Empire; Macedonian question; Bulgaria; foreign policy; national propaganda
Stolyarov Ya.A. (Moscow). Belgium through the Eyes of the Worker and Revolutionary A. Shapovalov (1906 – 1911)
YAROSLAV STOLYAROV
master’s student of the Department of General History Faculty of History of the
State Academic University for the Humanities
119049, Moscow, Maronovsky pereulok, 26.
e-mail: yarus-100@mail.ru
Abstract. The memoirs of the Russian worker and revolutionary Alexander Shapovalov (1871–1942) are an original and valuable source on the political and socio-economic spheres of life in Belgium at the beginning of the 20th century. The work primarily focuses in detail on the biography and revolutionary activities of the author in Russia. The main focus is on Shapovalov’s Marxist views on the specifics of the development of the labor movement in Belgium and on daily life among local workers. The issue of the procurement and transportation of contraband weapons from Belgium to Russia by revolutionaries is also touched upon. The analysis shows that in Belgium, as a developed capitalist country with a high level of industrial and scientific-technical development, conservative clerical institutions continue to play a leading role in socio-political life. At the same time, there is a gradual decline in the activity of local organizations of the labor and socialist movements.
Keywords: memoirs, Belgium, A. Shapovalov, emigration, workers, revolutionary, procurement of weapons, Bolshevik, Marxist
Kashina E.V. (Khabarovsk). The Main Factors in the Development of Australian-Chinese Relations (1918-1929)
EVGENIA V. KASHINA
teacher at the Higher School of Pedagogy and History
Pacific national University
680042, Khabarovsk, st. Pacific, 136
e-mail: 011133@togudv.ru
Abstract. After the First World War, there was a growth of Australian national consciousness. During this period, Australia’s foreign policy was shaped by its gradual liberation from British influence. China was one of Australia’s main trading partners in the Asia-Pacific region during this time. But the political crises and instability within China contributed to a split in Australian public opinion regarding how to navigate their relationships with China. The article is devoted to the development of relations between the Australian Union and China in the period from 1918 to 1929. The author analyzes changes in migration and economic policy towards China and explores the views of the Australian public on the Chinese political events, as well as the positions of the official authorities on this issue are revealed. The growth of international contradictions in the 30s of the XX century and the degree of independence in making Australian foreign policy from the former metropolis could affect Australian-Chinese relations. The article analyzes the problem of the Australian Union’s foreign policy dependence on the position of the United Kingdom in the 1920s. Despite the continued influence of London in assessing China’s internal events by the Australian political establishment, the events of Chinese history increasingly attracted the attention of the independent press, and Australian political and economic elites sought to expand economic ties with China
Keywords: Foreign policy of the Australian Union; Republic of China; Great Britain; Asia-Pacific region; Chinese migrants; trade representation; Australian press
Lapina I.Yu., Kargapoltsev S.Yu. (St. Petersburg). The Acquisition of State Independence by Finland (Part 2)
IRINA YURIEVNA LAPINA
Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
SERGEY YURIEVICH KARGAPOLTSEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
Abstract. In the article, the authors state the facts and circumstances of the growth of national-separatist and anti-monarchist sentiments in the Grand Duchy of Finland at the beginning of the 20th century, based on autochthonism, Swedish-Finnish nationalism and Russophobia. The article analyzes the aspects and cause-and-effect relationship of the recognition of the independence of the Finnish Republic by the authorities of Soviet Russia, as well as the viciousness of Lenin’s principles of national policy, which destroyed the unity of the country and contributed to the “parades of sovereignties” of 1917-1920 and 1989-1991. The authors note the features of the civil war in Finland, as well as in Northern and Eastern Karelia, where Finnish nationalists clashed with units of the Red Army, which went down in history as the first Soviet-Finnish armed conflict of 1918-1920. The article also examines the synchronous events in the Baltics and North-West Russia. Based on a wide range of literature and sources, the main results of the Tartu (Yuryev) Peace Treaty, signed on October 14, 1920 between the RSFSR and Finland, are updated. The article is a continuation of the authors’ research published in the previous issue. The first part of the article was published in the monthly journal for scientists “Clio” No. 6 in 2025. Pp. 79-92.
Keywords: Russian Empire, Grand Duchy of Finland, Helsingfors, Nicholas II, February and October Revolutions of 1917, V.I. Lenin, Baltic Fleet, Finnish Republic, Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, Rüdiger von der Goltz, RSFSR, civil war in Russia and Finland, N.N. Yudenich, Soviet-Finnish armed conflict of 1918-1920, Russophobia, Tartu (Yuryev) Peace Treaty, Finland
Shelegin M.V. (Arkhangelsk). The Bavarian Concordat of 1924 as a Factor in the Formation of Weimar Federalism
MIKHAIL VALEREVICH SHELEGIN
Department of General History, postgraduate student, 2nd year
Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov
163002, Russia, Arkhangelsk, Severnaya Dvina Emb. 17,
e-mail: m.shelegin@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines the negotiations on conclusion the Bavarian Concordat of 1924 and the impact of the treaty on German federalism during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Having lost many privileges following the November Revolution of 1918–1919, Bavaria, a state with deeply-rooted federalist traditions, perceived the policies of the central government as a threat to its autonomy. Resisting the unitarization of Germany, Bavaria sought to preserve and expand its remaining rights, including the right to its own concordat with the Holy See. The pro-Catholic Bavarian People’s Party (BVP) played a key role in the negotiations for the new concordat. The treaty not only legally secured the position of the Catholic Church in Bavaria but also affirmed the state’s rights in the spheres of culture, religion, and education at the level of international law. The conclusion of the Concordat contributed to Bavaria’s shift from confrontation to dialogue with the federal government. It is concluded that the Concordat became an example for other German states, demonstrating that even under Weimar’s «federal unitarism», the states could independently regulate church-state relations using rights guaranteed by the Weimar Constitution. The concordats concluded during the Weimar Republic, in turn, became models for agreements between the Catholic Church and the states of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Keywords: Catholic Church, Holy See, Weimar Republic, Germany, Bavaria, concordat, federalism
Medushevsky N.A. (Moscow). French Togo: from Colonialism to Independence
NIKOLAY ANDREEVICH MEDUSHEVSKY
Doctor of Political Science, Professor
Russian State Humanitarian University
125047, Moscow, Miusskaya sq., 6.
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
117198, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya st., 6.
e-mail: Lucky5659@yandex.ru
Abstract. This article examines the history of Togo from 1916 to 1960. At this stage in history, Togo had the status of a French protectorate and in historiography is called French Togo, with British Togoland existing in parallel. Both of these mandated territories arose as a result of the division of the colony of German Togoland following the First World War. Despite the common cause of the emergence of the two protectorates, the history of French Togo requires separate consideration, since, firstly, it was characterized by its own specific model of colonial governance, and secondly, it led to the formation of the independent state of Togo in 1960. The process of historical transformation of the French protectorate is considered by us in the context of regional and global historical events, the priority of which were the division of the German colony and the establishment of a protective regime under the mandate of the League of Nations, the events of the Second World War, the independence of neighboring Ghana in 1955 and the very fact of independence of Togo in 1960 among 16 other colonies. One of the main focuses of the work is related to the disclosure of the role of the ethnic factor, represented by the Ewe community, which became one of the incentives for the struggle of the indigenous population of French Togo for independence. As the study showed, it was the political mobilization of the Ewe in French Togo that allowed, during the period of colonialism, to maintain relative stability and ensure the development of this territory, and at the same time, to form a primary political elite, originating directly from the population of the colony and represented by such prominent political figures as Sylvanus Olympio and Nicolas Grunitzky.
Keywords: French Togo, Republic of Togo, Ewe, Olympio, Grunitzky, “Women’s Revolution”, Committee of Unity of Togo
Vinichenko M.V., Pirushkin M.V. (Moscow). The Formation of the “Iron Curtain” in American Cinematography during the Presidency of Harry Truman (1945-1953)
MIKHAIL VASIL’EVICH VINICHENKO
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor,
Professor of the Department of War Memorial Work,
Russian State Social University,
129226, Russia, Moscow, Wilhelm Pick St., 4, building 1
e-mail: mih-vas2006@yandex.ru
MAKAR VLADIMIROVICH PIRUSHKIN
1th year student majoring in
«Russia and the world historical process»,
Russian State Social University,
129226, Russia, Moscow, Wilhelm Pick St., 4, building 1
e-mail: piters.80@mail.ru
Abstract. This article examines the influence of the administration of President Harry S. Truman on the formation of anti-Soviet propaganda in American cinema during the formation of the Iron Curtain. The study explores the ideological and institutional foundations of cultural mobilization in the early Cold War period, as well as the interaction between state policy and mass culture. Particular attention is given to the containment doctrine, the role of cinema in constructing symbolic representations of the «enemy» and the transformation of Hollywood into a tool of ideological influence. Through discursive, comparative-historical, and visual analysis, the article demonstrates how political directives were translated into cinematic narratives and visual codes, producing a consistent anti-communist discourse. It concludes that cinema served as a key mediator between official ideology and public consciousness within the broader framework of cultural confrontation between two global systems. The publication is based on a number of published sources, including Churchill’s speech in Fulton, which marked the beginning of the Cold War. The presented work uses extensive domestic and foreign historiography, which makes it possible to look at American cinema of the post-war years as a powerful instrument of ideological struggle with the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist bloc.
Keywords: Harry Truman, Cold War, United States, anti-Soviet propaganda, cinema, ideology, mass culture, political mobilization, visual rhetoric
Golland A.V., Gekht A.B., Tsigonyaeva A.Yu., Shutman D.V. (St. Petersburg). Precursors to the Political Crisis in the Republic of Korea in 2024
ANASTASIIA VIKTOROVNA GOLLAND
Bachelor’s student The Bonch-Bruevichs Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, 4th year
193232, Saint Petersburg, Bolshevikov Avenue, 22, Building 1, Letter A, Z
e-mail: golland.nastya@gmail.com
ANTON BORISOVICH GEKHT
PhD in history, docent
Head of the department of history and regional studies
e-mail: a.geht@yandex.ru
ALEKSANDRA YUR’EVNA TSIGONYAEVA
PHD, docent of the department of history and regional studies
e-mail: a.geht@yandex.ru
DENIS VALERIEVICH SHUTMAN
Ph.D. in Political Science, Associate Professor,
Dean of the Faculty of Social Technologies and Data Economics
e-mail: denis_sh2@mail.ru
Abstract. In December 2024, headlines appeared around the world about the imposition of martial law in the Republic of Korea. For many, the events of 3-4 December came as a great surprise: the introduction of military equipment into Seoul, the announcement of the arrest of opposition leaders, the blocking of the convening of parliament and the seizure of the Electoral Commission. All this led to the resignation, trial and subsequent impeachment of President Yoon Suk Yeol. Despite the fact that, following public outcry, many opinions emerged about the reasons for these events, the fundamental one is the deep political crisis in the Republic of Korea. This article analyses the factors that influenced the formation of the current political situation in South Korea. Much attention is paid to the peculiarities of the state’s party system and its influence on the functioning of the government. The relevance of the study is due to the impact of the crisis of presidential power on the foreign and domestic policy of the Republic of Korea. Since South Korea is a significant political force in the Asia-Pacific region, frequent changes of presidents representing different ideological forces lead to the destabilization of state policy. The main objective is to systematize knowledge about the causes of the current political situation in the region and to develop a theory about the role of factional struggle in its development.
Keywords: ‘People’s Power’, ‘Together’, parties, Yoon Suk Yeol, parliament, crisis
Khojaev M.P. (Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan). Trade Relations Between Rus’ and the Timurid State: Routes and Commodities
MEHROVAR PARDALIEVICH KHOJAEV
candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of the Tajik National University.
734000, Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe.
e-mail: Mehrovar_kh@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the trade and economic relations between Rus’ and the Timurid state in the second half of the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century. It explores the main trade routes, including the ancient caravan paths through Khwarezm, Volga Bulgaria, the Golden Horde, and the Caspian region, as well as the role of intermediaries in the exchange of goods. The study analyzes the assortment and characteristics of the goods exchanged between the two regions: furs, metals, wax, and artisanal products from Rus’; textiles, spices, precious items, porcelain, and manuscripts from the Timurid lands. Special attention is given to the political and economic conditions that facilitated the development of these ties, and to the significance of the 1464 diplomatic mission as a key event in the relations between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Timurid state. The article emphasizes that despite geographical distance and political complexities, trade and diplomatic contacts contributed to the integration of these regions into a broader Eurasian economic and cultural context of the 15th century.
Keywords: Timurid state, Rus’, trade relations, caravan routes, intermediaries, diplomacy, 1464 embassy, Eurasia, international trade, political-economic relations, furs, textiles, spices, cultural exchange
Grigorova V.A., Zhukova A.P. (Voronezh). The Economic Situation of the Peasants of Voronezh Province in the Second Half of the 19th Century: Budget and Standard of Living
VICTORIA ALEXANDROVNA GRIGOROVA
Professor of the Department of Social, Humanitarian, Economic and Legal Disciplines at the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor
Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia,
394065, Patriotov Ave., 53, Voronezh
e-mail: vagrigorovamvd@yandex.ru
ANZHELIKA PAVLOVNA ZHUKOVA
(applicant) Voronezh State Pedagogical University
Voronezh State Pedagogical University,
394043, Lenin St., 86, Voronezh
e-mail: zhukova_ap@list.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of the economic situation of the peasants of the Voronezh province in the second half of the 19th century, taking into account the evolution of capitalist relations in Russia. The second half of the 19th century was characterized by significant socio-economic transformations, among which the position of the peasantry occupied a special place. This period included reforms such as the abolition of serfdom (1861), as well as subsequent changes in agrarian policy and the economic sphere. The authors examine the budget of peasant farms, assessing the economic stability and standard of living of the main category of the population of the province as a whole, identify and characterize the regional characteristics of the key factors that influenced the formation of peasant budgets using the example of various counties of the province.
Special attention should be paid to the analysis of income and expenses of peasants in the form of the availability of basic and additional earnings, the specifics of market relations, the availability of loans and loans, as well as the indirect impact of the climate and location of the Voronezh province, yields, prices for agricultural products and working conditions. The article submitted for publication is based on domestic historiography, including pre-revolutionary publications from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The author analyzes and uses information drawn from both published sources and their funds in local domestic archives.
Keywords: peasant farming, peasant budgets, Voronezh province, family farming, subsistence production, commodity orientation, taxation of the peasant population, credit policy, Russia.
Zuev A.V. (St. Petersburg). Russian Export Trade Society (1896-1917)
ANDREY VYACHESLAVOVICH ZUEV
Associate Professor the of Private Law Departments of Admiral Makarov
State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping
Associate Professor
Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping
198035, Dvinskaya street., 5/7, St. Petersburg
e-mail: univerandrey@mail.ru
Associate Professor the of the Department of Cultural
History, State and Law of “LETI”
Associate Professor
Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”
197022, Professor Popov street., 5, St. Petersburg
e-mail: univerandrey@mail.ru
Abstract. The publication presents the history of the Russian Export Trade Society (ROVT). It is one of the most striking examples of the changes that took place in the sphere of interaction between the interests of financial, credit, and trade enterprises of the Russian Empire in the last third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the ROVT was to promote the export of Russian agricultural and industrial products abroad. The Society also engaged in the purchase and sale of goods, both at its own expense and on commission, with the provision of loans for goods accepted on commission. The ROVT did not have any government or defense-related orders. The company’s main capital amounted to 2,000,000 rubles. The article argues that two banks, the Azov-Don Commercial Bank and the Petrograd Accounting and Loan Bank, were the main shareholders of the ROVT. The company owned its own maritime and river fleet for exporting goods. The author of the article expresses the opinion that, despite the financial difficulties of 1909-1911, ROVT managed to stabilize the situation and even during the entire First World War continued to remain a very dynamically developing company.
Keywords: Russian Export Trade Society, bank, shares, shareholders, board, steamship, fleet, shipping
Saenko M.A. (St. Petersburg). Sea Pigeon Post in the Russian Imperial Navy in the Late XIX – XX Centuries
MIKHAIL ANATOLYEVICH SAENKO
Lecturer of the Department
of Organization of Combat Training
and Everyday Activities of Signal Troops
Military Academy of Signals named after Marshal
of the Soviet Union S.M. Budyonny
194064, Russia, St. Petersburg,
Tikhoretsky Ave., 3
e-mail: rv6lvt@rambler.ru
Abstract. The article examines the organization of pigeon post in the Russian Imperial Navy in the late 19th – 20th centuries. The article examines the discussion of the issue in the Naval Ministry and the Main Naval Staff in the late 19th century about the creation of sea pigeon stations in Russia. The article studies the financing of the construction of the Sea Pigeon Station in Libau in 1896 and the purchase of birds for it in Europe. The characteristics of the structure of the sea station and its staffing structure are given. The change in the number of homing pigeons at the Sea Pigeon Station during its operation is analyzed. The difficulties that arose in the process of training homing pigeons of the sea station in Libau from the open sea over long distances are considered. The statistics of bird losses as a result of training flights and the offspring of chicks are shown. The opinions of representatives of the naval department of the Russian Empire in the early 20th century on the need to close the Sea Pigeon Station are studied. The process of closing the marine station in Libau due to the unsatisfactory condition of the carrier birds and the lack of regular training was shown. Information was provided on the use of carrier pigeons in the Russian Navy in combat battles at the beginning of the 20th century.
Keywords: Russian Imperial Navy, Naval Ministry, Marine carrier pigeon station, military port, pigeon communication
Zapalsky G.M., Titova E.V. (Moscow). Constitutional Democrats and the Church Issue in 1905–1907
GLEB MIKHAILOVICH ZAPALSKY
Candidate of Sciences in History,
Associate Professor of the Department of Church History,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
119234, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4, Moscow
e-mail: zapalsky@mail.ru
EKATERINA VIKTOROVNA TITOVA
Postgraduate Student, Department of Church History, Faculty of History,
Lomonosov Moscow State University
119234, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4, Moscow
e-mail: katerina.neg@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the formation of a project for necessary church reforms by the Constitutional Democratic Party during the period from 1905 to 1907. The study is based on a variety of sources, primarily program documents and materials of party congresses, party periodicals, as well as Constitutional Democrats opinion journalists’ works. The authors analyse the preconditions for formulating the Kadets’ church program. The authors demonstrate the evolution of the party’s view on the church issue. It is shown that the involvement of the Kadets in the church agenda in 1905–1907 was a consequence of the ecclesiastical-political situation in the state. It was during this period that the government, church representatives, and political parties were involved in the development of the church issue. The research examines the provisions of the Kadets church program and articles and publications with details of the programmatic positions. The authors conclude that the Kadets’ involvement in the development of the church issue did not provide them with broad support among the clergy and did not allow them to advance important ecclesiastical legislative initiatives.
Keywords: Russian Orthodox Church, church reform, clergy, political parties, the Constitutional Democratic Party, the State Duma, S.N. Bulgakov, S.P. Melgunov, N.V. Ognev
Martynenko V.Yu. (Krasnodar). “Anarchy” of Novorossiysk: the Group’s Activities and Regional Specifics
VADIM YURIEVICH MARTYNENKO
Graduate student of KubSU
KGIAMZ E.D. Felitsyna
350040, Krasnodar region, Krasnodar city, Stavropolskaya street, 149
e-mail: vadusha.mort@mail.ru
Abstract. The regional aspect of studying the history of the anarchists of Novorossiysk has been outside the scope of the study for quite a long time. The purpose of this article is to fill in the gap and reconstruct the history of the Anarchy group in Novorossiysk based on the materials of F. 584 of the State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory.
The content of the materials determined the methodology of the work. The set of methods consisted of the following: 1) Problem-analytical; 2) Chronological; 3) Comparative-historical.
The heyday of the Novorossiysk Anarchy group occurred in 1907-1908, as did the Yekaterinodar Anarchies. The documents of the Order of the Assistant to the Head of the Kuban Regional Gendarme Department in the Black Sea province record key trends in the development and institutionalization of the group.
Based on Fund 584, the practices of Novorossiysk anarchists, such as the Black Hand groups, and others, are reconstructed. The author concludes that Novorossiysk was the printing center of Yekaterinodar anarchists. There were regional specifics here: 1) Expropriations in favor of the members of the group for the development of the printing house, the organization of the printing of extortion letters, texts of proclamations; 2) Terror against police officers, traitors to the anarchists of the city. 3) Distribution of extortion letters for the purpose of intimidation, blackmail, material enrichment; The motives of the Novorossiysk anarchists’ crimes consisted of acts of intimidation and terrorist acts of retaliation before the expropriation of funds for the organization of the group’s work.
Keywords: anarchism, anarcho-communism, Novorossiysk, terror, extortion letters, expropriations
Fan-Yung G.Yu. (Kazan city). Territorial Features of the Composition of Provincial (Regional) Offices for Factory and Mining Affairs on the Eve of the First World War
GERMAN YURIEVICH FAN-YUNG
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines of the Volga Region State University of Physical Education, Sports and Tourism, 420010, Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, territory of the Universiade Village, 35,
e-mail: ger-fan-yung@yandex.ru
Abstract. Our research work is based on general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, both empirical and theoretical. Empirical methods were used by us, for example, when describing the quantitative composition of provincial (regional) factory and mining affairs presences on the eve of the First World War. Theoretical methods allowed us to correlate the composition of these state bodies with the level of industrial development of the regions where they were stationed, and to put forward an appropriate hypothesis. In the presented work, the author has attempted, firstly, to generalize the features of the personnel of provincial (regional) offices for factory and mining affairs that existed before the «Grande guerre». And, secondly, to analyze the indicated differences, specifying their main reasons. In the course of the work done, we confirmed the conclusion about the objective unevenness of the economic and social development of the Russian Empire before the World War First. One of the objective indirect indicators of this unevenness was the differences in the personnel of the territorial supervisory bodies for compliance with “factory” low. Once again, in this way, we were able to confirm the validity of the thesis that the successful development of the manufacturing sector in the industrial era was unthinkable without improving the forms and methods of social policy.
Keywords: industrial revolution in Russia, the situation of workers on the eve of the First World War, provincial (regional) offices of factory and mining affairs, uneven economic and social development of Russia
Bashkirova A.A. (Khabarovsk). Criminal Situation in Priamurye General Government during the First World War Period (1914–1917): According to the Materials of the Far-Eastern Periodical Press
ALINA ALEXANDROVNA BASHKIROVA
Assistant School of Pedagogy and History
Pacific National University ( PNU),
680035, Tikhookeanskaya street, 136, Khabarovsk
e-mail: 013408@togudv.ru
Abstract. The publication a research of crime situation’s condition and growth in Priamurye General Government according to the materials of the Far-Eastern periodical press (for example, “Far East”, “Far Outskirts”, “Priamurye Life”, “Priamurye Vedomosti”) (1914-1917). The periodical press not only informed the readers about crimes committed in Krai, but gave them a characteristic and formed an attitude of Far Eastern People to illegal actions. Also it paid government’s attention to problems, which were connected with the criminal world. At the same time, the periodical press materials were researched by the scientists in order to find the problems of crime situation’s growth. And this gap is needed to be filled. The materials of periodical press include the growth of serious violent crimes (murders and robbery), which were committed by organized gangs of escaped convicts, traitors and marginals. The same can be said about the Honghuzi gang, which caused a real economical damage to border territories. An author notes a surge of property crimes (theft of money, livestock, clothing, food), child crime, prostitution, human trafficking and gender violence. An influence of inflation, shortage, unemployment, infrastructure’s decay and migration of marginals on society’s criminalization is analysed. Despite the authorities’ attempts of stabilizing the situation (for example making shelters and using the prisoners in building), a system inefficiency of law enforcement agencies and judicial system made the situation only worse. A conclusion, that the criminal situation became a vivid indicator of the general crisis in the Russian Empire in wartime conditions, is made.
Keywords: World War I (1914–1917), criminogenic situation, crime, violent crimes, murders, Honghuzi (Chinese bandits)
Mikhailov V.A. (Saratov). Railway Security in the Lower Volga Region in 1917–1918: Genesis and Specifics
VYACHESLAV ALEXANDROVICH MIKHAILOV
Lecturer at the Department of Theory and History of State and Law Saratov Military Institute of the National Guard of the Russian Federation,
410005, Russia, Saratov, Moskovskaya st., 158
e-mail mvawm20047910@yandex.ru
Abstract. The purpose of the article is to study the main features of the organizational and legal foundations of railway protection in the Lower Volga region in 1917–1918. The scientific novelty of the study is the insufficient study of the activities of the subjects for railway protection, in particular, on the territory of the Saratov and Astrakhan provinces in the first years of Soviet power. The following methods of scientific and historical knowledge were used: comparative historical, descriptive, logical, as well as a method for analyzing archival materials.
As a result of the study, it was revealed that during the revolutionary events of 1917 at the RUZhD, by decision of the Saratov Council of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, its own departmental security was formed in the form of railway police. In February 1918, on the basis of a decree of the Council of People’s Commissars, the All-Russian Interdepartmental Extraordinary Commission for the Protection of Roads was established, instructions and plans for organizing security services on railways were issued, and the formation of detachments began. With the organization of the Security Directorate at the RUZhD in July 1918, the Red Guard railway detachments began to be transformed into military security detachments. A special role in organizing railway security at the RUZhD was played by the activities of special units – Railway guard regiments (Ryazan, Saratov, Astrakhan, Rtishchevsky, Krasnokutsky), created in August 1918 in connection with the transformation of militarized railway security to the People’s Commissariat for Military Affairs.
Keywords: Civil war, Lower Volga region, Ryazan-Ural railway, railway police, 1917-1918
Kashevarov A.N. (St. Petersburg). “The Powerful Epic” of 1918-1920 and the First Trials Against the Orthodox Clergy in Soviet Russia
ANATOLII NIKOLAEVICH KASHEVAROV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor,
Honored Worker of Higher School of the Russian Federation,
Professor Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University,
Russia, 195251, St. Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya Str., 29.
e-mail: kashevar12@mail.ru
Abstract. From the end of 1918, an important place in the religious policy of the Soviet government was occupied by the campaign, which began in October of the same year, to uncover holy relics that had been kept in Orthodox churches and monasteries for tens and hundreds of years. Carried out by the VIII Department of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR in the course of implementing the decree of the Soviet government of January 23, 1918 “On the separation of church from state and school from church”, this was one of the largest anti-religious campaigns in the entire history of state-church relations in the Soviet period. During the campaign, there were numerous cases of violence against the clergy, insults to the religious feelings of believers, and violations by local authorities of even instructions emanating from the center. However, the believers in their mass did not abandon the veneration of the remains of the saints and supported the offended and persecuted Church in peaceful forms, completely loyal to the political regime – numerous written appeals to local and central bodies of Soviet power with a request not to desecrate the relics of the saints and return them to the Church. In responses to these complaints and protests from the localities about the “illegal actions of Soviet workers during the opening of the relics,” the VIII Department of the People’s Commissariat of Justice invariably took a clearly biased position in relation to the appeals of believers and denied the existence of any abuses. There were no anti-Soviet demonstrations in connection with the “relic epic”. Despite this, the judicial authorities used paragraph 3 of the resolution of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of August 25, 1920 “On relics”, which stated that “in all cases of detection of charlatanism, juggling, falsification and other criminal acts aimed at exploiting the darkness on the part of individual clergy, the justice departments initiate legal proceedings against all guilty persons.” The article examines in detail two of the most high-profile cases fabricated during the “relic epic” of trials – “the case of the Novgorod clergy headed by Bishop Alexei (Simansky) on charges of forgery and fraud in connection with the examination of relics in Novgorod’s St. Sophia Cathedral in March 1919” and “the case of Hieromonk Dositheus of the Moscow Donskoy Monastery and others in connection with the opening of the relics of the Vilnius saints.” The main charge brought against the clergy in these and similar trials was “the use of the cult of mummified corpses in the centuries-long deception of church organizations and their individual representatives of the broad working masses.” In other words, the clergy were tried for the storage and veneration of holy relics.
Keywords: Soviet power, the VIII department of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR, the “relic epic”, clergy, believers, trials against Orthodox clergy, “the case of the Novgorod clergy with Bishop Alexy (Simansky) at the head”, “the case of Hieromonk Dositheus of the Moscow Donskoy Monastery”
Petin D.P. (Moscow). Peculiarities of Judicial Personnel Formation in the Kola North in the 1920s
DMITRY P. PETIN
Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Postgraduate student of the Federal Research Center «Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences»
Industrial Investments LLC.
Deputy Director for Legal Issues on Non-Core Assets
115184, Russian Federation, Moscow, Pyatnitskaya St., 9/28, p. 2
e-mail: dmitriy.petin@rndv.ru
Abstract. On November 24, 1917, the Council of People’s Commissars of the Soviet Republic adopted Decree “On the Court” (hereinafter referred to as Decree on Court No. 1), which, as part of the “destruction of the obsolete judicial bureaucratic and censorship bourgeois apparatus and the repeal of laws that have remained in force until now, especially those hated by the revolutionary legal consciousness,” abolished the pre-revolutionary judicial authorities (institutions of judicial investigators, prosecutors and bar associations, the Senate, judicial chambers, district and other courts). The Soviet government had to form a judicial apparatus mainly of people who not only did not have a law degree or any practical judicial skills, but also did not have a sufficient general education level. Workers’ representatives came to the courts – persons delegated by workers, soldiers, and peasants’ organizations. The Bolsheviks believed that ideologically “correct” people should have worked in the new proletarian organs. By the beginning of the 1920s, the Alexandrovsky district of the Arkhangelsk province operated on the territory of the Kola North, which was characterized by a low population density and difficult climatic features. There were no personnel for the formation of new judicial bodies, and therefore, throughout the 1920s, judicial bodies were formed exclusively from persons sent from other regions, while it was necessary to comply with the requirements of the new government for court staff. This situation is the main feature of the formation of judicial institutes in the Kola North.
Keywords: Kola North, personnel situation, judicial institutes, justice, Soviet power
Yahutl Yu.A., Kasyanov V.V. (Krasnodar). On the Responsibility of the Wehrmacht Secret Field Police for Mass Terror in 1942-1944 in the Temporarily Occupied Territories of the USSR
YURI ASLANBIEVICH YAHUTL
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Kuban State University, Department of Russian History
149, Stavropol Street, Krasnodar, 350040, Russia
e-mail: a075ca@eandex.ru
VALERY V. KASYANOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Journalism, Head of the Department of History of Russia, Faculty of History, Sociology and International Relations, Kuban State University, Stavropol, 149, Krasnodar, 350040, Russia
e-mail: culnure@kubsu.ru
Abstract. The article examines the participation of German soldiers and traitors from among the former Red Army soldiers in the Secret Field Police (GFP–312) in the mass shootings of civilians in Stavropol, Krasnodar Territory and Crimea. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to prevent attempts to falsify the history of the Great Patriotic War and confirm the responsibility of the German special services for crimes against civilians in the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR. Forming the structure of the occupation regime, the Wehrmacht actively used collaborators. They were involved in mass shootings of civilians and used as provocateurs. One of these bodies, which actively attracted traitors, was the GFP– a division of the Abwehr. The objectives of the research include the analysis of the documents of the criminal case GFP–312, reviewed by the Tribunal of the North Caucasus Military District in 1959, which testify to the involvement of the German special services and their accomplices in the deliberate genocide of the peoples of the USSR in the temporarily occupied territories. Special attention is paid to the cases of former citizens who voluntarily joined the enemy‘s service. The article uses part of the declassified archival materials of the FSB Directorate for the Krasnodar Territory of the criminal case of former employees of GFP–312.
Keywords: GFP–312, genocide, collaborators, mass shootings, occupation regime, crime, special services, USSR
Maximov M.V. (St. Petersburg). Psychology of Risky Behavior under Nazi Occupation in the Context of Food Search
MICHAEL VYACHESLAVOVICH MAXIMOV
Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History, Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin
196605, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoe sh., 10,
e-mail: maximov1915@mail.ru
Abstract. This article examines the psychological mechanisms of human risky behavior in extreme situations during the Nazi occupation, using the search for food in the city of Pushkin as an example. In a situation of systematic terror, chronic hunger and constant threat of physical destruction, everyday practices of the population inevitably transformed, giving rise to specific survival strategies associated with increased risk. Various forms of risky behavior are analyzed: from attempts to obtain food to elements of hidden resistance. Particular attention is paid to the motivational factors that forced people to take deadly actions, including not only physiological needs, but also social, moral and emotional impulses. The study is based on archival materials, eyewitness accounts and diary entries, which allows us to reconstruct not only the external manifestations of risky behavior, but also its internal, psychological background. It also examines how the extreme conditions of the occupation exposed basic survival instincts, but simultaneously activated complex adaptive mechanisms, including cognitive distortions and collective forms of mutual assistance. The study of these processes is important not only for historical psychology, but also for understanding the limits of human adaptation to emergency situations in general. The article contributes to the discussion of how social, cultural and individual psychological factors determine human behavior in conditions of total threat, and also helps to understand the phenomenon of resistance in its everyday manifestations.
Keywords: risk, survival, city of Pushkin, Nazi occupation, everyday life
Gapsalamov A.R. (Elabuga). State Industrial Policy in the USSR: A Theoretical Aspect
ALMAZ RAFISOVICH GAPSALAMOV
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor,
Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Management
Elabuga Institute (branch) of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University”
423600, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Elabuga, Kazanskaya St., 89.
e-mail: Gapsalamov@yandex.ru
Abstract. The presented study allows us to take a new approach to the analysis of the concept of “state industrial policy”. The article outlines two main lines of narrative related to the study of the terminological apparatus, as well as consideration of the features of the industrial policy pursued in the USSR.
The research methodology is based on the principles, approaches and methods of scientific knowledge. When preparing the materials, the author relied on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency.
The analysis of a wide range of sources allowed us to introduce our own scientific definition of the concept of “state industrial policy” into scientific circulation. The author of the article comes to the conclusion about a high degree of identity of the terms “economic” and “industrial” policy in relation to the realities of the development of the Soviet economy. Industrial policy is considered within the framework of a system in which the author identifies the managing and managed subsystems. A special place in the study is occupied by issues of the impact of political, economic, technological and ideological components on the industrial policy pursued in the country. The events carried out at the state level reflected external and internal factors, all institutional units at all levels were subject to a common trajectory of development. The publication is based on a wide range of historiography, some of which relates to the first years of Soviet power.
Keywords: state industrial policy, state economic policy, external and internal factors, industry, USSR
Gordin A.A., Surovegina E.S. (Nizhny Novgorod). Intra-plant Cost Accounting on the Example of Industrial Enterprises of the City of Gorky
ALEXEY ALEXANDROVICH GORDIN
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Vice-Rector for Academic
Affairs of the Nizhny Novgorod State University
of Architecture and Civil Engineering
603000, Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, Ilyinskaya St., 65
e-mail: alexei.gordin@yandex.ru
EKATERINA SERGEEVNA SUROVEGINA
Senior Lecturer at the Department of History of Russia and auxiliary historical disciplines Minin State Pedagogical University of Nizhny Novgorod
603005, Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanova st., 1
e-mail: ekaterina.surovegina@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the practice of implementation and functioning of internal plant cost accounting as a key element of labor motivation and production organization at industrial enterprises in Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) in the context of the Kosygin economic reform (second half of the 1960s – early 1970s). The authors analyze the genesis of the self-financing method in the USSR, its revival and adaptation within the framework of the reform, aimed at expanding the economic independence of enterprises, strengthening economic incentives through profit, bonuses and cost reduction. Based on archival materials (TSANO, GOPANO), the experience of implementing self-financing (workshop, brigade, workplace) and financial incentive systems at the leading factories of the city is considered in detail: GAZ, Krasny Yak, Engine of the Revolution, Heat Exchanger (No. 469). It is shown that self-financing contributed to increased labor productivity, resource savings, increased profitability and improved industrial production in Gorky, as well as positively influenced the well-being of workers through funds for financial incentives and social development. The article submitted for publication is based on a wide range of historiography, as well as on materials from a number of local archives, which the authors of this article are introducing into scientific circulation for the first time.
Keywords: self-financing, economics, industry, Gorky city enterprises, Kosyginsky reform, labor productivity
Solentsova E.A., Ibragimov R.E. (Samara). International Scientific Transfer as a Form of Interaction between the USSR and the West in the Context of the Cold War
ELENA ALEKSEEVNA SOLENTSOVA
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy and History, Samara State University of Economics
443090, Samara, Sovetskoy Armii St., 141
e–mail: solentsova2009@mail.ru
ROMAN ELSHADOVICH IBRAGIMOV
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
443090, Samara, Sovetskoy Armii St., 141
e-mail: ibragimov.ra@mail.ru
Abstract. This article examines the areas and forms of interaction between the Soviet scientific community and foreign researchers during the Cold War. Scientific and technological cooperation is shown in the context of foreign policy and international relations analysis. Scientific transfer in this study is mostly focused on the study of the activities of scientists, research teams and research institutes as a whole. In relation to the 1950s and 1960s, this was a new format of scientific communication between scientists. The authors show the importance and interconnectedness of the development of physical, chemical and petrochemical research for the country and the world. As a result of the analysis of documents from research institutes stored in the Russian State Archives in Samara, conclusions are made regarding scientific contacts at the international level. Soviet scientists participated in congresses, symposia and conferences, but often in limited quantities, which was due not only to the need to preserve state secrets, but also to the search for adequate qualified specialists in the system of public administration and science to participate in international scientific co-creation.
Keywords: research institute, international relations, USSR, technology transfer, conferences, symposiums, congresses, technology exchange
Alekhin A.V. (Khabarovsk). International Cooperation between the USSR and the USA in the Timber Industry (1965 – 1985): on the Example of the Far Eastern Territory
ANTON VLADIMIROVICH ALEKHIN
Postgraduate student of the Department “Theory and History
of State and Law” of the Far Eastern State University
of Railways
Far Eastern State University of Railways
680021, Russia, Khabarovsk, Serysheva, 47
e-mail: Historic888@gmail.com
Abstract. The article discusses international cooperation in the timber industry between the USSR and the USA in the Soviet Far East in 1965 – 1985. The main directions of the historiography of the problem in modern research are outlined. The forms of interaction between the countries in the timber industry of the Far Eastern territory are analyzed; special attention is paid to the key points of contact between the economic interests of the two countries. The activities of the American companies Stetson – Ross, Dwyer Overseas, and Nicholson Manufacturing are considered. This aspect has not been previously covered in the works of Russian authors. The consequences of cooperation with American businessmen in the field of technical modernization of the Far Eastern timber industry are noted. In addition, the author addresses the problem of the effectiveness of visits to the Far East of the USSR by some such American politicians (Walter Hickel, Daniel Evans), which is also insufficiently covered in Russian historiography. The main difficulties that hindered trade between the two countries in 1965 – 1985 were identified. For the first time, documents from the regional archive were introduced into scientific circulation.
Keywords: timber industry, export, machine tool construction, raw material base, embargo, diplomacy, coro-polishing machines
Salchinkina A.R. (Krasnodar). The Pastoral Path of Vasily Belyakov: Spiritual and Social Aspects of Activity (in the Context of Studying the Historical Culture of the Kuban Cossacks)
ANGELINA ROSTISLAVOVNA SALCHINKINA
Head of the Department of History and Political Science, Kuban State Agrarian University, PhD in History, Associate Professor
Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin,
350044, Kalinina St., 13, Krasnodar
e-mail: eclipsis@yandex.ru
Abstract. This article is devoted to the study of the life path and professional activity of the Yekaterinodar clergyman Vasily Nikitich Belyakov. The study used historical-biographical and historical-genetic methods, as well as an interdisciplinary approach-content analysis. The novelty of a work is determined by both the subject area of the research and the source base. The main source material used was church periodicals – diocesan bulletins, as well as documents from the State Archives of the Krasnodar Region, presented by four funds, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time: F. 427 («Superintendent of schools in the Black Sea army, directorate of schools of the Caucasus region and collection of documents of the trustee of the Caucasus educational district»), F. 454 («Chancery of the head of the Kuban region and the acting ataman of the Kuban Cossack army»), F. 461 («Kuban regional trusteeship committee for prisons of the Main Prison Administration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs») and F. 470 («Directorate of Public Schools of the Kuban Region of the Ministry of Public Education»). An analysis of the materials allowed us to conclude that V. N. Belyakov, being a devoted clergyman, a qualified teacher of theology and an active participant in the public activities of Yekaterinodar, was a significant figure in the social and administrative life of the Kuban region. His public speeches, like the church speeches of other clergy, served as an important instrument for the formation in the public consciousness of the image of the Cossack as a faithful defender of the Fatherland and an Orthodox tsar.
Keywords: V. N. Belyakov, clergyman, religious teacher, Ekaterinodar, Kuban region, historical culture, Kuban Cossacks
Zolotaryov V.A. (Moscow), Kolesnikov A.A. (St. Petersburg). A Name in Science (Dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor, General of the Army V.N. Lobov)
VLADIMIR ANTONOVICH ZOLOTARYOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Doctor of Law, Professor,
Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
e-mail: zetva1946@list.ru
ALEXANDER ANTONOVICH KOLESNIKOV
Doctor of History, Professor of the Department of International Humanitarian Relations,
Director of the Center for Eurasian Studies at St. Petersburg State University 191060,
St. Petersburg, Smolnogo Street, 1/3
e-mail: akol2017@mail.ru
Abstract. The article reveals the scientific potential of the famous Soviet and Russian military leader, General of the Army V.N. Lobov. The author of numerous works on military theory and history, Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor V.N. Lobov has made a significant contribution to historical scientific heritage by being the first scholar who summarized and justified the domestic and foreign experience of using military cunning in the history of wars. Special author’s research attention was focused on the reinterpretation of the history of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the role of the main historical figures of that time, Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte. In the scientific studies of V.N. Lobov’s, which have received significant public recognition, the issues related to the study of Russian experience in strategic planning and military reform are also greatly presented. The article traces the dynamics of the scientist’s scientific activity, his colossal personal contribution to military history and other branches of military knowledge. It is emphasized that V.N. Lobov was always a pioneering researcher, focusing his creative interests on military-historical gaps, or current polemical issues that require high-quality and highly reasoned new understanding. Developing the theoretical aspects of military cunning, the author showed the complex structure of this unique phenomenon, and, using historical examples, clearly demonstrated its effectiveness in solving military problems. The researcher’s assessments of historical figures, including such significant ones as Emperor Alexander Pavlovich and Napoleon Bonaparte, possess irrefutable scientific novelty and accuracy of judgment.
Keywords: military cunning, strategy, Alexander I, Napoleon Bonaparte, V.N. Lobov
Kolesnikov A.A. (St. Petersburg). An Outstanding Specialist in Ottoman Studies (on the occasion of the 95th anniversary of the birth of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of Russia Yu.A. Petrosyan)
ALEXANDER ANTONOVICH KOLESNIKOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department
of International Humanitarian Relations,
Director of the Center for Eurasian Studies at St. Petersburg State University
1/3 Smolny Street, Saint Petersburg, 191060
e-mail: akol2017@mail.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the outstanding Soviet and Russian orientalist Yu.A. Petrosyan, who made a significant contribution to the development of Russian Ottoman studies. The works of the scientist devoted to the study of the problems of history, culture and social thought of the Ottoman Empire in the XVIII – XIX centuries are considered in detail. A special contribution was made by his works, which tell about the formation and development of Russian-Turkish contacts in the Middle Ages and modern times. The article analyzes the ideological views of the Turkish reformers, represented by such movements as the “new Ottomans” and the Young Turks. The author’s interpretations of the study of various periods of the historical development of the Ottoman Empire, presented by Yu.A. Petrosyan in a series of his publications, are considered. The article describes the scientist as an organizer of Oriental studies, who for more than 30 years headed a leading academic institution, the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies. In particular, it is emphasized that on his initiative, a series of interesting publishing projects was implemented, including recreating the history of handwritten traditions of Arab countries and Iran, a unique school of Oriental textual criticism was formed, and such scientific areas as Islamic studies, Buddhology, and the history of the Ancient East were brilliantly developed. Y.A. Petrosyan’s words about the need to continue the traditions of Russian Ottoman studies, which once brought glory to Russian science, are an appeal to the younger generation of scientists.
Keywords: Oriental studies, Ottoman studies, the Ottoman Empire, the “new Ottomans”, the Young Turks, Russian-Turkish relations, Institute of Oriental Studies, Istanbul
Zotova A.V. (St. Petersburg). Russia, Türkiye and China: History of International Relations in the Sphere of Development of Transport Corridors
ANASTASIIA VALEREVNA ZOTOVA
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Faculty of International Relations,
St. Petersburg State University.
199034, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7-9.
e-mail: anastasiyazotova@mail.ru
Abstract. International transport corridors (ITC) have always played an important role in the development of international relations and foreign policy of states. The article analyzes the interaction of China, Turkey and Russia in the field of exploitation of existing transport routes. The implementation of new joint ideas and projects of ITC is studied. The author presents the main international transport corridors connecting the People’s Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey. The conclusion is made about the significant influence of Turkey and China on the foreign policy of the states of Central Asia and the South Caucasus, which in the recent past had a common transport infrastructure and foreign economic policy with Russia. Political and economic steps taken under the influence of the Turkish Republic that are disadvantageous for the new Eurasian states are noted. In particular, by offering countries financial and material assistance, Turkey as a result gains the opportunity not only to control the activities of customs services, but also to influence the international relations of the former republics of the Soviet Union. The author presents information about international organizations of which the countries discussed in the article are members, and their influence on the dynamics of international transport routes. An assessment is given to the Eurasian Transport Framework project, implemented by the Eurasian Development Bank.
Keywords: international trade, international relations of Russia, China and Turkey, international transport corridors, history of foreign economic activity, history of the Russian economy