Nadtochiy Yu.B. (Moscow). Historiography of Science: Scientific Knowledge as a Source of Innovation (Using the Example of Discoveries and Inventions of Russian Scientists of the Late 19th Century). Part 1
YULIA BORISOVNA NADTOCHIY
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor Associate Professor of the Department of Strategic and Innovative Development, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
49 Leningradsky Ave., Moscow, 125167, Russian Federation
e-mail: Yflnjxbq-7e@yandex.ru
Abstract. As one of the historiographical problems, one can single out the problem of determining which discoveries and inventions of the pre-revolutionary period of time can claim the status of a source for specific innovations that a person uses at the present time.
The paper attempts to consider the possibilities of applying the results of scientific discoveries and inventions to create / appear various kinds of innovations, as well as to verify the existing assumption that there is a long time interval from discovery, invention to the appearance of innovation based on scientific knowledge (or even before the appearance of an innovative idea or solution). In this regard, the article pays special attention to the description of the discoveries and inventions made, based on the existing information about them.
The study reflects the author’s view of scientific knowledge as one of the sources of innovation. Since interpretations of the concept of “innovation” are given by different authors from different positions and depending on the scientific field (innovations in philosophy, innovations in technology, innovations in psychology, social innovations, innovations in management, etc.), and in tsarist Russia this concept does not exist at all, then by innovations we will understand various innovations that are introduced, disseminated and, if possible, commercialized.
According to the results of the work carried out, it is noted that at the current time, the discoveries and inventions of the past centuries, considered in the article, have not only not lost their relevance, but also continue to attract the attention of researchers from different fields of sciences.
Keywords: sources of innovation, discovery, invention, knowledge, innovation, science, Russian Empire
Kotsyubinsky D.A. (St. Petersburg). Evolution of Approaches of Russian Historiography to the Analysis of V. I. Lenin’s Statements on the Topic of the Civil War
DANIIL ALEXANDROVICH KOTSYUBINSKY
PhD in History, researcher at the European University in St. Petersburg
191187, Shpalernaya st., 1, St. Petersburg, Russia
e-mail: kd1965@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article analyzes the evolution of domestic historiography concerning the analysis of V. I. Lenin’s statements on the topic of the Civil War throughout his entire journalistic activity. Since the late 1930s. and until the second half of the 1980s. the analytical range of historical works was methodologically limited by the guidelines of Stalin’s “Short Course”. Since the late 1960s. a tendency developed towards wider use and commentary on Lenin’s quotes, which received wide scope for development during the era of Perestroika (1985-1991). Period 1990s became a culmination in terms of free from ideological restrictions and at the same time in-depth study of the figure of V.I. Lenin, including his rhetoric concerning civil-military issues. Throughout the 2000s. internally contradictory trends were observed. On the one hand, the interest of historians in Lenin and his texts has sharply decreased. On the other hand, in the works of a number of authors, a tendency was revealed to implicitly reproduce Soviet historiographical “clichés” related to Lenin’s themes. At the same time, during the 2000-2020s. many researchers continued to develop scientifically relevant approaches to the consideration of Lenin’s ideological and journalistic heritage, which developed in the period from the second half of the 1980s to the early 2000s.
Keywords: V.I. Lenin, Soviet historiography, domestic historiography, revolution of 1917, Civil War, Lenin’s concept of socialism, world revolution, “Short Course”, Perestroika
Kolesnikov A.B. (Omsk). Physical Culture of the USSR of the 1950s-1980s as a Tool for Constructing a “New Man” of the 1950s-1980s in the Historiographical Tradition
ALEXEY BORISOVICH KOLESNIKOV
3rd year postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History
Omsk State Pedagogical University
644043, Omsk, Tukhachevsky embankment, 14
e-mail: kolesnikoff.alexey94@gmail.com
Abstract. The article is devoted to the historiographical aspects of physical culture of the USSR of the 1950s-1980s as a tool for constructing a “new man” of the designated period. In this work, the author justified the prospects for addressing the history of the phenomenon of human corporeality, revealed its features and conditions of interrelation with the concept of “physical culture” and indicated the prerequisites for conducting a socio-cultural analysis of the concepts of human corporeality in various historical periods. The author examines physical culture of the 1950s–1980s in the context of the power and ideological project of the Soviet state. The article highlights five stages in the historiography of the problem. The paper presents the characteristic features of key scientific works on the selected stages, indicates the range of research problems addressed by the authors. Thanks to the conducted historiographical analysis of the issue, it was possible to identify those aspects of the reality of Soviet somatic practices that did not receive proper coverage or were generally out of the field of view of researchers. The article identifies the main differences in the focus of attention of researchers from different times. The evolution of discursive practices associated with the renewal of research “optics” is shown. The paper identifies the features of the stages in the historiography of the problem. The author addresses the aspects of the relationship between the government and the professional historical community in the context of the problem under study, indicating their functions and areas of interaction. The article characterizes the role of the historian as a conductor of meanings in the process of forming historical memory. The vectors of promising historical research using modern practices have been identified.
Keywords: physical culture; bodily culture; human physicality; «new man»; historiography; ideocratic regime; propaganda; ideology
Mukhamedov R.A. (Ulyanovsk), Bochkareva T.N., Gapsalamov A.R. (Yelabuga). The Views of Russian Researchers on the Implementation of State Industrial Policy in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
RASHIT ALIMOVICH MUKHAMEDOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Professor of the Department of History,
432071, Russian Federation, Ulyanovsk, Lenin Square, 4
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru
TATYANA NIKOLAEVNA BOCHKAREVA
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Yelabuga Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Associate Professor of the Department of Pedagogy,
423600, Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan, Yelabuga, st. Kazanskaya, 89,
e-mail: tatyana-n-boch@mail.ru
ALMAZ RAFISOVICH GAPSALAMOV
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Yelabuga Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Head of the Department of Economics and Management
423600, Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan, Yelabuga, st. Kazanskaya, 89,
e-mail: gapsalamov@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article provides a historiographical analysis of scientific works on the issues of state industrial policy in Soviet Russia-USSR in the second half of the twentieth century. A special place in the work is devoted to the consideration of the views of scientists on the decentralization and centralization of the management system within the framework of the industrial policy. The article shows the evolution of scientific views on industrial policy, depending on the actions and decisions taken by the country’s leadership. Modern Russian science is quite rich in research on the economic processes that took place during the existence of the Soviet Union, but there are not enough works covering the state policy of the Soviet government in relation to certain sectors and branches of the economy. Nevertheless, the presented problems could not but fall out of the focus of scientific consideration, both by business practitioners and representatives of scientific thought in Russia and abroad. The purpose of the presented research is to study the evolution of Soviet historiography under the influence of the transformation of the state industrial policy pursued in the USSR in the middle and second half of the twentieth century. The presented historiographical analysis is based on the consideration of works devoted to the centralization and decentralization of management as forms of implementation of the state industrial policy pursued in the USSR. This choice is due to the inability, within the framework of a brief historiographical analysis, to evaluate the entire range of published works related to industrial policy pursued in Russia in the past.
Keywords: historiography, state industrial policy, centralization, decentralization, industry, USSR
Evloeva R.D. (Moscow). British Neutrality and the Spanish American War of Independence (1808-1819)
RADA DZAURIEVNA EVLOEVA
Postgraduate student of the Faculty of History, Department of Modern and Contemporary History
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1
e-mail: evrada@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines the policy of British neutrality during the war for independence of the Spanish colonies in America in 1808-1819. The author shows that the neutrality of Great Britain was dictated by the desire to pursue its own interests, which required maintaining good relations with both Spain and the inhabitants of Spanish America fighting for independence. Britain rejected requests from South American revolutionaries for recognition and assistance, but also did not help Spain regain control of its colonies, so as not to jeopardize developing trade links with the new states. Particular attention is paid to the problem of recruiting British volunteers to serve in the rebel armies in 1817-1819, which caused protests in Spain. The author analyzes the actions of the British government, balancing between pressure from Madrid and the sympathies of British society for Latin American patriots, and comes to the conclusion that, on the whole, London’s policy reflected political skill and common sense, which allowed Britain to preserve its interests both in Europe and in Latin America.
Keywords: Spanish American War of Independence, British neutrality, Spain, Simon Bolivar, recruitment of British volunteers
Izmaylova A.N. (Krasnodar). The Origins of the Olympic Movement in East Asian Countries
ANASTASIYA NIKOLAEVNA IZMAYLOVA
Department of Foreign Regional Studies and Oriental Studies
Kuban State University
350040, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, Stavropolskaya st., 149,
e-mail: izmaylova_nast@mail.ru
Abstract. The Olympic movement has had an impact on the world community for a long time. The values of Olympism became widespread after the revival of the movement in 1986, including East Asia. In this paper, the Olympics held in Japan in 1964, the Republic of Korea in 1988 and the People’s Republic of China 2008 will be considered. We will explore the position of countries before and after the Games, and also draw attention to the importance of the Olympic Games for the Asia-Pacific region. For all the mentioned countries, the holding of the Games was correlated with the opportunity to present the results of economic reforms. Thanks to Western investments in hosting the Games, the states managed to modernize the system and minimize the cost of holding competitions in the long term. The appeal to sport from the perspective of Olympism has changed sports policy in Japan and the Republic of Korea. Japan and China have used the Games to change the prevailing image of themselves in favor of a more open and peaceful policy. The unification of Olympic values and traditional Asian culture expressed the principle of unity of the countries. Thus, the Asian Olympics contributed to the spread of the influence of Olympism, and the Games, in turn, became a means to consolidate the role of its leading countries in the Asia-Pacific region and the world.
Keywords: Olympic movement, Japan, Republic of Korea, People’s Republic of China, international relations, Asia Pacific region
Kozlov A.P. (St. Petersburg). The 1929–1931 Peasant Armed Uprisings and Insurrectionary Movements in Kazakhstan
ALEXANDR PETROVICH KOZLOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Military-Political Work in the Armed Forces Department,
Military Institute of Physical Training
194044, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Bolshoy Sampsonievskiy
Prospect, 63.
е-mail: petrovich138@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the peasant armed demonstrations and insurgent movements problem caused by a quick turn in the Bolsheviks agrarian policy in the late 1920s – early 1930s, which swept the whole country. In a number of regions, the peasantry resistance proved to be the most stubborn. Kazakhstan, which had its own development specifics, certainly belongs to such regions.
The peculiarity of Kazakhstan was that the complex socio-political problems solution took place here against the background of national and ethnic conflicts. The analysis of peasant armed demonstrations and insurrectionary movements in 1929–1931 in Kazakhstan requires a differentiated approach. The first armed demonstrations, the reason for which was the redistribution of hay and arable lands and the livestock confiscation from the most prosperous village part, were inspired by the bai elite, who used family ties to protect their narrow clan interests. With the transition to forced collectivization, dekulakization and sedentarization, the armed peasant demonstrations really became massive and covered not only the village, but also the resettlement village and the Cossack village. At the same time, according to the author, the 1929–1931 peasant uprisings and insurrectionary movements in Kazakhstan can be called anti-Soviet with a great stretch, as is sometimes done in modern Kazakh historiography. Rather, they were directed against the specific period Soviet government measures, aiming at the life and farming of peasants’ age-old foundations violent destruction. It is no coincidence that in a number of regions where the rebels managed to establish their power for a while, they retained Soviet institutions. Unfortunately, in some cases, the uprisings took on an anti-Russian character, since it was with the Russian population that the indigenous people associated the changes taking place in their lives. But there were other examples when the indigenous and resettlement peasantry acted in a consolidated manner.
Keywords: Kazakhstan, peasant armed demonstrations, insurrectionary movements, sedentarization, forced collectivization, bai, peasantry, aul, resettlement village
Ankhimiuk M.Yu. (Moscow). Russia in the Rhetoric of Czech Right-wing Parliamentary Political Parties in the 2010s
MSTISLAV YURIEVICH ANKHIMIUK
Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies, Postgraduate
119334, Moscow, Leninsky Avenue, 32A
e-mail: mankhimiuk@gmail.com
Abstract. Using documents from the current archives and new scientific sources, translated into Russian, the article analyzes the election programs of Czech right-wing parliamentary political parties and politicians in the 2010s. The goal is to identify their position on Czech-Russian relations on their path from “hope for friendly relations” to practically freezing all contacts, as well as makes an attempt to answer the question of whether their rhetoric regarding Russia has changed after the events of 2014 in Ukraine. Based on the Russian and Czech scientific literature, a conclusion is made about the need to consider this issue in the context of similarities and differences in the approaches of the leading Czech right-wing forces to the Czech Republic’s foreign policy towards Russia, since it was they who gained significant political weight in the Czech Republic by the end of the 2010s. The study revealed fundamental differences in the interpretations of diplomatic approaches to cooperation with Russia by Czech right-wing parties and politicians, as well as evidence of a deep polarization of the Czech right powers on this issue – from an unequivocal anti-Russian position to a pragmatic view of mutually beneficial cooperation and hope for partnership.
Keywords: modern history of the Czech Republic, foreign policy, international relations, Czech political parties, Czech-Russian relations, Civic Democratic Party, TOP 09, Freedom and Direct Democracy
Sautov V.N. (Moscow). Lebanon’s Social Agenda: Syrian Refugees Factor (Historical Aspect)
VLADIMIR NILOVICH SAUTOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Deputy Scientific Director of the Institute of Oriental Studies
of the Russian Academy of Sciences
107031, Moscow, st. Rozhdestvenka, 12
e-mail: sv@vlddoc.com
Abstract. The impact of the problem of Syrian refugees (or “temporarily displaced persons”, by the term using of the Lebanese authorities) on the Lebanese economy and its society has being assessed on the basis of both official data from international organizations and exclusive materials received from the Lebanese side. The problem of the repatriation of Syrians to their homeland, which has received a special impetus since the end of 2023, is justified by the Lebanese authorities, the majority of its politicians and figures as a necessary measure that must be taken strictly in coordination with official Damascus and in compliance with all international legal and humanitarian laws.
Keywords: Lebanon, Syrian refugees, temporarily displaced persons, social and economic problems, confessional demography of Lebanon, the repatriation issue
Sotnikova V.M., Smertin Yu.G. (Krasnodar). Shuttle Trading Between Russia and China as an Economic and Social Phenomenon of the 1990s –2000s
VICTORIA MIKHAILOVNA SOTNIKOVA
Postgraduate student of the Department of Universal History Kuban State University,
teacher of Chinese language
350089, MAOU SECONDARY school No. 101
350089, Krasnodar, Chekistov Ave, 18,
e-mail: ckryon@mail.ru
YURI GRIGORYEVICH SMERTIN
Head of the Department of Foreign Regional Studies and Oriental Studies,
Kuban State University,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Kuban State University ,
350040, Stavroposkaya str., 149, Krasnodar,
e-mail: usmer@hotmail.com
Abstract. The relevance of this research is due to the fundamental issues that arose during the period of perestroika in Russian society and their solution, which introduced a number of significant social changes. One of these changes was the emergence of the phenomenon of the “shuttle business”. The article describes the prerequisites for the emergence of shuttle trade in Russia, traces the evolution of the formation of a new social class – businessmen. This experience vividly characterized the reality of Russia in the 1990s and marked the beginning of international cross-border cooperation with a number of countries, especially clearly illustrated by trade and economic relations with China. The experience of the shuttle business became innovative and precedent-setting for Russia, it created the prerequisites relevant at that time for new ways of developing the country’s economy. The shuttle became the driving force that connected the state with the border countries at a new stage in the development of international relations. The author shows the dynamics of foreign policy and social structure through the prism of the development of the “shuttle business” in Russia in 1990-2000 on the example of the Primorsky Territory of Russia and the Northeastern provinces of China. The development of regional and cross-border cooperation between Russia and China is reflected. The constructiveness and mutual benefit of transnational cooperation between Russia and China at the present stage are substantiated.
Keywords: shuttle trade, cross-border cooperation, economy, foreign products, development path, foreign policy
Vasilieva N.D. (Pskov). Property Relations in Spiritual Wills of Merchants of Pskov Province in the Second Half of the 19th Century
NADEZHDA DMITRIEVNA VASILIEVA
Assistant of the Department of Russian and General History, postgraduate student of Pskov State University
180000, Russian Federation, Pskov, Lenin Square, 2
e-mail: nadiapskov@yandex.ru
Abstract. This article focuses on the importance of spiritual wills as an important historical source that allows to understand not only property relations, but also social relations of merchants of Pskov Province. The analysis of the wills shows how merchants initiated inheritance disputes, which reveals additional aspects of legal and social norms. The conditions specified in the wills reveal individual approaches to the distribution of property, which allows us to draw conclusions about the status and influence of individual merchants. The source base for the study of this issue was the funds of the Pskov State Archive, the documents of which were first introduced into the scientific turnover. The spiritual wills of Pskov merchants have never been the subject of separate studies. The author covers the process of drafting and approval of spiritual wills, which made it possible to learn about family relations and the way of life of the merchants of that time. The study shows what values were inherited, what peculiarities were taken into account in the distribution of property and how family relations were regulated through wills. Particular attention is paid to the details of wills, such as the transfer of houses, goods, money, valuables to churches and monasteries, as well as the conditions and contestation of wills by heirs. The author notes that wills reflect the cultural and social characteristics of the merchant class, showing their wealth and business peculiarities.
Keywords: spiritual will, property relations, inheritance, family relations, merchant class, Pskov Province, Russian Empire of the second half of the 19th century
Ilyin P.V. (St. Petersburg). Decembrists Acquitted During the Investigative Process: the Case of I. F. Lvov
PAVEL VLADIMIROVICH ILYIN
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
senior researcher at the St. Petersburg Institute of History RAS
197110, Russia, St. Petersburg, Petrozavodskaya, 7
e-mail: pavilyn1970@gmail.com
Abstract. The Decembrists, officially acquitted during the investigative process and recognized as not involved in the activities of secret societies, is an issue that has practically not been developed in historiography. Meanwhile, the acquitted participants in the movement are associated with insufficiently studied aspects of the history of Decembrism or issues of special scientific importance (for example, the preparation of the uprising on December 14, 1825). The problem comes down to a fundamental choice: what is considered more reliable – incriminating evidence indicating that these persons belong to a secret society, or acquittals of the suspects and the official conclusion of the investigation. Traditional stereotyping favors the official verdict. In this article, the author, using the example of one of the Decembrists acquitted in the case – Lieutenant I. F. Lvov, the son of a prominent dignitary, director of the Court Singing Chapel F. P. Lvov and brother of the composer, author of the anthem of Imperial Russia A. F. Lvov, offers an alternative approach that gives decisive importance to the testimony of informed participants in the Decembrist society – “witnesses in the case.” The article presents the results of criticism and comparison of investigative materials, including the recently published investigative case of I. F. Lvov. A critical study of these sources allows us to conclude that this officer belongs to the Decembrists. The tactics of defending an acquitted person are analyzed, the issue of the influence of family ties on the favorable outcome of the investigation is considered. The plot about the connections of the Decembrist conspiracy with the statesman N. S. Mordvinov, which arose during the investigation of the case of I. F. Lvov, is touched upon.
Keywords: political history of Russia in the 19th century, Decembrists, investigative process, criticism of investigative testimony, N. S. Mordvinov
Karimov T.T. (Kazan). Population of the Shamshadin Land Volost of the Birsk District of the Orenburg Province (According to the Vedomosti of 1825)
TAGIR TIMERGAZIMOVICH KARIMOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher
Institute of History named after Sh. Marjani of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic
420111, Tatarstan, Kazan, st. Baturina, 7A
e-mail: tkarimov@bk.ru
Abstract. The article examines the composition of the population of the villages of the Shamshadin land volost based on the data of the VII audit presented in Vedomosti. The first group includes the villages of Baishevo, Akineevo, Karmanovo, Urtaevo, Gulyukovo, Moskovo, Urman-Asta and Shadi, where votchinniki people and tatars of other classes live together. The second group consists of the tatar population of nine villages, adopted by the by votchinniki “according to the record of 1715 for eternity.” The third group includes seven tatar villages that have been living since “ancient years under quitrent agreements.” In total, tatars of different classes lived in 26 villages of the Shamshadin volost. The votchinniki lived on the territory of the modern Dyurtyulinsky district. The mari of the teptyar class were also a significant group of the population, some of them lived together with appanage peasants. Studying the population of the volost allows us to determine not only the villages that are part of it, but also its borders. According to accurate information from Vedomosti, the Shamshadin volost covered part of the modern Birsky, Dyurtyulinsky, Kushnarenkovsky, Mishkinsky, Chekmagushevsky, Chishminsky districts of Bashkortostan.
Keywords: Shamshadin land volost, unified tatar ethnocultural space, tatars of the bashkir class, tatars of the mescheryak class, tatars of the teptyar class, yasak tatars
Kovalchuk M.A. (Khabarovsk). Road Construction Management in the Russian Far East (The second half of the XIX – 1917)
MIKHAIL ALEXANDROVICH KOVALCHUK
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Professor of the Department “Theory and History of State and Law”
Far Eastern State Transport University
Russian Federation, Khabarovsk, 680000, Serysheva St., 47, of. 1405.
e-mail: ma-kov-doc@ya.ru
Abstract. The article reveals the problem of managing the construction of unpaved roads in the Russian Far East in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. During the annexation of the southern regions of the Far East to the Russian Empire, the main burden of laying roads fell on the shoulders of the local administration represented by the East Siberian, and then the Amur Governor-General. Towards the end of the 19th century, they were joined by departmental structures subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Post and Telegraph Department equipped and maintained postal tracts, which was engaged not only in the transportation of mail, but also in passengers. The resettlement department organized the construction of local resettlement roads, mobilizing the settlers for their maintenance and operation in a proper form. An important role in road construction belonged to the military department, which carried out the construction of strategic roads. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the role of the Ministry of Railways increased. In 1900, the Administration of Inland Waterways of the Amur Basin was created as a district of communications, which were subordinate to land and waterways. On the eve of 1917, the Siberian Administration of Highways was created, subordinate to the Ministry of Railways. The Amur Water Department took over the public roads under construction in the region from the Amur Water Administration. The need to coordinate the efforts of all departments in the design, construction and operation of local roads led to the convening of interdepartmental meetings under the auspices of the Amur Governor-General.
Keywords: Dirt roads, the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the military department, the resettlement department, the governor-general
Litvinenko V.A. (Moscow). 1917 in the History of Russia: the Transformation of Global Development Projects
VLADIMIR ARKADYEVICH LITVINENKO
PhD in Philosophy,
Associate Professor of the Department of History,
Institute of Social and Humanitarian Education
of Moscow Pedagogical State University
119571, Russia, Moscow, Vernadsky Avenue, 88.
e-mail: vladlitvine@mail.ru
Abstract. Recently, the debate over the possible ways of Russia’s development has not subsided. These disputes concern not only the possible future, but also our history and the interpretation of certain events. The main leitmotif of these disputes is the thesis about the inadmissibility of any revolutions and the priority of the evolutionary path of development. Moreover, evolutionary development is postulated as the only possible and desirable one. In this regard, it is necessary to take a closer look at the problem of evolutionary deadlock. Today, the very right of this term to exist is often disputed in the scientific community: very gloomy prospects loom behind it. Of course, the main battles are being fought around the events of February and October 1917, which served as a prologue to a significant transformation of global development projects.
The article attempts to provide a scientific justification for the term “evolutionary deadlock” in relation to social systems using the example of the events of February–October 1917, as well as specific examples of modernity from the point of view of the design approach, systems theory and disaster theory.
Keywords: Evolutionary dead end, evolution, revolution, catastrophe, the Great Russian Revolution. sustainable development, bifurcation point, bifurcation field. the attractor of order
Ermolaev I.V. (St. Petersburg). The Image of Japan in the Propaganda of Socialist Revolutionaries on the Pages of the Newspaper “Revolyutsionnaya Rossiya” (1904–1905)
IGOR VLADIMIROVICH ERMOLAEV
Senior Researcher,
Military Historical Museum of Artillery,
Engineers and Signal Corps
197101, St. Petersburg, Alexandrovsky Park, 7.
e-mail: ermolaev.spbu@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the image of Japan on the pages of the organ of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries – the newspaper “Revolutionary Russia”, and the situations of its use by the Socialist Revolutionaries in their propaganda. Aspects such as: the views of the Socialist Revolutionaries on the responsibility of the factions for the start of the conflict, the usage of images of Japan and the Japanese in anti-government propaganda by the Socialist Revolutionaries, the views of the Socialist Revolutionaries on the Japanese state and army are considered. During the war, the Socialist Revolutionaries often appealed to the image of Japan, but they used it primarily to discredit the autocracy, also they did not address cultural issues. In response to attempts by the official press to create the image of an enemy in the Japanese, the Social Revolutionaries sought to show the tsarist government as the enemy of the Russian people. The Social Revolutionaries addressed such problematic topics as: the incompetence of the leadership, the low level of supply for soldiers at the front, and the Russian population’s misunderstanding of the goals of the war. The editors of the newspaper blamed the Russian government for starting the war; the defeat of Russia in the war was welcomed by the Socialist Revolutionaries, as it was supposed to weaken the autocracy. At the same time, the Socialist Revolutionaries considered the Japanese state, like the Russian one, imperialist, although more progressive, and openly supported the Japanese anti-war socialist movement.
Keywords: Socialist Revolutionary Party, revolutionary press, Socialist Revolutionaries, propaganda, Russo-Japanese War, image of Japan, imagology
Lavrenov S.Ya., Polyansky M.S. (Moscow). The Iasi-Kishinev Operation: the Seventh Stalinist Strike (on the 80th Anniversary of the Event)
SERGEY YAKOVLEVICH LAVRENOV
Leading Researcher, Center for Fundamental Military-Historical Problems Military University of the Ministry Defense of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Advisor to RARAN, 125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14.
e-mail: lavrs@yandex.ru
MIKHAIL SEMYONOVICH POLYANSKY
Chief Researcher, Center for Fundamental Military Historical Research Problems of the Military University of the Ministry Defense of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, 125047, Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya str., 14. e-mail: m-s-pol@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines various, including little-known aspects of the preparation and conduct of the Iasi-Kishinev operation, which became one of the most successful strategic offensive operations during the Great Patriotic War. The prerequisites for it were created during the Uman-Botoshan (March 5 – April 17, 1944) and Odessa offensive operations (March 26 – April 14), as a result of which Soviet troops were able not only to reach the state border of the USSR, but also to liberate part of the eastern regions of Romania. The Iasi-Kishinev operation, thanks to the originality of the plan and careful preparation, including skillfully carried out camouflage measures, allowed the German command to mislead about the direction of the main attack, which, to a large extent, predetermined its success. No less significant was the established interaction between the troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts with the ships of the Black Sea Fleet and the Danube Military Flotilla. As a result, it was surrounded.
Keywords: Uman-Botoshan operation, Odessa offensive operation, Iasi-Kishinev operation, liberation of Moldova
Gershzon M.M. (Moscow). Changes of State Policy in Cinema in the mid-1950s and the Project of the Largest Film Studio in Pereslavl-Zalessky
MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH GERSHZON
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) in History
Director of the Institute of Social-Historical Research, Moscow
125040, Skakovaya street, 3 – 12, Moscow
e-mail: mgershzon@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is grounded on the unique documents of the funds of the USSR Ministry of Culture and the USSR Ministry of Cinematography, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI). This work considers the state of Soviet cinematography and the circumstance at the film studios in the early 1950s, and the setting for highly increase in film production at the very beginning of the Thaw. When G. F. Alexandrov became Minister of Culture of the USSR he gave a special boost to the project for the construction of new film studios. Since he took office a plan for the construction of the largest film studio in the Soviet Union in the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl region, began to be developed. This paper analyzes why it was supposed to build a new film studio in this city. There are statistics – on the number of films that were planned to be released at the new film studio and on the volume of capital investments in construction of this film studio in comparison with plans for the creation and reconstruction of film studios in other cities in the same period. The project of building a film studio in Pereslavl-Zalessky appeared in 1954, remained unrealized. The reasons why this idea was refused are analyzed. The most of archival materials are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
Keywords: film studio, the movies, Ministry of Culture, Pereslavl-Zalessky, the Thaw, G. Alexandrov
Gapsalamov A.R. (Yelabuga), Mukhamedov R.A. (Ulyanovsk), Bochkareva T.N. (Yelabuga). Activities of the Council of National Economy of the Union Republic
ALMAZ RAFISOVICH GAPSALAMOV
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Yelabuga Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Head of the Department of Economics and Management
423600, Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan, Yelabuga, st. Kazanskaya, 89,
e-mail: gapsalamov@yandex.ru
RASHIT ALIMOVICH MUKHAMEDOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Professor of the Department of History,
432071, Russian Federation, Ulyanovsk, Lenin Square, 4
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru
TATYANA NIKOLAEVNA BOCHKAREVA
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Yelabuga Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Associate Professor of the Department of Pedagogy,
423600, Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan, Yelabuga, st. Kazanskaya, 89,
e-mail: tatyana-n-boch@mail.ru
Abstract. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to serious changes in the development and nature of historical research. If in Russia the new conditions revealed an increased interest in the recent historical past, then in the independent states formed after the collapse of the country, interest in this kind of scientific problems was almost completely absent. The works that appeared were subjective, one-sided, assessing the entire Soviet past only from a critical point of view. At the same time, Russian science today should expand its understanding of the reforms carried out in the past, give a clear picture of the processes that took place throughout the country, in all its republics. The presented research is intended to show the features of the industrial management system of the Belarusian SSR, in the context of all-Union processes, during the period of N.S. Khrushchev’s managerial reforms. The research methodology is based on the use of an inductive method, which allows using the industrial management system of a separate republic to make an idea of the system of national government. The main results of the study were the consideration of the features of the industrial management system of the Belarusian SSR in 1957 – 1965, the quasi-processes of decentralization of management are shown, it is revealed that the Soviet system could not but use centralized management within the framework of the model of the socialist economy.
Keywords: Council of National Economy, centralization, decentralization, Byelorussian SSR, USSR
Dorohov V.G. (Khabarovsk). Discussions on the Experience of Differentiating Issues of State and Public Security in the Russian State
VYACHESLAV GEORGOVICH DOROHOV
candidate of historical sciences, associate professor.
I.F. Shilov Far Eastern Legal Institute of Internal Affairs Ministry of Russia, Khabarovsk, Russian Federation
680007, Khabarovsk, Baikalsky lane 4-10
e-mail: dorohova_elen@mail.ru
Abstract. The issues of ensuring the protection of law and order and state security are of enduring relevance. In today’s rapidly changing world, civil society more and more often raises before the state the question of a clearer definition of the place and role of law enforcement agencies, determination of the boundaries of their powers, separation of issues of public and state security. Russia, leading the history of its statehood since 862, having tremendous experience in approbation of the activities of power structures, in various combinations and directions, managed to develop its own national approach to the law enforcement component, solving for itself the problem of delimiting the spheres of state and public security.
Keywords: The Russian Empire, USSR, Ministry of Internal Affairs, KGB, internal affairs agencies
Mironenko S.V., Belousova O.V. (Moscow). Transport accidents on the Lozovo-Sevastopol railway (1875–1894)
SERGEY VLADIMIROVICH MIRONENKO
Doctor in History, Corresponding Member
of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Professor, Head of the Department
of the History of Russia in the
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
Scientific Director, State Archive
of the Russian Federation.
Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,
Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.
e-mail: cafedra19-20msu@yandex.ru
OLGA VLADIMIROVNA BELOUSOVA
PhD Candidate in History, Associate Professor,
Department of Russian History of the
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,
Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.
e-mail: belousova.olga@mail.ru
Abstract. The development of railway communication in Russia put new problems related to traffic safety on the agenda. In public opinion this topic was given special attention, it is no coincidence that in everyday life the railway was called a “bone-breaker” or “gas chamber”. In Russian historiography the topic of railway accidents in the pre-revolutionary period was declared, and, on the scale of the Russian Empire, the largest and most resonant railway disasters were considered. The available rich statistical material allows to consider this problem in relation to individual directions. The Lozovo-Sevastopol railway was of great strategic and economic importance, connecting the Crimean peninsula with the central European provinces. The railway was built using private capital, its joint-stock company annually published reports on operation throughout its entire existence, which contained information on accidents and incidents. The lack of clear criteria for determining a railway accident prompted owners to indicate all accidents that occurred both during the movement of the train and during repair and maintenance of the rolling stock. Establishing a ratio of the number of accidents to the number of passengers transported indicates safe traffic on the Lozovo-Sevastopol railway.
Keywords: Russian Empire, Lozovo-Sevastopol railway, transport accident, mishap, statistics
Podmoloda K.S. (Moscow). The personality of Nicholas II in the historical memory of Russian emigration (based on materials from the newspaper “Tsarsky vestnik”, 1920s–l930s)
KIRILL STANISLAVOVICH PODMOLODA
Postgraduate Student,
Department of Russian History of the
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,
Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.
e-mail: kirill2405p@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the figure of the last Russian emperor in the historical memory of the first wave of emigration based on the materials of the newspaper “Tsarsky vestnik”. The editor and publisher of this newspaper N. Rklitsky adhered to monarchist views. For the right wing of the Russian diaspora, it was important to form a positive image of Emperor Nicholas II. The article analyzes the publications of the newspaper devoted to this topic. The article contains a comparative analysis of the publications of “Tsarsky vestnik” with excerpts from other newspapers of the Russian diaspora, works of publicists and historians of the diaspora, which examine the personality of Nicholas II. Much attention is paid to the controversy that unfolded in the emigre and Soviet press about the historical role of the last Russian emperor. It is shown why the ideologists of the monarchist wing of the Russian diaspora paid special attention to the characterization of this monarch in certain aspects of his activities.
Keywords: “Tsar’s Bulletin”, Nicholas II, abdication, revolution, N. Rklitsky, Russian emigration, Russian abroad, monarchists, S.S. Oldenburg, V.I. Gurko
Tsomaya A.R. (Moscow). The draft law “On the protection of antiquities” as perceived by participants of the All-Russian Congress of Artists of 1911–1912
TSOMAYA ARTUR RAFAELOVICH
Postgraduate Student,
Department of Russian History of the
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,
Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.
E-mail: cafedra19-20msu@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article analyzes a document compiled on behalf of the All-Russian Congress of Artists of 1911–1912 as a response of this forum to the government bill “On the Protection of Antiquities” submitted to the III State Duma. The bill directly affected the sphere of professional activity of the congress’ participants. The congress brought together leading Russian artists, architects, and masters of other types of fine art, who in their activities in one way or another came into contact with actions to preserve historical and cultural monuments. The response of the congress of artists to the government bill in the form of an “explanatory note” was critical, but at the same time meaningful. The main complaint of the congress participants about the bill was that it excessively bureaucratized protective actions in relation to “antiquities” and objects of historical and artistic value, and at the same time significantly limited the ability of professionals in this field to influence the adoption of relevant decisions. The ideas expressed in the note of the congress of artists were not developed due to the fact that the legislature of the Third Duma was coming to an end, the deputies, who were actively involved in the discussion of the bill, began to prepare for the next election campaign, and the agenda of the Fourth Duma, formed several months later, was already filled with other issues.
Keywords: All-Russian Congress of Artists 1911–1912, draft law, A.A. Makarov, Ministry of Internal Affairs, III State Duma, protection of historical and cultural monuments.
Petrova S.I. (Krasnodar). On the Relationship Between the Concepts of “Culture» and “Civilization”
SOFYA IGOREVNA PETROVA
Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor
NAN CHOU VO “IMSIT Academy”.
350010 Krasnodar, Zipovskaya str., 5.
e-mail: Sofya8888@yandex.ru
Abstract. Culture and civilization are two simultaneously related and different concepts. Culture contains values, beliefs, norms, traditions, art, language, and customs that are peculiar to a particular group of people or society. It expresses social consciousness and identity. Civilization is a broader concept that includes complex socio-cultural and political structures of society, as well as its technological progress. The research used general scientific methods based on the laws of objective reality and the general principles of scientific thinking. As a result, the author came to the conclusion that culture and civilization influence each other. Cultural aspects such as art, religion, language and customs form the basis of civilization, determining its uniqueness and originality. On the other hand, the development of civilization can affect culture by modifying social and economic conditions, technological progress, and interaction with other cultures. The study of culture makes it possible to better understand the values and beliefs of a particular society, its history and traditions. Civilization, in turn, helps to determine the level of development of society, its organization and structure. Culture and civilization interact and evolve together, forming the diversity and richness of the world’s cultural identity. The differences between culture and civilization can also manifest themselves in the fact that culture is often more stable and durable than civilization. Cultural values, traditions and customs can function for a long time and be passed down from generation to generation, while civilization can be subject to changes under the influence of external factors. Thus, culture and civilization represent two important aspects of social life that interact and influence each other. Understanding and studying both cultural and civilizational characteristics of various groups of people or societies makes it possible to better understand and appreciate the diversity and complexity of the world’s cultural and civilizational environment.
Keywords: values, norms, personality, culture, civilization, society, traditions, art, customs
Podkopaeva I.A. (Moscow). The Ideas of Globalism (from the Origins to the Present)
IRINA ALEXANDROVNA PODKOPAEVA
PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor of History and Cultural Studies
Department “MEI”
111250, Moscow, st. Krasnokazarmennaya, 14, building 1
e-mail: feste3@yandex.ru
Abstract. In the second half of the XIX century, N. Danilevsky and K. Leontiev developed in their works the ideas of the development of Russia and all mankind. They were based on an in-depth study of both the history of Russia and the history of mankind as a whole. Their statements and warnings about the future of Russia are of particular importance. In particular, they assumed that the then fashionable liberal ideology could become the basis of a general theory of human development, in which peoples would be assigned different roles. Our contemporary, the outstanding philosopher A. A. Zinoviev, developing these ideas, conducted a deep analysis of Russian and Western society and created a theory of modern globalism. A.A. Zinoviev traced the connection between the ideas of N. Danilevsky and K. Leontiev. In his opinion, the ideology of liberalism is one of the prerequisites for the emergence of globalism. The article analyzes the modern dynamics of the process of unification of European states and the problems associated with it. An assessment is given of the activities of the club “Russian Intelligence”, founded by N.N. Moiseyev, A.A. Zinoviev and M.I. Ilyinsky. The author of the article concludes that “there is no escape from the realities of the time, from the pernicious dominance and influence of mass culture, but important and correct guidelines have been given long ago and the task is to pay close attention to them and follow them. All that remains is to carefully study the work of our famous scientists of the past, the work of A. A. Zinoviev and learn from them the ability to analyze, patience, wisdom, patriotism.”
Keywords: Europe, Russia, attitude to the liberal ideology of N. Danilevsky and K. Leontiev, globalism and its stages in the work of A. Zinoviev “The Tragedy of Russia”
Shevchukov S.P. (Moscow). The space of the world exhibitions of the Late Modern Period. Reflections on the research of A. Geppert
SERGEY PAVLOVICH SHEVCHUKOV
Postgraduate Student,
Department of Russian History of the
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,
Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.
e-mail: sergey_shevchukov@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the methodological possibilities of the “spatial turn” in historiography for studying world exhibitions and large national exhibition projects from the second half of the nineteenth until the first third of the twentieth century. The study is based on the analysis of A. Geppert’s study “Fleeting Cities. Imperial Expositions in Fin-de-Siècle Europe”, published several years ago and devoted to the prominent exhibitions in leading European countries from the late nineteenth century to the early 1930s. The article analyzes the author’s observations and conclusions regarding three exhibitions – Berlin in 1896, Paris in 1900 and London in 1908. A conclusion is made about the possibility of using the developments of the spatial approach to the study of Western exhibition projects of the late modern period for the investigation of the similar events in the Russian Empire, in particular, the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896.
Keywords: World Exhibition, “spatial turn” in historiography, A. Geppert, 1896 exhibition in Berlin, 1900 World Exhibition in Paris, 1908 exhibition in London, Art Nouveau style, All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896
Karushkina N.V. (St. Petersburg). A. I. Verkhovsky’s Memoirs of Sevastopol in 1917 (1925)
NATALIA VICTOROVNA KARUSHKINA
Candidate of Science degree (History) of St. Petersburg State University
199034, Russia, St. Petersburg, Mendeleyevskaya Liniya, 5
e-mail: natakarushkina@yandex.ru
Abstract. For the first time, a transcript of the memoirs of the last Minister of War of the Provisional Government, A. I. Verkhovsky, about the events of March–May 1917 in Sevastopol is being published. The transcript was recorded at a Moscow meeting of the Commission on the History of the October Revolution and the All–Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), which collected eyewitness accounts, on November 29, 1925. This document, preserved in the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea, complements the published memoir legacy of Verkhovsky in the part where he talks about how the February Revolution unfolded in the Black Sea Fleet. Due to first book of his memoirs (Russia on Golgotha) being published in 1918, the transcript is dated 1925, and the second book (On a Difficult Pass) was written in 1935–1937, this allows us to track the dynamics of the evolution of the author’s attitude to revolutionary episodes, both as a result of rethinking and in connection with the pressure of circumstances and time. A. I. Verkhovsky was at the very epicenter of the then Sevastopol life – occupying the high post of chief of staff of the Black Sea Division formed for the landing in the Bosphorus, he was elected deputy chairman of the Sevastopol Soviet, led an expedition to search and arrest representatives of the royal dynasty in Crimea. Therefore, the details and unknown facts of the events that took place in his recollections are of significant historical value. Particularly characteristic is Verkhovsky’s radically changed assessment of the actions of the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral A. V. Kolchak.
Keywords: Verkhovsky, Sevastopol, February Revolution, Black Sea Fleet, Kolchak, Romanovs
Lapina I.Yu., Kargapoltsev S.Yu. (St. Petersburg). Civilization challenges and systemic problems of domestic sociogenesis. Part 6
IRINA YURIEVNA LAPINA
Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya stree t, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
SERGEY YURIEVICH KARGAPOLTSEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
Abstract. This article continues a series of publications by the authors in the journal “Klio”, dedicated to understanding the process of Russia’s confrontation with civilizational challenges based on an analysis of the historical experience of our state’s development. The article raises the question of the need to simplify the procedure for obtaining Russian citizenship for ethnic Russians living abroad. The attempt to consider the creation of Tajik and Uzbek autonomies in the Russian Federation is questioned. The West’s efforts to unleash a new “big war” with Russia are analyzed in the context of the ongoing special military operation. The idea of creating a military-political union of Russia, Belarus, Iran, Syria, China and North Korea is being put forward: “The combined power of the states of Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Southeast Asia is capable of cooling the hottest heads…”. Among the current issues discussed are the treacherous activities of a number of Russian government officials and the idea of abolishing the Unified State Exam, replacing it with the procedure of passing entrance exams.
Keywords: citizenship, hybrid war, Unified Biometric System, Kurchatov Institute, digital currency, betrayal