Contents
INTRODUCTION
Daudov A.H. The history of Russian science and higher education in the focus of modern historiography……………………… ………………………………………………………………….13
ABDULLA HAMIDOVICH DAUDOV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Director of Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleevskaya l., 5. E-mail: a.daudov@spbu.ru
The history of the Russian science and higher education is the actively developing research area of modern historiography. A series of fundamental printed and online editions of the last ten years has set a new level of requirements to the texts about the history of science, and defined new priorities in research themes. These include problems of prosopographic scientific corporations, institutional history and anthropology of science, a reflection of the activities of the scientific community in the public space. Attention to this area of research is traditionally for the journal “Klio”. The present thematic issue of “Klio” covers a wide range of authors from academic institutions of Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Bryansk, Apatite, and Omsk. A series of articles are prepared by the staff of the Institute of history of St. Petersburg State University and reflects the results of ongoing research projects of the Institute, as well as the interest which has traditionally given to this problem in the Institute. Of course, special attention in these works is given to the history of the oldest in Russia Saint-Petersburg University. The features of the issue fall into three large blocks. The first is associated with the history of science and higher education in the socio-political context. Here are very different, but very important stories — including the story of the first University Charter, the history of the Bestuzhev courses as a centre of higher education for women, the crisis of higher education in 1911, the University of Petrograd in the era of the First World War. The second block covers the materials, devoted primarily to outstanding figures of Russian science of the 19th–20th centuries, including such figures as V.I. Lamansky, M.S. Korelin, M.A. Myakotin, G.V. Vernadsky. Finally, the third block includes reviews of scientific publications related to the history of Russian universities. Its main part is a critical discussion of the new monograph by E. A. Rostovtsev, dedicated to the history of St. Petersburg University in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century and became a significant event in the scholar literature. Thus, the new volume of “Klio” shows quite a diversity of topics and research directions associated with the history of Russian science and higher education, and I am sure will be of interest to the reader.
RUSSIAN SCIENCE AND HIGHER SCHOOL IN MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY TIME (XVIII–XX CENTURIES)
Kostina T.V. (Saint Petersburg). The Academy’s Educational Institutions in St. Petersburg as a key to social mobility: career strategies for children of the Academy employees (1725–1766)………………14
TATIANA VLADIMIROVNA KOSTINA — Ph.D. in History, Senior Researcher, St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 1. E–mail: TanyaBizyaeva@yandex.ru
The article studies legislative and socio-cultural frameworks which affected the career choices made by the students of the Gymnasium and University of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. It also tries to evaluate the impact of formal education on the careers in 18th century Russia, using careers of the children of the Academy’ employees as sample data.
The Academy with its limited resources for affecting promotion of its employees in official ranks, was only granted some formal power in this field as late as 1747, when a new Statute was issued. The practice revealed that interacting with Senate diminished even those limited resources. Anyway, for non-noble students the education received at the Academy in many cases served as a key to upward social mobility. Thus, the receiving of post-educational position of a translator made it possible to get the same position in a collegium or even Senate, which meant acquiring as high as the 9th rank. Working in the Cartography Department which required the formal education given at the academy Gymnasium and University in some cases lead to receiving the rank of the geodesy ensign (geodesii praporschik).
Keywords: XVIII, Academic Gymnasium, Academic University, Academy of Sciences, education, social lift, social mobility, Russian studies.
Andreev A.Y. (Moscow). Educational journey of the grand duke Mikhail Pavlovich in Italy (1818–1819): organization, ideas, context……………………………………………………………………27
ANDREI YURIEVICH ANDREEV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History of Russia at the 19th and the beginning of the 20th c., Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119192, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovsky pr., 27, 4. E-mail: andrv@hist.msu.ru
The foreign voyage of the grand duke Mikhail Pavlovich, the youngest brother of Russian emperor Alexander I, is analyzed in this article in the context of the evolution of the Grand Tour’s concepts in Russia from the 18th c. It is shown that Italy made in the whole journey of grand duke its highest point and his route through the Italian countries from the December 1818 to Mai 1819 signified the realization of a huge educational program, elaborated by the former tutor of the emperor Alexander, Swiss citizen Frédéric-César de La Harpe. Also, a political meaning of this journey is discovered due to its course on the eve of the revolt of the carbonari and at the atmosphere of the sharp concurrence between the great European powers about their influence on the Italian states. The whole analysis is done on the base of new sources, which are not used before and recently discovered in the archives of Russia and Switzerland. The results obtained allow not only draw a more detailed picture of the educational process in the Romanov family but also get a new insight on the whole role of Russia in the world policy at the period of Restoration and the Holy Alliance.
Keywords: Russia, Italy, voyage, education, emperor Alexander I, empress Maria Fedorovna, La Harpe, Rome, Vesuvius, carbonari.
Gracheva Y.E. (Moscow). Russian university Charter of 1804: the history of elaboration in the Ministry of Public Education…………………………………………………………………………40
YULIA EVGEN’EVNA GRACHEVA — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Department of Russian History, Historical Faculty, St. Tikhon’s Orthodox University. 115184, Russian Federation, Moscow, Novokuznetskaya st., 23–5A. E-mail: g.yuliya@mail.ru
The university Charter of 1804 became the basic document for the formation of higher education system in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century. The article analyzes various projects of university statutes, which were created by curators of educational districts in 1803–1804, and influenced the preparing process of a single text. Particular attention is paid to correlation between the archival documents of the Ministry of Public Education and the approved Charters and the Provisional Rules of Public Education. The author reconstructs in details the process of discussion of university documents drawn up by the curators of the Moscow and Kazan districts, M.N. Muravyov and S.Ya. Rumovsky and comes to the conclusion that an important role in the preparation of the final text of the Charter of 1804 was played by the curator of the Kazan University S.Ya. Rumovsky.
Keywords: Main schools’ directorate, Ministry of Public Education, curator, university Charter of 1804, M.N. Muravyov, S.Ya. Rumovsky.
Gavrilina I.A. (Moscow). Rector G.F. Parrot and curator F.М. Klinger: two views on the development of Dorpat University in the early years of its existence (1802–1803)………………………………..47
IRINA ANDREEVNA GAVRILINA — Master’s degree student, Historical Faculty, Department of the History of Russia of the 19th — early 20th centuries, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119602, Russian Federation, Moscow, Koshtoyants st., 47–1–138. E-mail: irin.gavrilina@gmail.com
This research explores the relationship between G.F. Parrot and F.M. Klinger during the period of formation (1802–1803) of Dorpat University. The purpose of this research is to investigate the nature of Parrot and Klinger’s relationship — what conflicts they have been facing and how those conflicts were resolved. The study examines the degree of Klinger’s intervention in university’s self-governance and the possible underlying reasons for such intervention. The main goal is to identify whether Parrot and Klinger’s assertions about the concept of university autonomy and its workings were in essence similar and to disentangle who was the true leader in their association.
The relevance of the research stemmed from drawing attention to one of the first six curators of Russian universities — F.M. Klinger, whose personality and activity, despite the increased interest of modern historiography in university curatorship, has not yet been the subject of a separate study. In addition, the relationship between Klinger and Parrot illustrates the inconsistency of the “university autonomy” of the reform of 1802–1804, and also reveals how in different ways two enlightened figures could represent the idea and tasks of the university.
The study is based on materials of private correspondence, memoirs of Klinger, Parrot and their contemporaries as well as some official documents.
Careful analysis of the materials led to the following major conclusions. Firstly, Klinger was torn apart between two establishments — University Council and Ministry of Education that constrained his ability to bring about reforms Parrot wanted him to implement in the University and that invariably led to a conflict. Meanwhile, Parrot found in Klinger the major University’s beneficiary and friend, whose patronage however was limited by legal matters. One of the main research findings is that Klinger played a role of a buffer that mitigated the conflicts between Parrot and the Ministry of Education. Secondly, there was a difference in Klinger and Parrot’s understanding of the university autonomy and their perceptions of what the Russian Imperial University should be like. Klinger tried to carry out the bureaucratic unification in accordance with utilitarian ideas stemming from the Enlightment while Parrot was more focused on aligning it with German University standards.
Keywords: Dorpat University, university council, rector, curator, university autonomy, Ministry of Education, utilitarian ideas, bureaucratic unification, Enlightment.
Zhukovskaya T.N. Dubrovskaya N.V. (Saint Petersburg). The Noble Boarding School at St. Petersburg State University (1817–1830): organizational structure and daily life………………….57
TATIANA NIKOLAEVNA ZHUKOVSKAYA — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Department of Russian History since Ancient History till the 20th century, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleev l., 5. E-mail: tzhukovskaya@yandex.ru
NATALYA VASILYEVNA DUBROVSKAYA — Master’s degree student, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleev l., 5. E-mail: natascha.dubrowsckaya@yandex.ru
The article is devoted to little-known pages of the early history of the St. Petersburg University, namely to one of its divisions, Noble Boarding School, acting in accordance with the educational strategies and the class politics of power in 1817–1830, first at the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg, and then at the capital university. The archival material examines the personnel composition of the teachers and employees of the Noble Boarding School, the forms of its interaction with the university, the specific features of academic and daily life, and the results of the activities of this university unit.
Keywords: history of the St. Petersburg University, Noble Boarding School, professors and students, nobility education.
Tikhonov I.L. (Saint Petersburg). Student corporations of the St. Petersburg University in the description of Count A.A. Bobrinsky…………………………………………………………………..66
IGOR L’VOVICH TIKHONOV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Archaeology, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University, Head of Museum of History of the Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7/9. E-mail: I.Tikhonov@spbu.ru
Publication with comments and introductory article of the manuscript of Count Alexei Bobrinsky (1852–1927) “Students of the 1840s to students of the 1870s” was created in 1870, after admission to the St. Petersburg University. The published source describes the rules and customs (rituals of initiation, student revels, and duels) adopted in the student corporation “Ruthenia”, which existed at the St. Petersburg University in the 1830–1840s. The corporation consisted mainly of students of aristocratic origin who studied at the Faculty of Law. The main source for the author was the memoirs and stories of his father — Alexander Bobrinsky (1823–1903), who graduated the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University in 1845.
Keywords: Count A.A. Bobrinsky, manuscript, student corporation, Ruthenia, St. Petersburg University, kneips, kommers, duel, student songs.
Vakhromeeva O.B. (Saint Petersburg). Teaching law on Bestuzhevsky courses and the first graduated women-lawyers in Russia……………………………………………………………………………77
OXANA BORISOVNA VAKHROMEEVA — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of the History of the Peoples of the CIS countries, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleev line, 5. E-mail: o.vahromeeva@spbu.ru
In this article, on the basis of a wide range of historical sources (report materials, acts, memoirs), for the most part, first introduced into scientific circulation, the establishment and activity of the St. Petersburg (Petrograd) Higher Women’s (Bestuzhevsky) courses are being developed and operated from 1906 to 1919, (not officially designated as the department of the law faculty of the St. Petersburg (Petrograd) University), and was the third faculty after the historical-philological and physico-mathematical, Revolutionary Russia Chartered women teachers and women scientists (whose certificate of completion of a female university equated with university diplomas). The novelty of the research is that unique fictitious autobiographical archives have been used to study the fate of the first professional women lawyers of the Russian Empire. Many of them until 1917 took an active part in the struggle for women’s advocacy, were participants in statistical surveys conducted in various spheres of the national economy, most of them served the chosen profession in the subsequent historical period. The scientific significance of the article is to establish the relationship between the teaching of various branches of law in the first women’s university of pre-revolutionary Russia by the leading lawyers and practical activities of their students, who have become highly qualified specialists.
Keywords: Law department, High female (Bestuzhevsky) courses, women-lawyers.
Rostovtsev E.A., Sidorchuk I.V. (Saint Petersburg). The University question in the era of Lev Kasso (on materials of the State Duma)………………………………………………………………………92
EUGENY ANATOLIEVICH ROSTOVTSEV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleev l., 5. E-mail: e.rostovtsev@spbu.ru
ILYA VICTOROVICH SIDORCHUK — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of the Higher School of Social Sciences of the Humanities Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. 195251, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29. E-mail: chubber@yandex.ru
The article is devoted to the history of examining issues related to the activities of higher education in the period from the end of 1910 to 1914 in the State Duma of the Russian Empire, when the Ministry of Public Enlightenment was led by one of the most odious prerevolutionary ministers Lev Casso. This issue was not made the subject of special consideration, although the materials contained in the verbatim records of the meetings make it possible to reveal the position of the main political forces of the country to higher education and to the minister himself. The authors come to the conclusion that at the time of the beginning of the leadership of the Ministry by Lev Casso was not an established opinion about his, it was formed gradually. The Minister’s harsh policy led to the fact that the issue of a new university charter, which was central in the previous period, came to naught, giving way to sharp criticism of the activities of the Ministry of all but the far “rights”, and cooperation between the lower legislative chamber and the Ministry was practically absent. The authors suggest that the conflict between the Duma and the ministry of Lev Casso clearly reflected the deeper tendency of forming an incompetent and incapable to rule the country’s executive power, which was created by the opposition in the era of the Duma monarchy.
Keywords: Lev Casso, the history of higher education, history of universities, case of Casso, Russia in the era of the “Duma monarchy”, the State Duma, University Charter, University question.
Barinov D.A. (Saint Petersburg). The crisis of high school in 1911, historiography of the problem………………………………………………………………………………………………106
DMITRIY ANDREEVICH BARINOV — Ph.D. in History, Researcher, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleevskaya line, 5. E-mail: barinovdima1990@yandex.ru
The high school crisis of the 1911 – is one of the most remarkable occasions in the Russia’s inside politics in the period between two revolutions. The faculty staff, democratic students as well as the Ministry of Education were involved in this process. In addition, each of the parties was opposed to the other two. However, despite the importance of this event, the research interest emerged rather late – in the 60-70-ies of XX century. The article presents an attempt to explain such a late rise of the historiography tradition, and also considers the most significant works, dedicated to the events of the 1911.
Keywords: high school, crisis of 1911, Kasso case, student movement.
Rostovtsev E.A., Andreeva V.V. (Saint Petersburg). University at War in Focus of the Press (1914–1915)…………………………………………………………………………………………………118
EUGENY ANATOLIEVICH ROSTOVTSEV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleev l., 5. E-mail: e.rostovtsev@spbu.ru
VIKTORIA VALER’EVNA ANDREEVA — Senior lecturer of the Department of International Relations, Institute of Humanities, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University. 195251, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Grazhdansky pr., 28a. Е-mail: andreevavicval@gmail.com
This article examines the issue of coverage of events in the life of the Petrograd University in the focus of the periodical press in the First World War from October 1914 to December 1915. Authors discuss the main discourses, reflected in the newspapers of various political positions. According to the authors, the internal life of the Petrograd University of the Empire does not undergo significant changes during the first years of the war. Professors continue to fight for academic autonomy at the same time with the change of Minister of education pinning hope on cooperation with the authorities. The University becomes a center of patriotism, providing all possible assistance to the Russian army through fundraisers, the wounded, connected to the universal drive to create “enemy image” and the “fight against German dominance”, but does not want to abandon the usual corporate structure (position on the attitude to the recruitment of students, establishment of the medical faculty, etc.). In this context, the University continues to be “ivory tower”, which will be lost in the near future.
Keywords: Petrograd University, History of Universities, History of the Higher School, Russian Society in the Beginning of the 20th Century, the First World War, Press, Newspapers, Public Opinion, Enemy Image, Military Propaganda.
Rostovtsev E.A., Barinov D.A. (Saint Petersburg). Petrograd University in the time of World War I: collective portrait……………………………………………………………………………………136
EUGENY ANATOLIEVICH ROSTOVTSEV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleevskaya l., 5. E-mail: e.rostovtsev@spbu.ru
DMITRIY ANDREEVICH BARINOV — Ph.D. in History, Researcher, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleevskaya l., 5. E-mail: barinovdima1990@yandex.ru
The article is devoted to the students’ and teachers’ state in the Petrograd University during the First World War. This period becamea difficult trial for the university corporation, which was compelled to respond the internal political changes relating to wartime. The central goal of the article was the reconstruction of the collective portrait of an academic corporation of the era of the First World War. The prosopographical surveys carried out clearly show that the capital’s university was alien to the struggle with the so-called German dominance that engulfed Russian society. At the same time, considering the forms of academic patriotism, the authors show that the capital’s university professors were not always ready to sacrifice their corporate interests and values for the overall victory.
Keywords: History of Russia of the XX century; World War I; St. Petersburg (Petrograd) University; history of the higher school; professorial corporation; collective biography.
Kolchinsky E.I. (Saint Petersburg). Preeminent scientific class in 1917: from the Empire to the Soviets……………………………………………………………………………………………….145
EDUARD IZRAILEVICH KOLCHINSKY — Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of the History of the Еvolutionary Theory and Ecology, St. Petersburg Branch of the S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences. 199064, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 5. E-mail: ekolchinsky@yandex.ru
The article is devoted to one of the most difficult period in the history of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). Using annual reports of RAS and protocols of its General meetings as well as memoirs and letters of scientists, the article shows the ways to which the academic community achieved its goals and plans in 1917. Alteration of behaviour of the academic community, its leaders, and individual scientists was depending on their political convictions and professional interests. To preserve the status of “the preeminent scientific class”, the leaders of the academic community followed the strategy of cooperation with the changing power and even tried to implement long-standing plans for the institutionalization of science and high education. This led to the differentiation of the academic community, to the reduction of the number of academicians participating in its activities, to the departure of many of them in the province or territory beyond the control of the Central government. The few remaining in Petrograd ensured continuity in the activities of RAS, saving it as a relatively autonomous and self-governing corporation.
Keywords: the Russian Academy of Science, revolution, government, reforms, autonomy, institutionalization, education, crisis, professional interests, S.F. Oldenburg, V.I. Vernadsky.
THE BIOGRAPHIES AND HISTORIOGRAPHY OF SCIENCE
Malinov A.V. (Saint Petersburg). Student years of V.I. Lamansky…………………………………156
ALEXEI VALER’EVICH MALINOV — Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian Philosophy and Culture, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7–9. E-mail: a.v.malinov@gmail.com
The article examines the period of study (1850–1854) at the St. Petersburg University of Vladimir Ivanovich Lamansky (1833–1914) ― the largest Russian Slavicist of the 19th century. Fragments from letters and diaries of Lamansky, deposited in the St. Petersburg branch of the RAS archive, in which he describes the features of teaching at the St. Petersburg University, gives characteristics to teachers. Descriptions of classes are given by Izmail Ivanovich Sreznevsky (1812–1880), who was a teacher of Lamansky. Archival materials allow us to trace the process of formation of Lamansky’s scientific views and the influence on his worldview of the teachings of the Slavophiles. Epistolary legacy of Lamansky also tells about the friends of the scholar of the student era: A.N. Pypin and D.L. Mordovtsev. In letters and diaries, Lamansky shares his plans for the future, after graduating from the university.
Keywords: V.I. Lamansky, St. Petersburg University, Slavic Studies, Slavophile, I.I. Sreznevsky, education.
Tsygankov D.A. (Moscow). M.S. Korelin as a teacher at Moscow universities……………………167
DMITRY ANDREEVICH TSYGANKOV — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosvskyi pr., 27–4. E-mail: tsdm@yandex.ru
Mikhail Sergeevich Korelin, a favorite pupil of Vladimir Ivanovich Guerrier, the Patriarch of Moscow universal historians, was a teacher at two Moscow higher educational institutions: at the Higher women’s courses (in the first half of the 1880s) and at the Moscow University (in the 1890s). In lectures on various periods of universal history, Korelin tried to carry out ideas on the progressive development of civilization – a universal history, paying close attention to the intellectual heritage of a single humanity. According to Korelin, culture is not only a transmitter of experience, but also an all-conquering force. If the leading society is not able to assimilate the culture of the era, it must come down from the historical scene. In the lecture courses of Korelin a key place is occupied by historical personalities, whose ideas and fates reflected the epoch, outlook, moral self-improvement of a person. The historian sought to give students a more comprehensive picture of the historical process than positivists of that time, insisting that evolution in nature and society differ substantially.
Keywords: M.S. Korelin, universal history, humanity, civilization.
Tribunskii P.А. (Moscow). W.J. Sedgefield in Russia (1900–1906)………………………………….174
PAVEL ALEKSANDROVICH TRIBUNSKII — Ph.D. in History, Senior Researcher, House of Russian Diaspora Abroad named after A. Solzhenitsyn, Senior Researcher, the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 109240, Russian Federation, Moscow, Niznya Radishevskaya st., 2; 117036, Russian Federation, Moscow, Dmitry Uliyanov st., 19. E-mail: pt2140@yandex.ru
The article considers the stay of the philologist W.J. Sedgefield in Russia in 1900–1906. A talented graduate of Melbourne University, Sedgefield, went on to pursue his scientific career at Cambridge University, but his promotion at an extremely closed university did not take place. Sedgefield also did not find any use for his abilities in the «red brick» universities. The way out of the difficult situation was the departure to Russia, where he began teaching in Russian secondary schools and giving private lessons. The peak of his academic career was the invitation as a privat-docent to the St. Petersburg University for teaching English philology (1904). The appearance of the vacancy of lecturer of English at The University of Manchester gave Sedgefield a chance to organize his career in the UK, which he successfully used. Though Sedgefield’s Russia stay was a short one, but it was a very productive and intellectually fertile period of his life and activity.
Keywords: W.J. Sedgefield, St. Petersburg University, Anglo-Saxon, “Beowulf”, The University of Manchester, Russian studies.
Olesich N.Y., Yakovleva M.G. (Saint Petersburg). The Heritage of St. Petersburg University Science in the Russian Abroad (historian and politician V.A. Myakotin)…………………………………….182
NINEL YAKOVLEVNA OLESICH — Doctor in Historical Sciences, Professor, Saint Petersburg State University, President of the Cultural Foundation “Famous Graduates of Saint Petersburg State University”. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7–9. E-mail: assembly@mail.ru
MARIA GENNAD’EVNA YAKOVLEVA — Leading document manager, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia. 191186, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Moika River emb., 48. E-mail: yakovlevamarie@gmail.com
The role of St. Petersburg University scientists in the scientific life of the Russian Abroad on the example of the historian Venedikt Aleksandrovich Myakotin is estimated in this article. The legacy of St. Petersburg University, the unique intellectuality of its impact, the spiritual aura — all these values were transferred from the capital of the Russian Empire to the centers of emigrant life, to scientific associations, societies and circles that were created abroad by Russian professors, researchers and public figures.
Personality of V.A. Myakotin, his works, research on the history of Ukraine, his fate became an integral part of the Russian world. Contribution of the historian V.A. Myakotin in the development of centers of Russian emigration has not yet been evaluated by researchers. Prague, Berlin, Sofia — important points on the map of emigrant life in the early 1920s. Pages of Myakotin’s biography, the life of his family, carefully preserved the heritage of Russian culture and national history, are covered in this article.
Keywords: Saint Petersburg State University, university graduates, Venedikt Aleksandrovich Myakotin, Russian Abroad, emigration, politics, history, science.
Dvornichenko A.Y., Belousov M.S. (Saint Petersburg). Georgy Vernadsky about the french origins of the Russian Revolution………………………………………………………………………………191
ANDREY YURIEVICH DVORNICHENKO — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Russian History since Ancient History till the 20th century, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7–9. E-mail: a.dvornichenko@spbu.ru
MIKHAIL SERGEEVICH BELOUSOV — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7–9. E-mail: m.belousov@spbu.ru
The article is devoted to the analysis of the views of G.V. Vernadsky on the influence of French revolutions on the events that took place in Russia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, namely the constitutional policy of Alexander I, the political views of A.I. Herzen and the formation of the revolutionary ideology of V.I. Lenin. A unique material — previously unreleased work of G.V. Vernadsky “The French Revolution and Russia”, stored in the Bakhmetev Archives (USA), is published as an appendix to the article. As a result of the analysis of the published essay and other works of the historian, the authors come to the conclusion that Vernadsky showed signs of a significant influence of the French tradition on the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia. The country already by the end of the 18th century was penetrated with the elements of french culture. The diffusion of these ideas became more intensive after the great French revolution, which had a significant impact on the reform course of Alexander I and indirectly on the Decembrists. The revolutions of 1830 and 1848 played an important role in spreading the ideas of utopian socialism in Russia and had a significant impact on the evolution of Herzen’s and Bakunin’s ideas. A scholarly study of the great French revolution in Russia began in the second half of the 19th century. The process of studying and also an example of revolution played a crucial role in shaping Russian political culture and public mood on the eve of the usual times of trouble and the falling of the autocracy.
Keywords: Russia, France, G.V. Vernadsky, Alexander I, A.I. Herzen, V.I. Lenin, the French Revolution, the intellectuals.
Shibaev M.A. (Saint Petersburg). From the history of Russian palaeography: the problem of genesis grecification letters……………………………………………………………………………………203
MIKHAIL ALEXEEVICH SHIBAEV — Ph.D. in History, Head of Information and Bibliographic Services Division of Manuscripts of the National Library of Russia, Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State University. 191069, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Sadovaya st., 18. E-mail: michailshibaev@mail.ru
In the article the problem of grecification of russian ancient letters under the influence of Greek minuscule is discussed. Various historiographical points of view (V.N. Schepkin, M.N. Speransky, E.F. Karsky, L.M. Costiukhina, E.V. Shulgina, etc.) are described. Grecification is analyzed in the context of the so-called “second South Slavic influence”, expressed in the appearance of the massive of the new translation, changes in language and spelling, as well as the image of letters. On the basis of historiographical points of view the conclusion that grecification in the XV century was inherent both a book poluustav writing and skoropis are making. The author of the article hypothesizing that the presence of grecification makes possible the perception of poluustav letters as skoropis. The process of the genesis of skoropis writing in the 15th century occurred in the book environment.
Keywords: Grecification, semi-uncial, the second South Slavic influence, Russian paleography, the origin of cursive writing.
Sosnitsky D.A. (Saint Petersburg). The main directions of studying the History of the St. Petersburg University in contemporary Russian historiography…………………………………………………207
DMITRY ALEKSANDROVICH SOSNITSKY — Ph.D. in History, Software Engineer, Museum complex, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7/9. E-mail: d.sosnitskij@spbu.ru
The history of the St. Petersburg University is one of the popular subjects among modern historians of higher education. In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in this topic. The most intensively developing areas of researches are identified in this article. Also, the main centers for studying the history of the St. Petersburg University are described. The author considers serial publications and network resources dedicated to university history. In the article, a description of monographic works on the history of the St. Petersburg University, created in recent decades, is offered. The main trends in studying the history of the St. Petersburg University in 2000–2010 are shown within the framework of a brief historiographic survey. Those issues of university history that have yet to be studied in the future are identified.
Keywords: St. Petersburg University, Leningrad University, history of higher education, projects in history of St. Petersburg University.
REVIEWS
Kazakova K.S. (Apatity, Murmansk region). Archives as agents of university history (Review of the monograph: Biographies of university archives. Comp.-еd. E.A. Vishlenkova, K.A. Ilyina, V.S. Parsamov. Moscow, Higher School of Economics Publ., 2017)……………………………………218
KSENIA SERGEEVNA KAZAKOVA — Ph.D. in History, Research Fellow, Barents Centre of the Humanities of the Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences. 184209, Russian Federation, Murmansk region, Apatity, Academgorodok, 40-A. E-mail: ksenia-kuznec@yandex.ru
This review presents the collective monograph on the history of universities in Russia and Europe. The reviewed publication is an example of effective integration of efforts of foreign and Russian specialists in the field of the history of science and education to study theoretical and practical issues related to the classification and using of archival documents on the history of universities. The novelty lies in the authors’ attempt to show that the archive is not only an object of research, but also an active subject of university history. Following the authors’ approaches, the university archive is viewed primarily as a complex of collective autobiographies and evidences created by the professorship during communication with the authorities and society. The value of this research is using a large number of documents on the history of universities, dispersed in different archives, including departmental, territorial archives, personal funds of scientists.
Keywords: Universities, university researches, university archives, professorship, university society, archives and business correspondence of universities.
DISCUSSION OF THE MONOGRAPH BY E.A. ROSTOVTSEV “The Capital University of the Russian Empire: Academics, Society and Power (second half of the XIX — beginning of the XX century)”
Gusman L.Y. (Saint Petersburg). Integral monograph about history of Capital’s university of epoch empire‘s downfall: could be exist “ivory’s tower” in the rebellious age?……………………………………..222
LEONID YUREVICH GUSMAN — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Head of the Department of History and Philosophy. Associate of the St. Petersburg Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences. 190000, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Bolshaya Morskaya st., 67. E-mail: Blummer@mail.ru
The monograph by E.A. Rostovtsev, in the author’s opinion, is an interesting relevant study. The researcher achieved objective coverage of a very complex topic. Rostovtsev is alien to the naive apologetics of the educational policy of the autocracy, but also does not look at the history of the university from the student revolutionaries’ or liberal professors’ point of view. The fundamental work of Rostovtsev covers effectively all aspects of the Petersburg University’s life in the pre-revolutionary epoch, in the context of Russia’s social and political life. The author of the article, on the whole, agrees with the concept of E.A. Rostovtsev, but expresses some remarks on the historiographical aspects of Rostovtsev’s work. L.Yu. Gusman draws attention to the need for a comprehensive analysis of the polemic on the university issue in the revolutionary emigration’s press.
Keywords: university, monograph, student, professor, corporation, liberal, Rostovtsev, society.
Zhukovskaya T.N. (Saint Petersburg). Between Power and Society (Review of the book by E.A. Rostovtsev “The Capital University of the Russian Empire: Academics, Society and Power (second half of the XIX – beginning of the XX century)”. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2017)………226
TATIANA NIKOLAEVNA ZHUKOVSKAYA — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Department of Russian History since Ancient History till the 20th century, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Mendeleev l., 5. E-mail: tzhukovskaya@yandex.ru
The review is a landmark for the historiography of St. Petersburg University and for modern university studies the book of the St. Petersburg historian E.A. Rostovtsev. The author presents a social and anthropologically oriented history of three decades of the existence of the corporation of the St. Petersburg University, while simultaneously redefining the long-term power strategies with respect to universities and tracing their public reputation. The novelty of the approach of the second is the systematic analysis of a large statistical and biographical material and an attempt to present a “collective social portrait” of the academic corporation, both professorial and student. Attention is drawn to the complex internal structure and the system of relations in the professorial corporation of the capital’s university. The conclusion of E.A. Rostovtsev that its solidary actions and the language of dialogue with the authorities often compelled the government to concede, correcting and supplementing the existing university legislation. Numerous university “crises” (1897, 1899, 1901, 1905–1906, etc.) were often resolved in favor of the university community and in the interests of science.
Keywords: St. Petersburg University, professorship, students, collective biographies.
Kolchinsky E.I. (Saint Petersburg). The Metropolitan University in Conditions of Socio-Political Crises (review of monograph by E.A. Rostovtsev “The Capital University of the Russian Empire: Academics, Society and Power (second half of the XIX – beginning of the XX century)” Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2017)……………………………………………………………………………….235
EDUARD IZRAILEVICH KOLCHINSKY — Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of the History of the Еvolutionary Theory and Ecology, St. Petersburg Branch of the S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences. 199064, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 5. E-mail: ekolchinsky@yandex.ru
This review represents the book by Evgeny Rostovtsev “The Capital University of the Russian Empire: Academics, Society and Power (second half of the XIX – beginning of the XX century)” which can be regarded as a significant contribution to the historiography of higher education. The book reveals in detail the behavior of the professorial corporation in conditions of socio-political crises. The author created a collective portrait of students and professors, exploring different aspects of University life in the socio-cultural context. The review focuses on the period of the First World War and the 1917 Revolutions, when the corporate traditions and educational practices had been breaking and the University had to find a new identity in the relationship with regional and central authorities, as well as in the cultural environment of the capital. I would suggest the author to continue the research on the contribution of the University scientists in the mobilization of science.
Keywords: university, studentship, professorship, corporate traditions, educational practices.
Mikhalchenko S.I. (Bryansk). review of monograph by E.A. Rostovtsev “The Capital University of the Russian Empire: Academics, Society and Power (second half of the XIX – beginning of the XX century” (Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2017)………………………………………………………….240
SERGEY IVANOVICH MIKHALCHENKO — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research, Bryansk State Academician I.G. Petrovsky University. 241036, Russian Federation, Bryansk, Bezhitskaya st., 14. E-mail: smikh10@mail.ru
The review is devoted to a fundamental study of the history of the St. Petersburg Imperial University of the second half of the 19th — early 20th century. Author of the monograph is an Associate Professor of St. Petersburg State University. Evaluating the university as a largely closed corporation, E.A. Rostovtsev presented a detailed analysis of internal academic history: he described the structure of the university, the formation and development of the teaching staff, as well as the students of the University of St. Petersburg. He paid much attention to the relationship between the university and society and the state, including the Ministry of Education. Also, the participation of university students in the main events of the Russian history of the turn of the century is analyzed.
The author of the review, evaluating the book (while not ignoring the shortcomings), concludes about the serious contribution that Rostovtsev’s research makes into history.
Keywords: St. Petersburg University, E.A. Rostovtsev, University Corporation.
Sveshnikov A.V. (Omsk). What is the “sociality” of social history of the university?…………………….244
ANTON VADIMOVICH SVESHNIKOV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of World History, Dostoevsky Omsk State University. 644077, Russian Federation, Omsk, pr.Mira, 55. E-mail: antsvesh@gmail.com
The article gives a detailed critical review of the monograph “The Capital University of the Russian Empire: Academics, Society, and Power (second half of the XIX –– early XX cnt.)” by E.A. Rostovtsev. The article emphasizes the main advantages of the monograph under review and offers polemical remarks. The article presents methodological innovations of the research as undisputed advantages of the monograph, in particular, the use of the term “professorial corporation” as a basic construct, allowing conceptually new way to consider the social processes taking place at the university, creating a database that includes information about all employees and students of the University for the period under study, and completeness and representativeness of the source base. However, the controversial point of Rostovtsev’s monograph is that the author practically leaves the type of university social practices such as scientific research beyond consideration.
Keywords: St. Petersburg University, social history, professorial corporation, university history, history of science.
Florinsky M.F. (Saint Petersburg). The Education and Policy of Russia in the period of reforms and social storms (about the monograph of E.A. Rostovtsev “The Capital University of the Russian Empire: Academics, Society and Power (second half of the XIX – beginning of the XX century)”. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2017)……………………………………………………………..……..249
MIKHAIL FEDOROVICH FLORINSKY — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Russian History since Ancient History till the 20th century, Institute of History, Saint Petersburg State University. 194044, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleevskaya l., 5. E-mail: m.florinsky@mail.ru
This article is one of the first comments upon the monograph of E.A. Rostovtsev, which is devoted to the destiny of Saint Petersburg University in the turning point of the native history, which completed by accident of Russian Empire and worldwide shocks. Rostovtsev investigation filled in many flaws in the literature, which is devoted to the development of Russian high school in the first part of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century. The review characterizes this article in the whole, noted the peculiarity points of views, analyses the results of author’s attempts, appreciates how much his well-grounded conclusions are argued and how much his observations are reliable. Especial attention turned to the contribution brought to history: the condition of high school first of all university education in Russia in post-reforms epoch and the political life of Russia in the second part of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century. The review mentioned not only merits but also demerits, which however are not of principle.
Keywords: university, professorate, students, faculty, Saint Petersburg, capital, radical, opposition, autonomy, Ministry of peoples education.
Tsvetkova N.A. (Saint Petersburg). “In order to fulfil their function of service to the nation, the universities have to give up their aristocratic ivory tower…” (Review of the book by E.A. Rostovtsev: “The Capital University of the Russian Empire: Academics, Society and Power (second half of the XIX – beginning of the XX century)” Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2017)……………………………258
NATALIA ALEKSANDROVNA TSVETKOVA — Ph.D. (Groningen University), Doctor in Historical Sciences, Professor, St. Petersburg State University, American Studies Department. 191060, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Smolnogo st., 1/3, Gate 8. E-mail: n.tsvetkova@spbu.ru
The review discusses both historiographical and conceptual details of the monograph by Evgeny Rostovtsev, namely The Capital University of the Russian Empire: Academics, Society and Power (second half of the XIX – beginning of the XX century). The review examines the book in terms of university studies, comparative/international education, political science, and international relations studies and finds that the perceptions, attitudes, and behavior of the university people at St. Petersburg University in the period from 1850s to early of 1920s turn out to be similar to the life practices of the university professorate and students at universities throughout the world. This phenomenon underlines a global nature of both Russian universities and everyday life of the academic community. Hence, the book contributes to the development of the global approach in the university studies about the priorities of global values over local and national traditions in education.
Keywords: universities, history of education and science, comparative education, international education, global education, the professorate, students.