Olenskaya O.S. (Simferopol) Tax System of Crimea in 1923–1924 as an Instrument of Regional Economic Stabilization During the Early NEP Period
OKSANA SERGEEVNA OLENSKAYA
Postgraduate Student
Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov
295015, Uchebny Lane, 8, Simferopol, Republic of Crimea
e-mail: olenska.os@mail.ru
Abstract. The article examines the features of the formation and implementation of tax policy in Crimea in 1923–1924 – at the early stage of the New Economic Policy (NEP). Based on archival documents, directives of party authorities, and publications in the regional press, the study explores the relationship between the economic situation of the peninsula and fiscal measures undertaken by Soviet authorities. Special attention is paid to the agricultural and trade-industrial sectors, administrative taxation mechanisms, the transition from natural to monetary forms of collection, and the fight against tax arrears. The analysis shows that the tax policy of Crimea during this period combined elements of adaptation to local conditions with the objectives of centralized control and class redistribution. The research relies on comparative-historical, statistical, and problem-chronological methods, revealing key directions of fiscal transformation within the framework of the formation of the Soviet tax model. The role of the tax system as an instrument of not only economic regulation, but also political influence is emphasized. Important aspects of the analysis are the interaction of central and regional government bodies in the development and implementation of fiscal initiatives, as well as the connection between tax policy and the processes of economic recovery after the civil war and devastation. Consideration of the local experience of the Crimean ASSR allows us to identify general trends in the formation of the Soviet financial system under the NEP.
Keywords: NEP, tax policy, fiscal authorities, finance, economy, Crimean ASSR, financial policy
Phra Paron Phunthasane (Jayānando Bhikkhu) (Ulan-Ude). “Supreme Royal Decrees” of Laos: Evolution of the Genre and Its Significance for Buddhist Studies (14th–20th Centuries)
PHRA PARON PHUNTHASANE (JAYĀNANDO BHIKKHU)
Postgraduate student (PhD)
Banzarov Buryat State University (BSU), Ulan-Ude, Russia
670000, Russia, Ulan-Ude, 24a Smolina Street
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8479-7070
e-mail: peter.ppj.bsu@gmail.com
Abstract. The article analyses the evolution of the Laotian genre of “Supreme Royal Decrees” (rājasāt, rājasattha) from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, clarifying its role in regulating relations among the monarch, the Sangha, and rural communities. A critical examination of epigraphic steles, sealed manuscripts from Luang Prabang, the Gurupadesa treatise, and colonial ordinances reconstructs the trajectory by which decrees shifted from temple-donation charters to a component of colonial hybrid law and, ultimately, a vehicle of political mobilisation in the independent kingdom. Key functions are identified: codification of dāna, legitimation of the dhammarāja title, demarcation of sīma boundaries, standardisation of monastic discipline, and protection of monastic resources. The study refines formulaic structures, tracing the transition from a three-part stone inscription to a complex bilingual form bearing wax seals and a French register. A mixed historical-philological, legal, and critical-discourse methodology integrates heterogeneous sources and links textual practice to political change. The proposed periodisation—pre-colonial, reformist, colonial, and post-colonial—offers a comparative framework for future research on Buddhist legal traditions in mainland Southeast Asia.
Keywords: Supreme Royal Decrees, Laos, Buddhism, Theravāda, Sangha, dhammarāja, source studies, religious studies, Buddhist studies
Mochalov D.P. (Orenburg). In Search of Perspective: Analysis of Literature on the Position of Russian Communist Parties during the Period 1991–1993
DMITRII PETROVICH MOCHALOV
Applicant for a Degree Candidate of Historical Sciences
Orenburg State Pedagogical University
460014, Russian Federation, Orenburg, Sovetskaya St., 19
e-mail: dosoldschool@yandex.ru
Abstract. This article presents a critical analysis of the state of historiography concerning the position and activities of Russian communist parties and movements during the pivotal period of Russia’s new political system formation (1991–1993). A significant gap in domestic historical scholarship is identified: despite the central role of communists in the political opposition of that era, their history in the early post-Soviet years remains primarily studied within political science and adjacent disciplines, rather than through dedicated historical research. Based on a review of existing academic and publicistic literature, key themes addressed in scholarship are highlighted: the circumstances and consequences of the CPSU ban, and the evaluation of the Russian Constitutional Court’s ruling in the “CPSU Case”. It is argued that existing studies suffer from fragmentation, excessive focus on the CPRF (which played a secondary role until 1993 compared to radical movements like “Labour Russia” and the RCWP), neglect of the communists’ role in mass street protests and their influence on the Supreme Soviet, as well as insufficient reliance on internal party documents. Publicistic works are characterized as tendentious and unreliable. The article concludes that contemporary historiography on the subject exhibits evident inadequacy and methodological weaknesses, rendering it incapable of adequately reflecting the complexity of processes within the left-wing political flank. The study substantiates the urgent need and outlines promising directions for future comprehensive historical research on the communist opposition of 1991–1993.
Keywords: Historiography, Radical reforms, Political opposition, CPRF, CPSU, RCWP, Labour Russia, Communist parties
Serebryakova S.G. (St. Petersburg). Japanese Prisoners of War in Russian Captivity during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): View from Japan
SVETLANA G. SEREBRYAKOVA
Assistant of the Department of Japanology, Faculty of Asian and African Studies, Saint Petersburg State University
Russia, 199034, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., Build. 11.
e-mail: s.serebryakova@spbu.ru
Abstract. In the XXI century we see a growing interest of researchers and the Russian society in the theme of the Russo-Japanese war (1904–1905). Despite a great importance of the Russo-Japanese war in the domestic and world history, until recently many aspects of this war have been explored neither by the Russian science nor by the foreign one. Besides studies on general problems of politics, economics, international relations and war issues on the eve and during the war, in recent decades there have appeared a great number of reissued diaries of participants in the war and statesmen, archival documents, original maps etc.
We must note that despite the fact that the theme of living conditions of Japanese prisoners of war in Russia is becoming more and more topical and interesting for domestic scientists, we still do not have the works presenting the “Japanese view” on the Russian captivity. In the article we will show how the detention of Japanese prisoners of war in Russia affected the Japanese society. The main tasks of the research are to reveal the attitude to captivity in the society and in the military community in the second half of the XIX century; connection of the Japanese in the Russian captivity to Japan and also the reaction of the Japanese society to the returning prisoners of war.
Keywords: Russo-Japanese war, prisoners of war, international humanitarian law, Japanese society, Japan
Rodin D.V., Finkelshtein B.I. (Moscow). The Problem of Missile Defence in Russian-American Relations as Estimated by the American Expert Community (2008–2012)
DENIS VALERIEVICH RODIN
Researcher at the Laboratory of Modern and Contemporary History of Europe and America, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Candidate of Historical Sciences
119992, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4, Moscow
e-mail: KuratorMSU@yandex.ru
BELLA ILYINICHNA FINKELSHTEIN
Student of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History of Europe and America, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
119992, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4, Moscow
e-mail: Fbi0303@mail.ru
Abstract. During the years of the Russian-American “reset”, issues of strategic cooperation (including missile defence programs) were actively discussed in the American expert community. During the final year of George W. Bush’s presidential term, the viewpoint of experts close to the ruling Republican Party dominated. They were proponents of a forceful approach in shaping foreign policy, supported the development of national missile defence programs, and had sceptical attitude about cooperation with Russian Federation. The rise to power of the Democratic candidate Barack Obama marked the rise of think tanks close to the New Democrats. Experts from centre-left organizations advocated the development of Russian-American relations in the field of arms control, including the development of joint missile defence programs. A separate place in the expert community was occupied by analysts who carried out expert assessments commissioned by the US defence departments. They often provided accurate forecasts. Experts close to the Democratic Party and defence departments dominated the public space for most of Barack Obama’s first term, but over time the presidential administration began to increasingly align itself with the neoconservatives, which strengthened the position of experts associated with the Republican Party. As a result, despite the promising start of Russian-American cooperation in the area of defensive weapons, the lack of practical agreements and security guarantees led to the curtailment of the “reset” and bilateral cooperation.
Keywords: USA, Russia, expert community, missile defence, Russian-American relations, B. Obama, international relations
Smertin Yu.G. (Krasnodar). Muslims in South Korea: A Visible and Diverse Minority
YURI GRIGORYEVICH SMERTIN
Head of the Department of Foreign Regional and Oriental Studies,
Kuban State University,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Kuban State University,
350040, Stavropolskaya str., 149, Krasnodar
e-mail: my@jusmertin.ru
Abstract. The Muslim community in the Republic of Korea, which includes both immigrants from South, Southeast and Central Asia, and Muslim Koreans, has become a significant social phenomenon in recent decades. Its emergence and development are determined primarily by the need to attract labor resources for the rapidly growing national economy. The problems associated with the coexistence of Muslims and the indigenous population are the subject of study for many Korean historians, sociologists and anthropologists. Western researchers also pay considerable attention to it. Russian social sciences have not shown sufficient interest in this issue to date. The article examines the process of growth and evolution of the Muslim community in South Korea, starting from the mid-1950s to the present day. The author analyzes its activities on integration into South Korean society and state policy in this direction in the context of the existing Islamophobia inherent in a significant number of the population. Particular attention is paid to the national composition of the community and the cultural differences of immigrants from different countries, their social and religious behavior. The conclusion is that further joint efforts by the state and the Muslim community are required to integrate the Islamic religious and cultural minority and overcome mutual alienation.
Keywords: Islam, culture, economy, mosque, adaptation, integration, Islamophobia
Potapov Yu.A. (St. Petersburg). Judicial Toponyms on the Map of Saint Petersburg: Second Court of Appeal of General Jurisdiction, 50-52 Suvorovsky Prospekt
YURIY ALEKSEEVICH POTAPOV
Associate Professor of the Department of General Theoretical Legal Disciplines of the North-Western Branch of the Russian State University of Justice named after V.M. Lebedev,
Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor North-Western Branch of the Russian State University of Justice named after V.M. Lebedev,
197046, Aleksandrovsky Park, 5, Building A, St. Petersburg
e-mail: upotapov@mail.ru
Abstract. In 2019, as part of the ongoing judicial reform, the Second Court of General Jurisdiction Appeals and the Third Court of General Jurisdiction Cassation were established and registered in St. Petersburg. According to the established tradition, many judicial institutions in the Northern Capital are located in buildings with a rich history, where famous statesmen and public figures worked, and important political and economic decisions were made in their offices and halls. The purpose of this study is to explore the history of the creation, development, and evolution of judicial institutions in St. Petersburg and the buildings where they are located. Based on archival materials, open-access publications, and the memoirs of participants in historical events, the article addresses the following objectives:
– identifying the prerequisites for the formation of judicial bodies as a result of state reforms and their material and technical support in different historical periods;
– establishing the causes, interconnections, and patterns of the state and legal development of the judicial system and their impact on the quality of the administration of justice;
– preserving and enhancing the cultural heritage sites of federal and regional significance.
To address the above-mentioned objectives, the author employed methods of comparative legal analysis, historical reconstruction, and documentary examination, as well as typological, retrospective, and other approaches. The author concludes that the government’s decisions regarding the material and technical support of the judicial system during the Soviet and Russian periods of history were appropriate.
Keywords: Leningrad, Great Patriotic War, court, blockade, architecture, judicial reform, Saint Petersburg, Suvorovsky Prospekt, Arbitration Court, Second Court of General Jurisdiction
Naumov A.O., Naumova A.Yu., Naumov N.A. (Moscow). The Role of the Orthodox Clergy in the Formation of a Centralized Russian State (on the Example of the Epistles of Russian Church Hierarchs)
ALEXANDER OLEGOVICH NAUMOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
School of Public Administration,
119991, Moscow, Lomonosovsky prospect, 27, building 4.
e-mail: naumovao@my.msu.ru
ANASTASIA YURYEVNA NAUMOVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Research Fellow,
Institute of Eurasian and Oriental Studies,
Russian State University for the Humanities,
125047, Moscow, Miusskaya square, 6.
e-mail: naumova.au@rggu.ru
NIKITA ALEKSANDROVICH NAUMOV
Student,
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of History.
119991, Moscow, Lomonosovsky prospect 27, building 4.
e-mail: nikita_172007@bk.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the role of the Orthodox clergy in the formation of a unified centralized Russian state in the XV–XVI centuries. The authors show the evolution of the process of the emergence of the idea of all-Russian unity, the struggle for the creation of a centralized independent state through the prism of the messages of the church hierarchs of that time. The positions of church leaders, expressed by them in their texts, regarding the role and place of the sovereign in the formation of a centralized state, the importance of combating external danger and attitudes towards non-Believers throughout the period under study are also considered. A special emphasis is placed on the concepts of “Milites Christi” and “Moscow – the Third Rome”. The article concludes that the epistles of the hierarchs of the XV–XVI centuries reflect the interaction of church and state in the context of the struggle for independence and strengthening the young state. The Church actively shaped the image of a “warrior of Christ”, supporting the government and mobilizing society against external enemies. The messages of the Russian church hierarchs, primarily the Metropolitans of Moscow and All Russia, became an important part of the spiritual and political life of the country and contributed to the creation of a unified Russian state with Moscow as its capital.
Keywords: The Russian state, the Russian Orthodox Church, the Mongol-Tatar yoke, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Ivan III, Basil III, Ivan IV, the Metropolitans of Moscow and All Russia, “Milites Christi”, “Moscow – the Third Rome”
Vyalykh P.V. (St. Petersburg). On the Development of Shipbuilding and Shipping in the Kholmogory District of the Arkhangelsk Province in the 16th – Early 20th Centuries. (Analysis of Russian Historiography and Scientific Approaches)
PAVEL VIKTOROVICH VYALYKH
Lawyer, Deputy Chairman
of the Presidium of the Triumph Bar Association
195220, Saint Petersburg, Grazhdansky Ave., 11
e-mail: sidnenko@list.ru
Abstract. The article presents a comparative-historical analysis of scientific approaches and concepts in modern Russian historiography of the development and formation of shipping and shipbuilding in the Kholmogory district of the Arkhangelsk province in the 16th – early 20th centuries. The assessment of the specifics of the key factors that contributed to the success of the shipbuilding industry and the development of commercial shipping in Kholmogory is based on the study of the funds of the State Archives of the Arkhangelsk Region. The results of the study of modern Russian historiography allowed for thematic ranking by blocks: issues of identifying the features and trends of shipbuilding development in the context of the specific conditions of monastic shipbuilding, the typology of ships, in particular the ships of the Solovetsky Monastery, the fleet of Archbishop Athanasius, the entrepreneurial activities of the Bazhenins, the development of trade and entrepreneurship in the 16th – early 20th centuries, the identification of the relationship between the professional activities of foreign capital and domestic commercial shipbuilding, and the periods of the development of commercial shipping in the Kholmogory district. The specificity of Russian historiography on the formation of shipbuilding traditions is presented in the context of methodological approaches to the history of everyday life, using methods of historical and comparative analysis of archival documents, as well as methods of economic and social history.
Keywords: shipbuilding, shipping, Arkhangelsk Governorate, Kholmogory District, history of everyday life, methodology of everyday life, history of entrepreneurship, Solovetsky Monastery, Kulikovs, Bazhenins, Athanasius’s fleet, monastery fleet
Begunova L.V. (Moscow). The Use of Military Executions for the Collection of Tax Debts in the Russian Empire from the 18th to the First Half of the 19th Century
History Teacher,
Moscow Instrument Engineering College,
G.V. Plekhanov Russian Economic University.
115054, Moscow, Stremyanny Lane, 36
e-mail: gudina.ludmila26@yandex.ru
Abstract. One of the methods employed to collect tax debts in the Russian Empire during the 18th and early 19th centuries was military executions. Despite the prevalence of this approach to dealing with delinquent taxpayers in the state during this period, the topic has not received adequate attention in historical literature. However, examining military executions within this context enhances our understanding of the socio-economic development of pre-reform Russia.
Through an analysis of both published and unpublished sources, the author identifies three main stages in the history of this practice concerning tax defaulters in the Russian Empire: 1) the 1720s-30s, 2) the 1740s – 1820s, and 3) the 1830s-50s. In addition to the reigns of Anna Ioannovna and Nicholas I, which marked significant milestones in the use of military executions for tax purposes, this measure was employed throughout the entirety of the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. At every stage, military executions served as a means of exerting pressure on the populace, driven by the necessity to maintain the financial stability of the empire.
Keywords: military executions, taxes and fees, tax arrears, collection of debts, the Russian Empire
Krylova E.N. (St. Petersburg). The Reports on the General Department for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs during the First Russian Revolution
ELENA NIKOLAEVNA KRYLOVA
Associate Professor of the Department of Advertising and Public Communications
at the A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University ,
196605, Peterburgskoe Road,10, Saint Petersburg.
e-mail: hellennak@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article examines the reports on the General Department for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for 1905-1907. The research material was archival documents stored in the Russian State Historical Archive in the 776 fund, the fund of the General Department for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. During the First Russian Revolution, several legislative acts were passed to improve the situation of the press: the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which declared freedom of the press, and the New Provisional Regulations on the Press of November 24, 1905. With the emergence of a large number of private media outlets with different political orientations, the selection and interpretation of facts were heavily influenced by the political agenda and the capital behind the publication, which significantly damaged the image and prestige of the government. In their pursuit of readers, periodicals were willing to publish unverified and sensational information.
The author comes to the conclusion that the reports for 1905 – 1907 on the General Department for Press Affairs show that the directions of the department’s work have not changed. Reports on the staging of plays on the stage of theaters, the payment of allowances and assistance to pro-government newspapers were also submitted to the emperor for consideration. Despite the revolutionary events of 1905-1907, insignificant information was brought to the Emperor and considered in the reports, from the point of view of combating the revolutionary movement. A decrease in the number of reports by year may indicate a loss of interest in government efforts to form a positive opinion about the government.
Keywords: A.G. Bulygin, the reports, the General Department for Press Affairs, the Ministry of Internal Affairs at the beginning of the twentieth century, public opinion, the First Russian Revolution
Saenko M.A. (St. Petersburg). Training of Birds Sea Pigeon Station in Libau in the Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries
MIKHAIL ANATOLYEVICH SAENKO
Lecturer of the Department
of Organization of Combat Training
and Everyday Activities of Signal Troops
Military Academy of Signals named after Marshal
of the Soviet Union S.M. Budyonny
194064, Russia, St. Petersburg,
Tikhoretsky Ave., 3
e-mail: rv6lvt@rambler.ru
Abstract. The article considers the process of organizing the training of homing pigeons of the marine station in Libau for the needs of the Russian Imperial Navy in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The problems associated with the provision of training vessels to the head of the marine station by the Main Naval Staff are studied. The flight directions of homing pigeons for their training were characterized with reference to geographical objects. The annual time periods for training birds and the distances of training flights were indicated. The homing pigeons were characterized depending on their age by the year of their hatching and the annual number of birds trained for long-distance flights to the northern and southern directions was given. The military vessels from which the homing pigeons of the Marine Station in Libau were released from the open sea were named. The reason for the termination of training birds for long-distance flights due to the lack of a suitable military vessel at the disposal of the head of the Marine Pigeon Station was given. Criticism of the process of training homing pigeons at the marine station in Libau by representatives of the Russian Navy and its reasons were indicated.
Keywords: Marine pigeon station, Russian Imperial Navy, Naval Ministry, Main Naval Headquarters, Libau, bird training
Zuev A.V. (St. Petersburg). Historical Essay on the Development of the Reval Commercial Port (Second Half of the 19th Century – Early 20th Century)
ANDREY VYACHESLAVOVICH ZUEV
Associate Professor the of Private Law Departments of Admiral Makarov
State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping
Associate Professor
Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping
198035, Dvinskaya street., 5/7, St. Petersburg
e-mail: univerandrey@mail.ru
Associate Professor the of the Department of Cultural
History, State and Law of “LETI”
Associate Professor
Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”
197022, Professor Popov street., 5, St. Petersburg
e-mail: univerandrey@mail.ru
Abstract. The need to expand the Revel port arose in the late 1860s. In connection with the construction of the Baltic Railway, the Revel city merchants petitioned various government agencies to improve the condition of the port. From 1881 to 1907, 3,287,000 rubles were spent on the radical reconstruction of the Revel port. The issue of further reconstruction of the Revel port was twice submitted to the State Duma for consideration. On June 1, 1911, the highest approval of the bill followed and 2,240,000 rubles were allocated for the continuation of the work. The Revel port was considered as an outer port of the St. Petersburg port, which froze in winter. Due to favorable geographical conditions, despite the insufficient equipment of the Revel port, foreign freight in it was cheaper than in many other Russian ports. The main imported goods were: cotton, coal, copper, lead. Revel exported mainly grain crops, alcohol and iron. The overall economic indicators of the Russian Empire grew. The total cargo turnover of the Revel port also increased, reaching 68,882,953 poods in 1913. The Revel port ranked third among the ports of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland in terms of the amount of incoming customs duties.
Keywords: Emperor Nicholas II, State Duma, Baltic Sea, Reval port, ports, railway, shipping, merchant shipping, cargo turnover, customs duties
Kruzhalina A.A. (Irkutsk). Reformation Initiatives of the Siberian Parliamentary Group on the Introduction of Zemstvos in Siberia (Based on the RGIA Materials)
ANASTASIA ALEKSEEVNA KRUZHALINA
candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of Russian History of Historical Faculty, Irkutsk State University,
664003, Irkutsk, st. Karla Marka, 1
e-mail: kliokrua@yandex.ru,
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6820-7874
Abstract. The article is devoted to certain aspects of the activities of the Siberian parliamentary group, namely the problem of the extension of the zemstvo reform to Siberia and the project of the Siberian deputies to implement it in the region.
The basis of the source base of the study is made up of archival materials from the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive: business documents of the Duma commissions, as well as the stenographic reports of the meetings of the State Duma, which allow to analyze the dynamics of the legislative process.
Also, memoirs of contemporaries and materials of periodicals were used within the framework of the comparative analysis. Based on a wide range of sources, the author analyzed the legislative process for introducing zemstvos in Siberia and the personal participation of Siberian parliamentarians in this process. The article also provides an assessment of the political environment in which the project was submitted to the State Duma for consideration. As a result of the study, key conclusions were formulated about the impact of the activities of Siberian deputies on the prospects for the creation of a zemstvo in Siberia.
Keywords: Zemstvo, Siberia, State Duma, deputies, bill, Irkutsk province, Tomsk province, Karaulov
Siminchenko O.I. (Moscow). P.A. Stolypin’s Dacha on Aptekarsky Island as a Venue for Negotiations on the Creation of a Coalition Government in June‒July 1906
OLEG IGOREVICH SIMINCHENKO
Master’s student of the Department of Russian History of the 19th –
early 20th centuries, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4
e-mail: siminchencko.oleg@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the consideration of P.A. Stolypin’s ministerial dacha on Aptekarsky Island as a venue for negotiations on the creation of a coalition government in June−July 1906. The paper describes the domestic political context within which projects for the inclusion of public figures in the Council of Ministers appeared, and summarizes the main content of the negotiation process initiated by P.A. Stolypin. A description is being drawn up of the country house where the minister’s personal meetings with his contractors were held, and the surrounding area. The key role of the venue of the negotiations in ensuring their confidentiality is pointed out, which allowed the minister both to avoid unwanted information leaks and to interrupt the negotiations at any moment, presenting to the public a convenient version of what happened. Among other things, the article reconstructs the approximate time of meetings between the Interior Minister and public figures, as well as the atmosphere of their dialogue. The open and informal exchange of views between the participants in behind-the-scenes contacts, provided by the conditions of their stay at the ministerial dacha, contributed to the very rapid course of the negotiation process. Stolypin’s successful choice of the venue characterizes him as a skilled politician and allows us to consider his series of behind-the-scenes meetings with representatives of the liberal opposition as a significant political experience of late imperial Russia.
Keywords: P.A. Stolypin, Aptekarsky Island, negotiations, coalition government, the First Russian Revolution
Panferov V.P. (Moscow). “Party Barometer”: Moscow Communist Students in the Intra-Party Discussion of 1923-1924
VALENTIN PANFEROV
Postgraduate student of the Faculty of History,
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
119991, Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4,
e-mail: com-cap@rambler.ru
Abstract. The article examines the participation of Moscow students, members of the RCP(b), in the discussion on issues of the internal party situation that took place in late 1923 – early 1924. The article examines the nature and social composition of Soviet students in the late 1910s – early 1920s, the number of students relative to the total number of members of the Moscow Provincial Party Organization of the RCP(b), the reasons and prerequisites for the beginning of the discussion and the popularity of opposition sentiments among students. It clearly demonstrates that students became the social group in the Moscow Provincial Party Organization of the RCP(b), among which the “Left Opposition” that emerged at that time won the greatest popularity. In turn, this was used by supporters of the “Central Committee line” headed by the “Troika” of J. Stalin, G. Zinoviev and L. Kamenev as an argument to discredit the opposition as “petty-bourgeois”. The instrument for this was the party press, on the pages of which oppositional students were contrasted with the “proletarian core of the party” loyal to the Central Committee. A wide range of sources (archival documents, publications of the RCP(b), issues of the periodical press, memoirs) and research literature were used in the course of the work.
Keywords: history of the CPSU, history of intra-party struggle in the USSR in the 1920s, Left Opposition, Moscow organization of the RCP(b), students
Fedulov S.V., Rudenko V.E. (St. Petersburg). The Structure and Specialists of the Artillery Research Institute in the Context of Naval Construction in the 1930s
SERGEY VALENTINOVICH FEDULOV
Dr. Sci. (Historical), Professor
of the Department of Humanities and Social and Economic Disciplines
Mozhaisky Military Space Academy,
corresponding member of AVN,
197198, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Zhdanovskaya street, 13.
e-mail: serg.val.fed.661000@yandex.ru
VLADISLAV EDUARDOVICH RUDENKO
Engineer of the 5th Scientific Research Department
(research on personnel training for Missile Forces and artillery
and improving the educational process)
Scientific Research Center (missile forces and artillery)
Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy
195009, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Komsomol street, 22.
e-mail: v.rudenko@science-mvaa.ru
Abstract. The article examines the structure, personnel composition, and role of the Artillery Scientific Research Institute of the Navy of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (RKKA) in 1933 within the context of the USSR’s naval development. The study is based on previously unpublished archival materials from the Russian State Naval Archive (RGAVMF), which contain data on the institute’s staff, the distribution of specialists by field, and their qualifications. The author employs quantitative and institutional analysis to identify the organizational features of the institute, the integration of military and civilian personnel, and the connection between personnel policy and the technical modernization of the fleet. The authors provide detailed information about the staff of the Artillery Research Naval Institute, about its first director – the old Bolshevik and active participant in the Russian Civil War Pavel Petrovich Sheshaev. The tables provide comprehensive information about the staff of all the institute’s divisions and the students who underwent training and advanced training at this institution in the period from 1929 to 1935. A conclusion is made about the importance of the institute’s activities in the development of the Soviet Navy in the pre-war period. The article addresses a gap in historiography related to the study of specific scientific research institutions of the Soviet Navy and proposes new approaches to analyzing the military-technical policy of the interwar period.
Keywords: USSR Navy, artillery, scientific research institute, personnel policy, military modernization, 1933
Medvedev S.V., Fedyakin A.V. (Moscow). Construction of the Moscow Metro in 1935-1940: Problems in the Coverage of Archival Documents
SERGEY VLADIMIROVICH MEDVEDEV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Associate Professor of the Department of History at the Russian
University of Transport (MIIT),
22 Novosushchevskaya Street, Moscow, 127055
e-mail: speransky1809@yandex.ru
ALEXEY VLADIMIROVICH FEDYAKIN
Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor,
Head of the Department of History at the Russian University of Transport (MIIT),
127055, Moscow, Novosushchevskaya Street, 22
e-mail: avf2010@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the circumstances of the construction of the first, second, and third lines of the Moscow Metro in the 1930s. The article introduces documents from the State Archive of the Russian Federation into scientific circulation: materials from the government commission for the acceptance of the first line of the Moscow Metro, business documents from Metrostroy, the People’s Commissariat of Heavy Industry, the Economic Council under the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, and correspondence between officials. The article pays special attention to the problems that Metrostroy had to solve during the construction process: the shortage of cars and tires, delays in the delivery of construction materials, difficulties in transporting marble from the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, the need to reduce production costs, and the occasional subsidence of the surface in the areas where tunnels were being constructed. The construction of the metro was carried out in the context of a gradual shift away from imported specialists and equipment, with the Council of People’s Commissars declaring a policy of import substitution as early as 1932. The article briefly analyzes social measures that help workers to work effectively on the construction of the metro: a discussion about wages and the length of the workweek, and the construction of residential buildings for metro workers near their work sites.
Keywords: Metrostroy, People’s Commissariat of Heavy Industry, marble, auto-rubber, Economic Council
Kustyshev A.N. (Ukhta). Belbaltlag of the NKVD During the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940: Transformation, Challenges and Problems
ANDREY NIKOLAEVICH KUSTYSHEV
Candidate of historical Sciences, associate Professor
Head of the Department of documentation, history and philosophy
Ukhta state technical University
169300, Russia, Ukhta, Pervomayskaya st., 13
e-mail: akustyshev@ugtu.net
Abstract. The article is devoted to the activities of the White Sea-Baltic Correctional Labor Camp, one of the largest in the NKVD system of the USSR. The chronological framework of the study is determined by the 1939-1940s, the period of the Soviet-Finnish War. The source base of the publication was made up of materials from the State Archives of the Russian Federation and the National Archives of the Republic of Karelia. Their analysis allowed us to show the process of transformation of Belbaltlag, determined by the circumstances of wartime. Thus, the article opens up opportunities for a more complete analysis of the mobilization capabilities of the NKVD system within the framework of the “challenge-response” paradigm.
Based on source analysis, the article shows the change in the spectrum of production activities of Belbaltlag at the turn of the 1939-1940s, which was the largest logging camp in the European North of Russia, carrying out logging operations on the territory of the Karelian-Finnish SSR. The author records a steady trend towards a decrease in the production potential of the camp against the background of quantitative and qualitative changes in the special contingent. At the same time, the article provides material on the resource provision of the NKVD special construction sites by Belbaltlag, on the basis of which it is concluded that the camp, as in the early 1930s, continued to occupy a place in the context of the country’s military mobilization plans during the Soviet-Finnish War.
Keywords: canal, forest, plant, prisoners, war, mobilization, special settlers, special construction sites
Yusupova S.N. (Samara). The System of State Labor Resources of the Middle Volga Region During the Great Patriotic War
SVETLANA N. YUSUPOVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Samara State University of Economics.
443090, Russia, Samara, 141 Sovetskaya Armiy Street.
e-mail: YusupovaS.N@sseu.ru
Abstract. The article examines the activities of educational institutions of the state labor reserves system of the Soviet Union in the Kuibyshev, Penza, and Ulyanovsk regions and the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945). The general state of factory-school and vocational training institutions in the region is analyzed, and the issues of professional training and the organization of educational, cultural, sports, and military-physical training activities are covered. The main difficulties and problems of the labor reserves system are highlighted, as well as the ways and methods of their resolution. The author examines the organizational and managerial activities of central and local party, Soviet, and economic bodies aimed at expanding, functioning, and improving the efficiency of factory schools and vocational colleges. The author concludes that the system of state labor reserves played a significant role in providing the region’s industry with professional workers. The author highlights the contribution of students and graduates of the system in fulfilling production tasks at the region’s industrial enterprises, which produced ammunition and weapons for the front. The significant role of the heads and staff of vocational schools and trade schools in shaping young people’s conscious attitude towards work and study, as well as in addressing the issue of child neglect and homelessness, has been identified.
Keywords: labor reserves, Middle Volga region, vocational schools, schools of the Federal Law on Labor Protection, workers, industrial training
Kruchinskii D.A. (Irkutsk). The Activities of the Gagarin Palace of Culture in Shaping the Lifestyle of the Population of the Village of Lenino in the City of Irkutsk in the Second Half of the 20th Century
DMITRII ALEKSANDROVICH KRUCHINSKII
Postgraduate student of the Department of History and Methodology of the Irkutsk State University Irkutsk State University (ISU),
664003, Karl Marx St., 1, Irkutsk
e-mail: dima9aleks9mail@mail.ru
Abstract. This article analyzes the role of the Y. A. Gagarin Palace of Culture as a cultural, ideological and educational center in the village of Lenino in Irkutsk from 1956 to 1985. The work examines the multifunctional activities of the Palace of Culture, covering political education, amateur performances, cinema, youth policy, labor and legal education, as well as patronage assistance to rural areas. Based on the analysis of archival materials, it is shown how the cultural institution contributed to the formation of the Soviet way of life. Particular attention is paid to the variety of forms of work – from lectures and film lectures to mass holidays and theatrical performances. It is shown that the Palace of Culture was not just a place of leisure, but an instrument of education and the formation of cultural identity. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of the Palace of Culture with the production units of the plant, workers’ dormitories and youth organizations, which made it possible to cover wide sections of the population. The analysis shows how a unified social environment was formed through the system of people’s universities, amateur groups and ceremonial events. The study confirms that the activities of the Community Center played a key role in organizing free time and raising the cultural level of the population in the settlement.
Keywords: Palace of Culture, Soviet culture, amateur art, ideological work, cultural and educational activities, way of life
Bashkirova A.A. (Khabarovsk). The Realizing of Prohibition in Priamursky General Government during the First World War: According to the Materials of the Far-Eastern Periodical Press
ALINA ALEXANDROVNA BASHKIROVA
Assistant School of Pedagogy and History
Pacific National University (PNU),
680035, Tikhookeanskaya street., 136, Khabarovsk
e-mail: 013408@togudv.ru
Abstract. There is an author’s research of Prohibition realizing process in 1914-1917 in Priamursky General Government territory. The research is carried out in the context of the First World War influence on a socioeconomic situation in the region. An attention is paid to the regional features of that politics. Due to analysis of Khabarovsky Krai State Archive unpublished materials and due to the big amount of local press (for example, “Far outskirts”, “Far East”, “Ussuriysky Krai”, “Amur echo”, “Amur life”, “Amur Vedomosti”), the unique dynamics of socioeconomical processes was revealed. A distance from the center and a proximity to Manchuria provoked massive alcohol smuggling, also known as “alcohol tourism, it’s a practice of the population departure to China for drinking Hanshin. A prohibition on alcohol implementation caused an increase of surrogates production, which had methanol and technical alcohol, which in turn, caused an increase of poisoning and opiate consumption. A governor-general N.L. Gondatti’s measures, which were directed on smuggling and illegal production of alcohol restriction, couldn’t prevent a criminalization of society. There were cases of alcohol transportation in metal belts. There also was a doctor’s corruption, when they prescribed “medical alcohol” and there also was a gangs’ forming. A cultural context was revealed through a sobriety propaganda (e.g. an adaptation of Leo Tolstoy’s “Zlaya Otrava” novel and the Temperance Societies) and the satirical reaction of the press (e.g. “Kommersanty” thumbnail about a Chinese trader Wang Woon-Chee which was called “”A new disease” as an allegory of the prohibition absurdity”).
Keywords: “Prohibition”, Anti-alcohol politics, First World War, Priamursky General-Government, Alcoholism
Burdin E.S. (Khabarovsk). Estimates of the Contribution of the Korean Population to the Development of Agriculture in the South of Primorsky Region in 1864-1917
EVGENY SERGEEVICH BURDIN
postgraduate student of Far-East Institute of Management,
Branch of RANEPA,
680000, Khabarovsk, 33, Muravyov-Amur st.,
e-mail: burdin-1955@mail.ru
Abstract. the article analyzes the assessments of positive and negative aspects of the activities of the Korean population of the Russian Far East in the field of agriculture, presented in the works of pre-revolutionary officials, researchers and publicists. The characteristics of the main tools and methods of agriculture that were used in Korean settlements in the south of the Primorsky region are given. The reasons for the emergence of the phenomenon of Korean land lease are analyzed, the contribution of Koreans to the food supply of the region is demonstrated. It is noted that at the level of the Far Eastern administration, a critical approach to the activities of Korean peasants took shape in the 80s of the XIX century against the background of the beginning of the policy of the tsarist government to populate the Amur region with the Russian population. It is concluded that the main negative aspects (the use of predatory methods of agriculture, a decrease in the labor qualities of the Russian peasantry due to the leasing of land to foreigners) were associated with the presence of illegal labor migrants from Korea in the Amur region.
Keywords: Far East, Korean peasants, agriculture, farming, Cossacks, turn of the 19th-20th centuries
Maksimov M.A. (St. Petersburg). British Military Intelligence about Situation in Azerbaijan and Nothern Caucasus after the Capture of Baku by Caucas Army of Islam (September – October 1918)
MIKHAIL ALEKSANDROVITCH MAKSIMOV
Applicant of Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin;
196605, Saint-Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoye shosse, 10.
e-mail: maximov.mgimo@gmail.com
Abstract. The article is devoted to the military and political analysis of a secret archival document of British political intelligence about the situation in the Caucasus in the autumn of 1918. The article shows the contradictions in the British Military Council and the Imperial Military Council when formulating British policy in Transcaucasia in 1918. The South Caucasus was not part of the British geopolitical interests during the war, so after the collapse of the Russian Empire in late 1917, the military and politicians were unable to immediately determine their attitude towards the post-imperial entities in Transcaucasia. The situation in Transcaucasia was complicated by the outbreak of the Civil War in the former Russian Empire and the need for the former Entente allies to determine their attitude towards supporting Russian anti-Bolshevik forces. The author also used documents from British (National (British) Archives) and Azerbaijani archival repositories (National Archives of the Republic of Azerbaijan).
Keywords: First World War in Transcaucasia, the Eastern Question, the British Intervention in Transcaucasia, the Baku Commune, and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
Maksimov V.V. (St. Petersburg). The Fall of Baku: Political and Military Chaos in the Eastern Transcaucasia in August-September 1918
VIKTOR VALERIEVICH MAKSIMOV
Applicant of Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin;
196605, Saint-Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoye shosse, 10.
e-mail: viktor.maximov@gmail.com
Abstract. The article uses significant archival and research material to show the complex political, economic, and military contradictions associated with the struggle for Baku in the summer and autumn of 1918. The forces defending Baku from the Turkish-Azerbaijani Army of Islam had conflicting goals and political orientations, but there was also a lack of unity within the Turkish-Azerbaijani Islamic army. External forces, such as the Entente countries, primarily Britain, as well as Soviet Russia, which controlled Baku through the Baku Commune, and Germany, which had influence over Turkey, had a significant impact on events and military-political decisions. The main goal of all these forces and influences was Baku’s oil, which was especially important for the Bolsheviks and German politicians and military leaders. However, Baku’s distance from the main theaters of the First World War and the events in Russia after the fall of the Tsarist regime had a specific impact on the decisions of the political and military forces involved in Baku. The article is based on the latest research by researchers from Russia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Great Britain, as well as on documents recently introduced into scientific circulation. Also included in the study is such an important source of that time as the official printed organ of the Central Committee of the Caspian Military Flotilla – “Bulletin of the Central Caspian”.
Keywords: Baku, Transcaucasia, First World War, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Caucasian Army of Islam, Baku Commune, Dictatorship of the Central Caspian, Densterfors
Kozlov F.N. (Cheboksary). “Chuvashskoe Butovo”: Touches to the History of Alatyr ITC No. 1
FEDOR NICOLAEVICH KOZLOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Associate Professor of the Department of National and Universal History
I.Ya. Yakovlev Chuvash State Pedagogical University
428000, Russian Federation, Chuvash Republic, Cheboksary, st. Karl Marx, 38
e-mail: fedor1977@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article attempts a partial reconstruction of the history of a village located on the territory of modern-day Pervomaisky, Alatyrsky Municipal District, Chuvash Republic, which was home to Correctional Labor Colony No. 1, also known as Alatyrskaya Penitentiary Complex No. 1. The institution existed from 1929 to 1964, but the focus is primarily on the chronological period from the mid-1930s to the early 1940s. This emphasis is explained by the time of the mass stay in this correctional institution of prisoners from among the clergy and believers. The topic of political repression in the USSR, including against Orthodox clergy and laity, is one of the actively developed scientific problems, but the history of this “zone” has not yet come to the attention of specialists. The research methodology is based on a traditional combination of general scientific and special historical (historical-systemic, historical-comparative and problem-chronological) methods. Based on archival documents and published materials, the quantitative and qualitative composition of religious prisoners and the conditions of their stay in the colony are considered. The results of the study make it possible to fill in one of the gaps in the study of the history of repressive policies against dissidents in the USSR, as well as to depict the life of prisoners using the example of one of the “places of general detention”.
Keywords: Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Alatyr village, Pervomaisky village, Orthodox clergy, believers, repression, correctional labor colony, logging
Bizin A.S. (St. Petersburg). Card System and Other Features of Leningrad Post-war Trade
ALEKSEY SERGEEVICH BIZIN
Pushkin Leningrad State University, Graduate student,
196605, the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Pushkin,
Petersburgskoye shosse, 10
e-mail: alex.bizin@gmail.com
Abstract. During the war, significant changes took place in the organization of the supply of food and industrial goods to the population. At the beginning of the war, many important industrial and agricultural areas were lost, the economy was put on a war footing, the production of many goods fell, there was a disparity between the money supply in circulation and the size of turnover, prices on the collective farm market increased several times, and rationed supplies were introduced. Labor supply departments became widespread, shops with high “commercial” prices appeared, and collective farm and bazaar trade flourished. The existing supply system provided the minimum needs of the population, but after the war, the existing model began to slow down the development of the economy. The population could not buy the necessary goods, and the state budget did not receive enough funds through trade. In addition, the population, tired of the hardships of the war years, did not trust the existing distribution system and did not look fair in the eyes of people. The availability of various categories of cards and standards of supply created a fertile ground for various kinds of abuse. Inspections and the threat of punishment for violations in issuing food cards did not stop people. The rationing supply system had exhausted itself and needed to be dismantled.
Keywords: trade, cards, Leningrad, USSR, prices, war, state commerce
Kotov N.S. (Voronezh). Development of Ship Modeling within the Framework of the Voronezh Branch of the Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Fleet
NIKITA SERGEEVICH KOTOV
PhD student, Voronezh State Technical University,
394006, 20th Anniversary of October Street, 84, Voronezh,
e-mail: n1kitakotow98@yandex.ru
Abstract. The presented study, based on documents from the State Archive of the Socio-Political History of the Voronezh Region, provides an analysis of the impact of marine modeling on the dissemination of naval knowledge in the USSR within the framework of the Society for Voluntary Assistance to the Fleet. In the post-war years, the army and Navy were in dire need of qualified reserves, and in this regard, the creation of marine modeling circles was a partial way out of the current situation, as they helped to increase naval knowledge among the general population and expand the circle of people interested in obtaining naval professions. The author characterizes the methods of developing marine modeling using the example of the Voronezh Branch.; It shows the extent of the coverage of this area of the Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Fleet activities in the specified territory; illustrates the difficulties associated with its dissemination; and also provides an assessment of its effectiveness in comparison with the goals and objectives of the Society. The author concludes that, despite the obvious difficulties, the activities of the Voronezh branch of the Society for Voluntary Fleet Assistance contributed to the widespread dissemination of modeling in the region – ship classifications, types of sailing armament, details of ship superstructures and armaments were well known among Voronezh modelers.; The Voronezh team performed well at the All-Union competitions.
Keywords: Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Fleet, Voronezh Region, post-war period, defense-mass work, Armed Forces, ship modeling, modeling
Uporov I.V., Smirnova K.S. (Krasnodar). Questions of Local Councils in Party Decisions in the Period of Strengthening the Law (Second Half of the 1950s – Early 1960s)
IVAN VLADIMIROVICH UPOROV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor,
Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
Russian Federation, Krasnodar
350000, Russian Federation, Krasnodar
e-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru
KARINA SERGEEVNA SMIRNOVA
Ph.D.,
Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
350000, Russian Federation, Krasnodar
e-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.rur
Abstract. The article examines the features of the party (political) leadership of the monopolistically ruling CPSU by local Councils of deputies and workers in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the emphasis is on improving the system of legislation, as well as regulating legal practice. The paper analyzes the materials of the CPSU congresses, resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and other official documents. In addition, scientific publications were used in the work, which reflect the stated topic. It is noted that during the period under review, the party authorities focused on improving the efficiency of Soviets at all levels, including and above all local Soviets, which were the local government bodies responsible for implementing the party’s directives.
The decisions of the state party noted both positive and negative aspects of the work of local councils, and many issues that were truly important for people’s lives were raised and prescribed for implementation, some of which are still relevant today. However, many of the decisions were declarative and were not implemented.
The authors study the historical features of the 1950s and 1960s and their impact on the activities of local councils and the decisions they made. This work is an overview and analysis of the subject and is intended for specialists interested in this topic.
Keywords: Soviet state, “thaw”, strengthening the rule of law, local Soviets, CPSU, resolution
Alekhin F.V. (Abakan). The State of the Filmification Process in the Khakass Autonomous Region in the Period from 1970 to 1984
FYODOR VITALIEVICH ALEKHIN
Postgraduate Student; Department of History;
N. F. Katanov Khakass State University,
92/1 Lenin Avenue, Abakan, 655017
e-mail: laroned@yandex.ru
Abstract. In this article, the author reveals the state of the cinematography of the Khakass Autonomous Region in the period from 1970 to 1984. During this period, the process of cinematography was at a turning point due to economic and social development. The main reason was the formation of the Sayan territorial production complex on its territory. Much attention is paid to the economic and social impact of the Sayan Military Industrial Complex on the development of cinematography. Attention is also paid to the actual operation of cinema installations as a marker of the success of the cinema network. The main problems faced by the cinema network during this period are noted, namely, the crisis of personnel, the lack of advertising, the problem of showing films, and the popularization of television broadcasting. Analyzing the second half of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s, the expansion of the cinema network and the material and technical base is analyzed. The main source is the archival fund of the State Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences “National Archives”, containing plans, reports, personnel data. Monographs and articles on related topics were also used. The research is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity and is based on the problem-chronological principle. When analyzing historical sources in this work, the main methods can be called analytical, comparative and statistical.
Keywords: cinematography, TPK, Khakassia, stagnation, seventies, cinema, cinema, television
Fan-Yung G.Yu (Kazan city). Information about Main Elements of social Policy Implemented at the “Alafuzovsky” and “Ushkovsky” Plants in the City of Kazan (as of 1895–1899), Contained in Official Correspondence with the Senior Factory Inspector of the Kazan Province
GERMAN YURIEVICH FAN-YUNG
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines of the Volga Region State University of Physical Education, Sports and Tourism, 420010, Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, territory of the Universiade Village, 35,
e-mail: ger-fan-yung@yandex.ru
Abstract. The presented research work is based on general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, both empirical and theoretical. Such empirical methods as description and comparison allowed to compare the results of social policy in different urban industries. The use of theoretical methods (for example, the axiomatic method) in combination with universal logical techniques (induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, formalization, classification, modeling, etc.) contributed to a strictly scientific study of the efforts of territorial bodies of factory inspection in improving “factory” low.
The article presents individual unpublished sources on the activities of the territorial factory inspection. It is necessary to state the significance of the presented set of sources, which allow not only to evaluate specific state measures in the sphere of regulation of labor relations, but also to identify the main trends of state policy in the sphere of further development and improvement of the so-called “factory” low, in the specified period. The information on improved methods and forms of social policy in pre-revolutionary enterprises, presented in our work, objectively confirms the scientific hypothesis that it is impossible for enterprises to develop normally in the industrial era without appropriate improvement of the social sphere in them.
Keywords: industrial revolution, social policy, industrial entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Russia, activities of territorial units of state factory inspection at the end of the 19th century, the life situation of workers on the eve of the revolutionary events of 1905–1907
Batyaev R.A. (Moscow). Historical Plots in Films and TV Series of the 1990s as an Instrument of Memory Policy
ROMAN ARKADYEVICH BATYAEV
1st year Postgraduate student
Department of History of Social Movements and Political Parties
Moscow State University
Leninskiye Gory 1, Moscow, Russia, 119234
e-mail: roman@batyaev.ru
Abstract. This article considers cinema as one of the numerous instruments of memory policy, which is an important element of the consolidation of society. Such a view allows us to consider the appeal to historical events not as an separate interest in the events of the past, but as an attempt to interpret the events of the present through the mention and interpretation of historical events, processes and phenomena. The article examines a segment of the cinema of the Russian Federation in the 1990s, in which historical events are the basis for the plot. The paper raises a number of questions, among which are the following: which historical eras were used by directors in a given period more than others? In which period of the 1990s was there a higher interest in historical subjects, and in which years, on the contrary, was the interest less active? In addition, the article presents an attempt at the author’s interpretation and answer to the question “Why were relevant topics raised in cinema in certain years”? In addition, this paper provides a list of films by year for convenient comparison of a specific year and historical subjects used in Russian cinema in a given period.
Keywords: memory politics, historical politics, symbolic politics, cinema, 1990s
Zhirkov F.R. (Moscow). The Policy of the Governance of the RSFSR on the Issue of Preserving the Union State in 1990-1991
FEDOR ROMANOVICH ZHIRKOV
Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Public Administration, Department of Management in the field of Interethnic and Interfaith Relations,
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
119991, Moscow, Lomonosov Prospekt 27/4
e-mail: zhirkov.99@list.ru
Abstract. The last stage of the existence of the Soviet state attracts the attention of many scientists, as well as members of the public. In particular, those events related to the relationship between the Russian and the Union center. The study of this factor in the context of disintegration processes in the USSR does not lose its relevance. In the early 90s, relations between the Russian leadership and the Soviet Union became distinctly confrontational. The purpose of this work is to identify the specifics of Russian policy on the problem of the continued existence of a single state. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are formulated:
1) to study the phenomenon of the Russian republic within the USSR;
2) to identify the basic principles and mechanisms of functioning of state power;
3) identify the key reasons for the liquidation of Soviet power within Russia;
4) to determine the position of the authorities of the RSFSR on the issue of preserving the Union state;
5) to consider the role and place of key political actors in the RSFSR space;
The following theoretical and methodological foundations of the research were used to write the work: general scientific, philosophical, comparative historical, institutional. The general systemic crisis did not create the prerequisites for the collapse of the Soviet Union, but the targeted actions of the Russian elites led to this outcome. Their policies influenced the functioning of government in the regions, where local leaders went to the sovereignty of their republics and raise their right-wing status. The tension in relations between Russia and the USSR, which arose as a result of the adoption of the Declaration of Sovereignty, had an impact on the activities of the central authorities. Tensions between the leaders of Russia and the Union were growing, and the number of issues on which they found ways for dialogue was decreasing. The Soviet government, which was expressed in the preservation of the union leadership, did not cease to exist even after the speech of the Emergency Committee, but it finally lost its authority. The strategic initiative passed to the Russian leadership, which was expressed even at the all-Union level.
Keywords: Yeltsin, the RSFSR, the Supreme Soviet, the President, the Congress of People’s Deputies
Davydova O.A. (Moscow). Arsinoe III: Political Biography and Posthumous Cult
OLGA ALEXANDROVNA DAVYDOVA
Junior Research Fellow of Department of Comparative
Studies of Ancient Civilizations of IWH RAS,
119334, Russia, Moscow, Leninsky Prospekt 32A,
e-mail: davydova.olga96@mail.ru
Abstract. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the biography and posthumous cult of Arsinoe III (c. 245–204 BC), Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt and sister-wife of Ptolemy IV. It revises the established image from ancient narratives of the queen as a passive victim of court intrigues, proving her significant influence on state affairs. A key event associated with her was participation in the Battle of Raphia (217 BC), where her presence and address to the troops bolstered their morale. Arsinoe III actively acted as a patron of the arts: her substantial donations and support for the Muses festival in Thespiae, alongside her contribution to completing the Temple of Homer in Alexandria, attested to her broad diplomatic influence. Her tragic death in 204 BC is interpreted as resulting from the struggle for the regency over the underage Ptolemy V. Particular focus is given to her unique posthumous cult. Established only in 199/198 BC, five years after her death, this cult featured a specific institution of priestesses serving for decades (unlike the annually rotated priestesses of other queens). It became one of the instruments for legitimizing Ptolemy V’s power during crises. The cult’s endurance, maintaining administrative functions even during revolts, demonstrates its importance to the dynasty as a mechanism for sacralizing power and connecting with elites.
Keywords: Egypt, Ptolemies, Hellenism, Arsinoe III, dynastic cult, cult of queens