Okonova L.V. (Elista). Literacy of the Population of the Kalmyk Steppe of the Astrakhan Province: Source Analysis Materials of the All-Russian Census of 1897
LYUDMILA VYACHESLAVOVNA OKONOVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian History, Documentation and Archival Science
Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov,
358000, Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, st. Pushkina, 11
e-mail: okonova.lv@gmail.com
Abstract. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the information potential of the materials of the First General Population Census is inexhaustible; it allows one to obtain information not only about the spread of literacy among the population, but also to study its level by gender, age, nationality and class. In this article, the author aims, based on the materials of the 1897 census, to conduct a source study of the literacy of the population of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province. The author came to the conclusion that the literacy of the population of the Kalmyk steppe and Kalmyks leading a nomadic lifestyle was acceptable for that period, since primary school education was khurul, and secular primary education began to develop in the 50s. XIX century In the future, census materials provide modern researchers with the opportunity to conduct broad comparative studies.
Keywords: History of Russia, demography, population census, Astrakhan province, Kalmyk steppe, Kalmyks, historical sources, literacy, source analysis
Alieva L.V. (Pskov). Organization of Popular Support for «Their Own» in the Initial Period of the First World War on the Pages of the Magazine «Zhenskoye Delo»
LIUDMILA VLADIMIROVNA ALIEVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Pskov State University», Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and World History, Faculty of History, Institute of Humanities and Language Communications
180000, Russia, Pskov, Lenin Square, 2
e-mail: alievа@pskgu.ru
Abstract. This paper examines the organization of popular support for «their own» during the First World War through the prism of publications in the magazine «Zhenskoe Delo». In the context of military conflicts, when society was experiencing significant changes and challenges, women played a key role in mobilizing resources and supporting soldiers and their families. The magazine «Zhenskoe Delo», as one of the leading periodicals, covered issues related to women’s social activity, charity, patriotism and organization of assistance. The paper examines the main topics raised in the magazine: organization of the volunteer movement, creation of charitable foundations, participation of women in providing medical care and support for the families of military personnel. It analyzes how the magazine contributed to the formation of public opinion and mobilization of women’s initiatives, as well as how it reflected the spirit of the times and the changing roles of women in society. The study is based on the methodology of historical text analysis and content analysis of publications, which allows identifying key patterns and trends in the organization of support. The results of the work emphasize the importance of women’s participation in public life during the war, as well as the influence of these processes on the further development of the feminist movement and social policy in the post-war period. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the role of women in society during the First World War and demonstrates how «Zhenskoe Delo» became an important tool for organizing and disseminating initiatives aimed at supporting «our own» in the context of global conflict.
Keywords: Pre-revolutionary periodical press, World War I, historical imagology, aid, war
Yushina D.I. (Moscow). Polemical Treatises During the War of the Spanish Succession as a Historical Source
DARIA IGOREVNA YUSHINA
Postgraduate student/ degree candidate, Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
119192, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospect, 27/4.
e-mail: daria.ioushina@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article presents a source study analysis of Spanish polemical treatises created during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) by supporters of both opposing factions that stood behind the two claimants to the Spanish throne – Charles Habsburg and Philip Bourbon. The author offers a classification of sources by type, and compares the systems of authorial argumentation. We have clarified the target audience of polemical works, as well as the social status and position of their authors and publishers. Our research allows us to confirm the hypothesis that the main goal of the authors of the treatises was to legitimize the claims of the Habsburgs and Bourbons to the Spanish throne in the eyes of Spanish society. The system of proof of this legitimacy was practically identical, despite the fact that it relied on various examples from the legal, theological and historical arsenal. Thus, polemical works can be considered one of the most important sources in studying the issues of the formation of public support and justification of the legitimacy of the claims of the Habsburgs and Bourbons to the Spanish throne, and more broadly, in studying the characteristics of Spanish political ideas at the beginning of the 18th century.
Keywords: Spain, War of the Spanish Succession, opinion journalism, polemical treatises, historical source, source study
Novoseltsev N.R., Kovalev A.S., Pavlova I.P., Aksenova M.N. (Krasnoyarsk). The History of Sport Development in Krasnoyarsk (Sources Analyses)
NIKOLAY RZAVICH NOVOSELTSEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History of Russia, World and Regional Civilizations, PhD in History, Associate Professor
Siberian Federal University,
660041, Svobodny Ave., 79, Krasnoyarsk
e-mail: snooppy87@mail.ru
ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH KOVALEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History of Russia, World and Regional Civilizations, PhD in History, Associate Professor
Siberian Federal University,
660041, Svobodny Ave., 79, Krasnoyarsk
e-mail: alexkovaleff@yandex.ru
IRINA PETROVNA PAVLOVA
Professor of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor
Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University,
660049, Mira Ave., 90, Krasnoyarsk
e-mail: iripa@inboxl.ru
MARINA NIKOLAEVNA AKSENOVA
Associate Professor of the Department of History of Russia, World and Regional Civilizations, PhD in History, Associate Professor
Siberian Federal University,
660041, Svobodny Ave., 79, Krasnoyarsk
e-mail: marinaaxenova@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of sources on the history of sports development in Soviet and modern times. Objective: to analyze sources on the problem and identify groups. Territorial framework – the city of Krasnoyarsk. Chronological framework – Soviet and modern times. The author identified six groups of sources, including regulatory legal acts, office documentation, statistical documents, reference and encyclopedic materials, periodicals and personal sources. The largest group was office documentation. Materials from not only the State Archives of Krasnoyarsk Krai were analyzed, but also materials from other regional archives. In particular, materials from the Kuzbass Sports Museum are used. The largest group of sources is office documents. Party funds, funds of trade union organizations, and the Komsomol were analyzed. In addition to documents, the sports museum also contains a large number of photographs of athletes, coaches, and competitions. In the end, the author comes to the conclusion that despite the analysis of sources and the novelty of the problem, the topic remains unexplored to the end and requires a more comprehensive analysis. Another problem is the closed nature of sports federations, the lack of current archives in sports organizations, or the unwillingness to provide access. The presented material is supported by a set of links to primary sources, the regulatory framework, and other sources.
Keywords: sport, physical education, Krasnoyarsk, physical education, history, historical sources, archive
Petrov A.D., Zemlyanitsin V.A. (St. Petersburg). The Change in the Traditional Paradigm of the Development of the Foreign Policy of the English Kingdom in 1477-1478
ANDREY D. PETROV
Postgraduate student of the Department of Universal History
Herzen State Pedagogical University
48 Moika Embankment, St. Petersburg, 191186, Russia
e-mail: s.sevon98@mail.ru
VLADIMIR A. ZEMLYANITSIN
Ph. D. in History, Associate professor of the Department of Universal History
Herzen State Pedagogical University
48 Moika Embankment, St. Petersburg, 191186, Russia
e-mail: zemlyanitsin79@yandex.ru
Abstract. For several centuries, the traditional paradigm of the development of British foreign policy was the confrontation with France, in which England relied on continental allies. In the XV century, the Duchy of Burgundy became such an ally. However, in 1477, Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy died, which led to a war for the Burgundian inheritance. The actions of Edward IV in relation to France and Burgundy during this difficult period were extremely ambiguous, and their assessment later caused lively discussions in historical science. Researchers accused Edward IV of greed and fear of losing his French pension. Moreover, it is believed that Edward IV had the intention to divide the weakened Duchy of Burgundy with Louis XI. In this article, we will try to find out how fair these reproaches are, as well as consider other motives of King Edward IV in changing the foreign policy of England, based on the results of the French expedition of 1475.
Keywords: Anglo-French relations, foreign policy, England, Edward IV, Louis XI
Kozlov A.P., Platova E.E. (St. Petersburg). Political departments of MTS and state farms of Kazakhstan in 1933-1934
ALEXANDR PETROVICH KOZLOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Military-Political Work in the Armed Forces Department,
Military Institute of Physical Training
194044, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Bolshoy Sampsonievskiy
Prospect, 63
e-mail: petrovich138@yandex.ru
EKATERINA EDUARDOVNA PLATOVA
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor,
History, Philosophy, Political Science and Sociology Department,
Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University,
190031, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg,
Moskovskiy Prospect, 9
e-mail: eplatova@mail.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the MTS and state farms political department’s role study in Kazakhstan in 1933–1934, the creation of which, according to the authors, was caused by the agricultural production crisis caused by continuous collectivization and collection of grain for State grain stock pile. In a number of regions, including Kazakhstan, the first five-year plan in the economy agricultural sector turned out to be a failure.
Extraordinary measures were required to overcome the crisis. In the dominant administrative and command system conditions, it was decided to create emergency bodies with economic, political and punitive functions – MTS and state farms political departments.
The political departments functioning period did not last long, but its consequences left a serious imprint on all further agriculture development in the country. The political departments’ ostensible purpose was declared to be the collective farms state farms and MTS organizational strengthening to “purge” them of “class-alien elements.” In fact, they played a slightly different role, and after its execution they were liquidated.
In Kazakhstan, the political departments’ activities differed little from the political departments’ activities in the country as a whole. The Kazakhstan peculiarity was that it was among the regions most affected by the continuous collectivization policy, the consequences of which became catastrophic for it.
The political departments main task was to introduce the collective farms and state farms direct party leadership by restructuring party organizations according to the production principle. These transformations economic effect turned out to be questionable, and the political effect was negative. Having failed to achieve a decisive turning point in agriculture, the party lost its political purpose, becoming one of the mechanisms for solving purely economic tasks.
Keywords: agrarian policy, Kazakhstan, MTS and state farms political departments, continuous collectivization, collective farms, state farms
Zhou Dan (Vladivostok). Preparatory Courses of Harbin Institute of Technology (1920-1955)
ZHOU DAN
Senior Lecturer at Heihe University (China) Postgraduate student of the Department of History and Archaeology of the Far Eastern Federal University
690922, Vladivostok, Russian Island
e-mail: zhoudanlove@163.com
Abstract. The article is devoted to the history of the Preparatory Courses of Harbin Institute of Technology (HIP). HIP is a large higher educational institution in China, created by Russian emigrants to support the work of the Chinese Eastern Railway. And the Preparatory Courses are an important part of the HIP, they have their own history. This article discusses the creation and development of the Preparatory Courses. Any changes in the higher administration of the HIP, of course, caused corresponding changes in the Preparatory Courses. The paper aims to determine the role of the Preparatory Courses in the field of education in northern Manchuria and northeast China. The sources were data from archives, scientific articles and publications of periodicals in Russian and Chinese languages. It is revealed that the Preparatory Courses gave an opportunity to the Chinese young people wishing to receive European education, and served a great service to the regional Chinese institutions, and served as a model for the establishment of some educational institutions in the north-eastern region of China, especially in the field of Russian language learning in Chinese schools. The activities of the Preparatory Courses had an impact not only on the education of Chinese youth, but also on their lives.
Keywords: Preparatory Courses, Harbin Institute of Technology, Russian higher education in Harbin, Russian emigration, period of Preparatory Courses
Manykin A.S., Rodin D.V. (Moscow). US Response to Soviet Peace Initiatives in the Field of Nuclear Disarmament in 1953–1954
ALEXANDER SERAFIMOVICH MANYKIN
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
119992, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4,
e-mail: enigma9307@mail.ru
DENIS VALERYEVICH RODIN
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Researcher at the Laboratory of Modern and Contemporary History of Europe and America, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University
119992, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, building 4,
e-mail: KuratorMSU@yandex.ru
Abstract. Due to the change of political leadership in the USA and the USSR in the early months of 1953, the preconditions for a “cold thaw” between the two superpowers were formed, manifesting in Soviet peace initiatives in the field of nuclear disarmament. Initially, Washington considered the Soviet proposals for nuclear disarmament to be nothing more than a propaganda move, but due to the popularity of such ideas among a significant part of the international community, the D. Eisenhower administration was forced to begin negotiations with Moscow. In order to neutralize the effect of the Soviet “peace offensive”, the White House in 1953–1954 put forward a number of projects (“Atoms for Peace”, “working document” for the London Subcommittee), designed to seize the initiative in the negotiating process on nuclear disarmament. However, the firmness shown by Soviet diplomats in defending state interests, coupled with a certain flexibility demonstrated by the acceptance of Anglo-French proposals on a mechanism for reducing nuclear weapons, made it possible to neutralize American initiatives and build a foundation for a more substantive discussion of the problem of nuclear disarmament during summit meetings in the mid- to second half of the 1950s.
Keywords: USA, USSR, international relations, Cold War, nuclear weapon, arms race, disarmament, United Nations
Nasibova A.S. kzy (Saratov), Bayramov H.F. oglu (Kazan), Namazov R.Sh. (St. Petersburg). «Soft Power» as a Conceptual Basis for Azerbaijan’s Humanitarian Policy
AITEN SOHRAB KZY NASIBOVA
PhD in Historical Sciences
Saratov State Law Academy
Senior Lecturer at the Department of International Law
410056, st. Chernyshevsky N.G., 104, building 1, Saratov
e-mail: ayten-nasibova@mail.ru
HEYDAR FIRUDIN OGLU BAYRAMOV
Kazan Federal University
1st year postgraduate student at the Faculty of Law
420008, Kremlevskaya St., 18, Kazan
e-mail: atillagts1501@gmail.com
RASHAD SHAMSIEVICH NAMAZOV
St. Petersburg State University
graduate of the Faculty of International Relations
independent expert
191124, st. Smolny, 1/3, 8th entrance, St. Petersburg
e-mail: r.namazov53@gmail.com
Abstract. The author’s team of the article reveals the theoretical aspects of the humanitarian policy of the state, identifies the concept of three components that form an effective, pleasant image of the state, mentions such a concept as «national branding» as a component of the «soft power» of the state.
In the article «soft power» is defined as a key instrument of the humanitarian policy of Azerbaijan at the current stage. Although in the 1990s Azerbaijan preferred the policy of «hard power» in its foreign policy, unresolved external and internal issues shifted the vectors of foreign policy to the humanitarian direction.
In conclusion, four factors are highlighted that determine the successful soft power policy of Azerbaijan: multi-vector, secular regime, balanced foreign policy aimed at developing partnership with neighbors, preserving its own and world culture, participation in international humanitarian competitions, projects and events.
Keywords: Azerbaijan, «soft power», humanitarian policy, foreign policy, national brand, branding
Kolesnikov A.A. Kharchenko A.Yu. (St. Petersburg). Some Ideological Aspects of the History of Russian-Turkish Relations
ALEXANDER ANTONOVICH KOLESNIKOV
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Full Professor,
Professor of the Department of International Humanitarian Relations
Saint Petersburg State University
191060, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Smolnogo st., 1/3
E-mail: akol2017@mail.ru
ANDREY YURIEVICH KHARCHENKO
Cand. Sc. in Philosophy,
Associated Professor of the Department of Regional Studies
Moscow State Linguistic University
119034, Russian Federation, Moscow, Oztozhenka st., 38-1
E-mail: andrewzaharov25@mail.ru
Abstract. The article considers certain aspects of an ideological nature as a part of the history of Russian-Turkish relations. In particular, the factual material demonstrates the immediate shift of the Turkish ruling circles from friendly relations with the USSR after the death of Ataturk on the eve of World War II. The negative aspects of the declared “neutrality” during the war are highlighted, and the ties between the Turkish leadership and Germany are traced. The logical consequence of Turkey’s move from previous agreements with the USSR was a course towards rapprochement with the United States and Great Britain, which led the country to join NATO. Turkey’s current policy despite its well-known aspiration for the multipolarity is still loyal to the principles of Atlantic solidarity. The authors emphasize the importance of studying the ideological component of the history of Russian-Turkish relations.
Keywords: Turkey, NATO, World War II, Ismet Inonu, neutrality
Bikerniece A. (Dalian, China). The Evolution of Earth Day and Environment Day. Studying Bottom Up and Top Down Global Initiatives
ANNA BIKERNIECE
PhD Candidate in Politics, teacher of International relations, School of International Studies, Dalian University of Foreign Languages,
6 West section Lvshun road, Dalian, China;
e-mail: annaswan7733@gmail.com
Abstract. Global initiatives are an important element in modern international relations. The success of an initiative can result in unifying of de-unifying global processes. Some initiatives belong to top-down, coming from above, initiatives, while the others represent the bottom-up approach when society becomes a force to promote ideas. The Earth Day initiative originates from people, individuals, and hence represents an example of bottom-up initiative. The World Environmental Day, on the contrary, is an initiative set by the governments within the United Nations, and, therefore, is an example of top-down initiative in global affairs. The article tracks the evolution of both days, and draws conclusions on the effectiveness of two perspectives of the global initiatives.
Keywords: Earth Day, Environment Day, global processes, global initiatives, top-down, bottom-up
Daueva T.T. (Vladikavkaz). Ossetian Wedding Observances: Unity of the Traditional and the New
TAMARA DAUEVA
Ph.D (History).
Senior research scientist
The North Ossetian Institute of humanitarian and social studies by. Abayev V. I. of the Federal state budgetary institution of science of the Federal scientific center Vladikavkaz scientific center of RAS
10 Mira avenue, Vladikavkaz, The North Ossetia- Alania, Russia, 362000.
e-mail: tdaueva@mail.ru
Abstract. This article examines modern Ossetian wedding rituals. The author analyzes the main ritual practices of wedding culture, which are based on the traditional algorithm, but in some cases, they are transmitted at a new stage, often losing their original meaning. The novelty of the article is that it is studied on the materials of traditional and modern forms of rituals, which in turn allows us to present the structure of the ceremony in its entirety, justify the stability of traditions, and also trace the adaptation of some practices to modern socio-cultural conditions. The author dwells on the pre-wedding period, including matchmaking, since today the conduct, some rituals, table ceremonies of this stage cause numerous disputes among the local population. A review of archival sources is carried out, which reflect the presence of some forms of wedding rituals in the past, and the reasons for choosing the described forms are revealed. Modern wedding rituals of Ossetians are studied and analyzed on the basis of the author’s field materials, which were obtained during several ethnographic expeditions to various regions of North Ossetia-Alania.
Keywords: Ossetians, wedding ritual, abduction of a girl, forms of marriage, matchmaking, marriage, custom
Fogel A.S., Voronkov S.M. (Samara). The Legend of the Founding of the Yaroslavl City and the “Bear Cult” During the Slavic Colonization (2nd half XI century)
ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH FOGEL
Candidate of History, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History, Associate Professor,
141 Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation
e-mail: alexandr_fogel@inbox.ru
VORONKOV SERGEY MIKHAILOVICH
3rd year postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics, Department of Philosophy and History,
141 Sovetskaya Armiya str., Samara, 443090, Russian Federation
e-mail: smvoronkov@bk.ru
Abstract. The article deals with the problem of interpreting the legend of the founding of the city of Yaroslavl and its connection with the “great” history of Ancient Russia and chronicle material. The authors sought to analyze the information of the legend on the basis of medieval and, first of all, folklore representations, both of the Finno-Ugric peoples and the Eastern Slavs, and to analyze the connections of this particular plot with the theme of princely formation, since Yaroslavl, in fact, is the first ancient Russian city known to us, the history of which we, at least with a certain degree of probability, but we know from the very beginning, as well as with the theme of the Finno-Ugric “bear cult” and the general influence of Finno-Ugric tribal associations on the processes of statehood formation in Ancient Russia. The article also turns out to be directly related to the topic of medieval religiosity and the processes, on the one hand, of the synthesis of elements of pagan beliefs of the Eastern Slavs and Finno-Ugrians, and on the other hand, with the ways and means of spreading the Christian religion to the most remote corners of the Kievan state of the Rurikovich at its very initial stage. In addition, the authors analyze the authenticity of the legend of the foundation of Yaroslavl and seek to establish whether we really have a record of medieval legends or whether it is just a “book” novel of the XVIII century. The authors sought to involve in the development of the topic both the achievements of modern historical analysis, source studies and textual studies, as well as new archaeological data based on the works of modern Russian scientists.
Keywords: Ancient Russia, Yaroslav the Wise, ancient Russian cities, chronicles, medieval mentality, paganism, Christianity
Shikhanov N.A. (Elista). Russian-Kalmyk Relations During the Reign of Ayuki Khan
NAMSYR A. SHIKHANOV
Junior Research Associate
Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS
8, Ilishkin St., 358000, Elista, Russian Federation
ORCID: 0000-0001-7273-7253.
e-mail: nshikhanov@gmail.com
Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of Russian-Kalmyk political relations during the reign of Ayuki Khan (1672–1724), one of the most important rulers of the Kalmyk Khanate. The key aspects of interaction between the Russian Empire and the Kalmyk Khanate, including diplomatic activities, military assistance and economic ties, are considered. Special attention is paid to the analysis of various spheres of interaction between the Kalmyk Khanate and the Russian state. Key events are considered, such as the departure of diplomatic embassies by the Kalmyk Khan Ayuka, when the Kalmyk Khanate reached its peak, the participation of the Kalmyks in Russian military campaigns, as well as changes in the management structure of the Kalmyk territory. The article also touches upon the issues of preserving the independence of the Khan’s government in the context of increasing Russian influence. The source database consists of documents from the archival collections of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. Based on archival materials and historical sources, the main trends and features of Russian-Kalmyk cooperation are revealed. The study shows that Russian-Kalmyk cooperation was of significant importance for both sides, ensuring the protection of Russia’s southern borders and strengthening the position of the Kalmyk Khanate in Central Asia. The results of the work contribute to an understanding of the complex processes that took place in the Eurasian space at the end of the XVII – beginning of the XVIII century, and emphasize the importance of Ayuki Khan’s diplomatic activity for the history of the region.
Keywords: Kalmyk Khanate, Russian state, diplomatic receptions, negotiations, embassies, Kalmyks, envoys, Ayuka, Russian-Kalmyk relations
Batyrov V.V., Avliev V.N., Umgaev S.A. (Elista). Kalmyks in Western European Ethnic Exhibitions at the Turn of XIX Century
VALERY VLADIMIROVICH BATYROV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy and Cultural Studies, Institute of Kalmyk Philology and Oriental Studies, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: valerabatyrov@gmail.com
VYACHESLAV NIKOLAEVICH AVLIEV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of IRDA, Faculty of Humanities, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, A.S. Pushkin St., 11,
e-mail: bartolomeod@yandex.ru
SEMYON ALEXANDROVICH UMGAEV
Researcher, Scientific Department, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kalmyk State University named after. B.B. Gorodovikov»,
358011, Russian Federation, Elista, st. A.S. Pushkina, 11,
e-mail: sam_umg@yahoo.com
Abstract. Back in the early 19th century, ethical identity was a subject that was exhibited for the amusement of the public. The value of ethnic identity was determined not by the content of its cultural baggage and historical experience, but by how much the curious public was willing to pay for it. The article is devoted to the participation of the Russian Empire ethnic minorities in ethnographic exhibitions. They were held in Europe from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries to show the Europeans the ethnographic characteristics of the peoples of the Russian Empire. A particular attention is paid to the Volga Kalmyks who took part in exhibitions in 1883-1884, 1897 and 1909. The participation is considered to be a source of additional income for the participants. On one hand, the ethnographic exhibitions under consideration played a significant part in developing wide-spread stereotypes about Russian ethnic minorities’ cultures among Europeans. On the other hand, the exhibitions were of a great scientific importance for European anthropologists and ethnographers, who could conduct observations and research without spending money on expensive expeditions. After the exhibitions Kalmyk utensils, weapons, clothing, and tools were transferred to ethnographic museums in Germany and significantly enriched their collections.
Keywords: Kalmyks, ethnic minorities, Kalmyk history, anthropological and zoological exhibitions, ethnic identity
Lapina I.Yu., Kargapoltsev S.Yu. (St. Petersburg). Afghanistan as a Geopolitical Axis of the Central Asian and Middle Eastern Directions in the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire
IRINA YURIEVNA LAPINA
Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya stree t, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
SERGEY YURIEVICH KARGAPOLTSEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
Abstract. The article analyzes the circumstances of the expansion of the borders of the Russian Empire in the 18th – early 20th centuries in the southern and eastern directions (Danube region, Crimea, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia), achieved through victories over Persia (Iran), Turkey (Ottoman Empire), the Emirate of Bukhara, the Khiva, Kokand and Turkestan Khanates. The article presents facts of geopolitical opposition to the foreign policy of the Russian Empire from Great Britain, which sought to secure its Indian colony. The geographical center of this rivalry (the “Great Game”) is considered – Afghanistan, where the British were bogged down in a series of protracted and bloody wars. The authors come to the conclusion that the strategy and tactics of Russian policy in Central Asia were correct, allowing them to avoid much bloodshed and at the same time get ahead of Great Britain.
Keywords: Russian Empire, Great Britain, British India, Afghanistan, Persia, Ottoman Empire, The Great Game
Grebenshchikova G.A. (St. Petersburg). To the Question of Vice Admiral D.N. Senyavin’s Squadron Fate in 1808–1810: Ships’ Losses in England, Lisbon, Toulon, Trieste and in Venice
GALINA A. GREBENSHCHIKOVA
Doctor of History, head of Fleet and Navigation’s History Laboratory of the Saint-Petersburg’s State Marine University. Academic of Russian Natural Sciences Academia
190008, Saint-Petersburg, Lotsmanskaya, 3
e-mail: galina_gre@bk.ru
Abstract. The article, with using new documentary materials from the archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg, analyzes the military-political and diplomatic events of the period 1805–1810, which unfolded during the stay of the Russian naval forces in theaters of military operations outside the Russian Empire. The novelty of the topic is a detailed study of the reasons that led to tragic consequences in the fate of the Baltic Fleet squadron under the command of Vice Admiral D.N. Senyavin in 1808–1810 and its losses as a result of foreign policy mistakes of the supreme power in the person of Emperor Alexander I. It is emphasized that a complex of circumstances of a military and foreign policy nature, miscalculations of the Cabinet of Alexander I and the separate peace concluded by St. Petersburg with France became links in a single chain of subsequent, extremely unfavorable events for Russian sailors and, in general, for the ship’s personnel of the Baltic Fleet. The relationship between the Russian naval authorities on the island of Corfu and Trieste with the French and Italian command after the signing of the peace treaty with Napoleon in Tilsit is outlined on a documentary basis. Complete statistics of ship losses of D.N.’s squadron are presented. Senyavin, who successfully carried out combat missions in the Ionian and Mediterranean seas in 1807.
Keywords: Napoleonic Wars, Alexander I, D.N. Senyavin’s squadron, Ionian Republic, Corfu, Boca Qatar, Athos and Dardanelles battles, Treaty of Tilsit, ship losses, Portsmouth, Venice, Trieste
Karimov T.T. (Kazan). Inter-class Transitions and the Formation of Tyubs in the Land Volosts of the Urals in the Context of the General Land Survey in the Orenburg Province
TAGIR TIMERGAZIMOVICH KARIMOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher
Institute of History. Sh. Marjani of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic Tatarstan
420111, Kazan, st. Baturina, 7A
e-mail: tkarimov@bk.ru
Abstract. The article examines the issues of inter-estate transitions and the formation of tubes in the context of the General Land Survey in the Orenburg Province. The desire to increase the size of land allotments provided to the population depending on the class privilege factor led to the activation of inter-estate transitions. To solve the problems of land use in land volosts, the authorities, if necessary, created tubes, which made adjustments to the interpretation of this term. The author defines its original meaning as a structural unit within a volost, consisting of lands jointly owned by a group of votchinniks. The owners of these lands could dispose of them at their own discretion, relying on their rights to these territories. Conclusions are made on the basis of articles devoted to the problems of inter-estate transitions and belonging to tubes, published in journals. Attention is also drawn to the biased interpretation of archival materials related to attempts at inter-estate transitions.
Keywords: General land survey in the Orenburg province, tatars of the bashkir class, atars of the teptyar class, inter-class transition, yasak tatars
Ziborov D.M. (Moscow). The Ili Crisis and the Position of Great Britain in 1880: the Mission of Colonel Ch. D. Gordon
DENIS MIKHAILOVICH ZIBOROV
Post-graduate of the Department of Russian History of the 19th – early 20th centuries, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of History
119992, Moscow, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27, Building 4.
e-mail: michailziborov@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the role of Great Britain in the events of the Ili crisis of 1879-1881. The aggravation of Russian-Chinese relations as a result of China’s refusal to ratify the Treaty of Livadia with the risk of escalation into an military conflict attracted the close attention of Great Britain, whose interests concerned the situation both in Central Asia and the Far East. In these circumstances, the British authorities made efforts to resolve the contradictions in a favourable light for themselves. We are talking about several diplomatic steps, among which a special place is occupied by the mission of Colonel Charles George Gordon, a well-known British officer in Asia who played a major role in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion and had extensive connections in the ruling circles of the Qing Empire. Gordon’s task was to convey to the Chinese leadership information about the undesirability of a direct military clash with Russia and to propose a plan for conducting military operations if a conflict could not be avoided.
Keywords: Russian Empire, Great Britain, C.G. Gordon, Kulja, Ili crisis
Bazhanov D.A., Konoplyova E.V. (St. Petersburg). Personnel and Activities of the Priests of the Black Sea Fleet During the First World War (August 1914 – February 1917)
MAKSIM ROMANOVICH BAZANOV
2nd year master’s degree student,
Department of Russian History of the
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,
Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.
e-mail: bazan.bazanoff2018@yandex.ru
Abstract. The study is conducted in line with potestary imagology, which studies images of power. The article reconstructs the collective image of the State Duma, which the writers and artists of “Satirikon” formed on the pages of the magazine. The main sources are the satirical works – both visual (cartoons) and verbal (stories and feuilletons). Each work is immersed in the historical context with the help of additional sources – memoirs of deputies and officials. The author interprets the symbols and “emotional message” of the satire. The works are considered from 1908 to 1911, which allows to draw a conclusion about the evolution of the image of that institute. The scientific novelty of the study is that the author pays special attention to the methods of visual history and analyzes in detail each subject of satire in the magazine. The results of the study allow to draw a conclusion about the development of satirical journalism in 1908–1911 using the example of “Satirikon”.
Keywords: “Satirikon”, State Duma, image, satire, deputies, constitution, Octobrists, Cadets, budget, P.A. Stolypin, A.I. Guchkov
Potemkin I.A. (Moscow). In Two Capitals: on the Fight Against Criminal Crime in Petrograd and Moscow During the First World War (1914 – February 1917)
IGOR ANATOLYEVICH POTEMKIN
Head of the Department for the Study of Problems of the History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia of the SIC Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 8 Alexander and Zoya Kosmodemyanskikh str., Moscow, 125130,
e-mail: igor.potiomkin@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article analyzes the specifics of the fight against criminal crime in Petrograd and Moscow during the First World War. The role of the detective police in the structure of the general metropolitan police in combating criminal crime is emphasized. Examples, dynamics and some statistics on committed crimes are given in chronological order. It is concluded that despite the shortage of staff during the war, the detective police of Petrograd and Moscow as a striking force played an exceptional role in the fact that both capitals did not fall into criminological chaos, despite the difficulties and complexities of being under martial law and the operation of emergency legislation, lack of funding for their activities.
Keywords: criminal offense, police, criminal investigation, the capital, Petrograd, Moscow, the First World War
Trukhin M.A. (Barnaul). Counteracting Speculation in the Siberian Region During the NEP Years (1921–1929)
MAXIM ANATOLYEVICH TRUKHIN
Director of the Altai Institute of Economics
St. Petersburg University of Technology
Management and Economics
Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor
656011, Russia, Barnaul, Lenin Ave., 106e
e-mail: trukhin1975@bk.ru
Abstract. The problem of speculative trade has deep historical roots; it existed in Siberia before the final establishment of Soviet power in late 1919-early 1920 (during the years of White Guard control of the region). The changes that took place in the country of the Soviets after the introduction of the new economic policy in March 1921 led to the resuscitation of market relations, completely prohibited during the period of “war communism”. The fight against speculators became less acute and uncompromising than it was in the early stages of Soviet power. All this was complicated by a significant reduction in the personnel of law enforcement agencies, the continued class principle of their staffing, which reduced its effectiveness. Some police officers used their powers for selfish purposes, to obtain illegal enrichment, and led to patronage of criminal elements. During the NEP (1921-1929), a regulatory framework aimed at eliminating speculation as a social phenomenon began to form in the country. Particular attention was paid to cases of peasants selling grain above the state-established prices for grain, which, according to the Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1926, was interpreted as speculation. However, the lack of a specialized unit to combat economic crimes reduced the effectiveness of the fight against speculation in this region.
Keywords: new economic policy, speculation, police, Siberia, bread, crime, struggle, criminal code of the RSFSR of 1926
Sidorchuk I.V., Danilova S.A. (St. Petersburg). “… Resembles Moliere’s Hero”: The Leningrad Scientific and Hygienic Vegetarian Society and its Strategy of Political Adaptation at the Turn of the 1920s – 1930s
ILYA VIKTOROVICH SIDORCHUK
Doctor of History, Associate Professor, Professor of the Higher School of International Relations, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.
195251, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya st., 29.
e-mail: sidorchuk_iv@spbstu.ru
SVETLANA ALEXANDROVNA DANILOVA
4th year student, Higher School of International Relations, Institute of Humanities, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.
195251, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya st., 29.
e-mail: danilova.sa@edu.spbstu.ru
Abstract. In the early Soviet conditions, each public organization was forced to form its own individual strategy of interaction with the new authority. The strategy depended on its continued existence. The article considers this problem by using the example of the Leningrad scientific-hygienic vegetarian society, which was one of the main centers for spreading ideas of not eating meat. The main sources of this study were separate publications of the Society, which are devoted to vegetarian food, and materials of its official newspaper, magazine «Hygiene nutrition» («Nutrition issues»). Among the archival sources, documents from the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg related to the regulation of the Society’s activities were used. The analysis of the activities of the Society showed that its members were forced to look for arguments in favor of vegetarianism, which were consistent with existing ideological guidelines and promoted ethical attitudes. They succeeded in this, by proposing very original ideas designed to prove the necessity of their ideas for socialist construction. At the same time, a strategy of accommodation and integration into new realities, which included not only participation in the struggle for the renewal of the way of life or the establishment of public catering, but also the devotion to the punishments of «pests» and dissociation from their less conciliatory colleagues, could only delay the sunset of the Society, to the mid-1930s actually stopped being vegetarian.
Keywords: history of nutrition, vegetarianism, public organizations, raw food diet, political adaptation, physical culture, Soviet Russia
Bashkireva N.V. (Voronezh). French Legionnaires on the Territory of Belarus in 1942 – 1943: Security Functions and Participation in Punitive Operations Against Partisans
NATALIA VALERYEVNA BASHKIREVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences,Docent, Head of Department ofhistory of Russia,Voronezh State Pedagogical University,
394043, Russia, Voronezh, Lenina St., 86
e-mail: nat.val.saf@mail.ru
Abstract. The article analyzes the activities of the Legion of French Volunteers in the occupied territory of Belarus, from the moment the battalions of the French 638th Infantry Regiment arrived in different parts of the rear area of Army Group Center (May-July 1942) to their relocation to one zone and subordination to one security division (May-June 1943). The areas of deployment of French units, the locations of garrisons and posts, both fully staffed by legionnaires and including Frenchmen who performed the functions of protecting roads, railways, and alloys, are shown. The data on the number, composition, combat capability and political sentiments of French servicemen, including information on cases of their transfer to the ranks of the Belarusian partisans, are provided. The participation of the French in a number of major anti-partisan operations carried out on the territory of Belarus by the German command is shown: «Erica», «Owl», «Lynx», «Vulture», «Owl II», «Carlsbad», «May Thunderstorm». In addition, it is indicated that they are carrying out smaller-scale independent actions against the partisans. The data on military clashes with partisans during the specified period and the damage caused by Soviet partisans to French security battalions are given. It is noted that French legionnaires are involved in crimes against the civilian population of Belarusian villages.
Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, Belarus, anti-partisan operations, Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism
Vafin M.O. (Khabarovsk). Activities of the NKVD units of the USSR to combat theft of socialist property and speculation during the Great Patriotic War
MAXIM OLEGOVICH VAFIN
Candidate of historical sciences
Associate Professor of the Department of social, humanitarian and economic disciplines
Far Eastern Home Ministry Law Institute of the Russia
named after I.F. Shilov.
680013, Russian Federation, Khabarovsk, Lermontov st., 5 – 36.
E-mail: vafin_1992@mail.ru
Abstract. This article analyzes the key features of economic crime in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Since the beginning of the war, the criminal situation in the economic sphere of the country has rapidly become more complicated, which was caused by a change in the goals and motives for committing economic crimes, as well as the transformation of ways and means of committing them. The author emphasizes that the main line for the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state in the issue of decriminalization of the economy during the war years was assigned to those created back in 1937 special operational units of the militia to combat theft of socialist property and speculation (BHSS) NKVD of the USSR. The article notes the importance of the services of the BHSS of the NKVD of the USSR in ensuring the economic security of the country in the first half of the 40s of the XX century, which counteracted in these years the theft of socialist property, speculation, counterfeiting. The article considers law enforcement measures to counter these types of economic crimes on the territory of the Soviet Union, which were used by units of the BHSS of the NKVD of the USSR. On the basis of archival materials, specific practical examples of such activities are given. In the final part, it is stated that the result of the functioning of the BHSS units was the prevention of significant damage to the economic interests of the country during the Great Patriotic War.
Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, the USSR, internal affairs agencies, militia, divisions of the BHSS of the NKVD of the USSR, economic crime, decriminalization of the economy, protection of socialist property
Filatov A.V. (Ulyanovsk). Training of Teaching Staff in Ulyanovsk Chuvash Pedagogical College Named after Yakovlev in the 1951-1952 Academic Year: Educational Aspect
ARTYOM VLADIMIROVICH FILATOV
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Associate Professor of the Department of History,
4 Lenin Square, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russian Federation,
e-mail: rasit56@mail.ru
Abstract. The author attempts to conduct a comprehensive historical analysis of the state of public education in the Ulyanovsk region in the aspect of the educational process in the training of personnel of the Ulyanovsk Chuvash Pedagogical College named after. Yakovlev in the 1951-1952 academic year. The sources were unpublished documents seized from the storages of the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (GA UO) and the State Archive of the Modern History of the Ulyanovsk Region (GANI UO), a significant part of which was first introduced into scientific circulation, statistical materials and periodicals. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that educational work is a necessary condition for the functioning of educational institutions in the modern world. The problem is becoming particularly relevant now, this is confirmed by the revival of the position of deputy director for educational work in schools, holding “Conversations about important things” with students on the most important topics that have an educational impact on students, as well as the introduction of the tradition to start every week with raising the flag and listening to the anthem, as a measure of military-patriotic education. The methodological basis of the article was based on a set of general scientific, special historical principles and methods of scientific research. The use of descriptive-narrative, problem-chronological, comparative-historical, historical-systemic methods and statistical analysis gave us the opportunity to study more deeply the peculiarities of teacher training in the post-war decade.
Keywords: Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Chuvash Pedagogical College named after Yakovlev, teacher, educational work, VKP(b), academic performance, party organization, dormitory
Strogova E.A. (Yakutsk). Toys of the Russkoe Ustye
EKATERINA ALEKSEEVNA STROGOVA
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Research Fellow FSBSI FRC “YSC SB RAS” Institute for Humanitarian Research and Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North Yakutsk,
677020, Russia, Yakutsk, Petrovsky str., 1
e-mail: estro@list.ru,
Abstract. The development of the traditional culture of the Russian Arctic old-timers of Yakutia has not been studied well enough. The processes of its formation are reflected most clearly in archaeological materials. Excavations in 2023 in the tract Old Russian Ustye, located in the lower reaches of the Indigirka River, in addition to extensive household material, yielded a collection of children’s toys. Items from the collection are divided into two types: profile and cylindrical. The first are flat images of horses that have analogues in ancient Russian monuments, like the top-kubarik, the second are three-dimensional, do not have a specific image and gravitate towards the traditions of the peoples of the North, in particular the Evens and Yakuts living nearby, but have no exact analogies with them. In addition, there are reduced copies of tools that allow children to prepare for future work. Thus, the finds show the level of development of society, the preservation of cultural traditions and interaction with neighboring peoples.
Keywords: archeology, ethnography, Arctic, Russian old-timers, traditional culture, world of childhood
Stanulevich N.A. (St. Petersburg). Practices of Using Colour Transparencies in Expedition Photography in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
NADEZHDA ALEXEEVNA STANULEVICH
Candidate of Science
Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera), Research Fellow
199034 Russia Saint-Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 3
e-mail: nadstanul@kunstkamera.ru
Abstract. Colour transparencies are an integral part of 20th century expeditionary materials. Nevertheless, their use as a special type of illustrative source about scientific fieldwork has not been analysed before. In order to consider the phenomenon of using reversed photographic film, which allows to produce a transparency instead of printing colour photographs, a comprehensive analysis of expedition equipment, shooting conditions, and general cultural practices of the second half of the twentieth century is necessary.
At the first stage of studying expedition slides in the tradition of historical photography, an attempt was made to estimate the volume of such material in the collection of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera). The expeditionary practice of the second half of the 20th century, which did not include active documentation of photography processes in diaries, can be assessed through the analysis of photographic literature – manuals and reference books.
Statistical information on the Kunstkamera’s collections was collected through the KAMIS intramuseum database and individual thematic compilations created by the staff in the mid-2000s. Recommendations on travel photography and colour imaging published in the USSR between the 1950s and 1990s were analysed. General photographic literature was used, as well as publications on the processes of colour photography and guidelines for shooting outside pavilions and photographic studios.
It is concluded that transparencies were chosen by the crew of scientific expeditions because of the optimal light sensitivity parameters of reversed films, the possibility of demonstration and even individual viewing of images without printing colour photographs on paper.
Keywords: slide, colour, expedition, USSR, film
Lisitsina E.N. (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). Managerial Personnel of the Sakhalin Oil Industry in Historical Literature and Sources (to Pose the Problem)
ELENA NIKOLAEVNA LISITSINA
Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and Universal History
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor
Sakhalin State University
693008, Lenin str., 290, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
e-mail: Lisitsina1997@yandex.ru
Abstract. The analysis of historical literature conducted by the author of the article indicates that at present the problem of formation and activity of managerial personnel of the Sakhalin oil industry is beyond the attention of researchers. Most often, the biographies of far from all the heads of the Sakhalinneft Trust are presented in a concise encyclopedic form. The attempt made by the author of the article to compile a chronological list of trust managers revealed a number of gaps that need to be filled. The solution to this problem is impossible without the use of biographical information stored in archival sources. However, an analysis of the materials of the personal files of some trust managers showed that not all the information presented in them is reliable, many facts require serious verification. Based on this, the article concludes that the problem of restoring the biographies of the heads of the Sakhalinneft Trust and analyzing their contribution to the development of the industry continues
Keywords: Managerial personnel, Sakhalin oil industry, biographies, archival data, historiographical review
Kostyunina E.D. (Moscow). Evolution of legal regulation of Internet use in electoral campaigns in the Russian Federation in 2010-2018
ELIZAVETA DMITRIYEVNA KOSTYUNINA
PhD Student
Chair of social movements and political parties history
History Department
Lomonosov Moscow State University
119192, Moscow, 27 Lomonosovsky avenue, 4
e-mail: kostiunina99@mail.ru
Abstract. The article describes the key issues and trends of legal regulation of Internet resources usage in electoral campaigns in Russia in 2010-2018. Starting the research, author briefly reviews the results of inaugural phase of creation of legal context of Internet usage in elections (2000-2010): laws regulating mass media outlets, elections and referendums, information distribution as such. The author provides a quick recap of literature regarding the subject of the research. The papers about the issues of crimes in the sphere of Internet agitation, the regulation of the activities of various actors (registered bloggers, mass media outlets, regular users), the issues of personal data protection are overviewed in this article. The author indicates the surging specification of the principles of legal regulation, the growing opportunities of Roskomnadzor and Office of General Prosecutor, as well as timely reaction of lawmakers on broad scope of threats emerging together with the progress of tech instruments and their usage.
Keywords: elections in Russia, Internet and elections, elections of the President of Russia, Moscow City Duma, Mayor of Moscow, Roskomnadzor, regulation of the media
Bazanov M.R. (Moscow). The Image of the State Duma in the Political Satire of the “Satirikon” Magazine in 1908–1911
DENIS ALEXANDROVICH BAZHANOV
PhD in History, associate professor, department of Russian History (XIX-XXI centuries) of Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, assistant professor
191186, 48, River Moika Emb., Saint Petersburg, Russia.
e-mail: dbazhanov@herzen.spb.ru
EKATERINA VLADIMIROVNA KONOPLYOVA
Master of History, history teacher at State Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 185 with advanced study of English in the Central District of St. Petersburg.
191123, 33, Shpalernaya St., Saint Petersburg, Russia.
e-mail: ant_katerina_92@mail.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the personnel of the clergy on the warships of the Black Sea Fleet during the First World War. The authors set out to conduct a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the ships’ priests, as well as to identify the relationship with the effectiveness of their pastoral activities. This way will allow us to understand the effectiveness of the ongoing changes in the environment of the naval clergy, the reason for which was the desire to increase the level of education. To achieve this goal, office documents were involved. They include the orders of ship commanders and unit chiefs, as well as service records. As a result, the authors came to the conclusion about the incompleteness of personnel changes in the environment of the naval clergy of the Black Sea Fleet. Despite the increase in the number of white priests who served during the period under review, some positions continued to be held by representatives of the monastics. A special case is the voluntary transfer in 1915 – 1916 to the position of the ship’s priest of Archbishop Dmitry (Abashidze). In terms of education and teaching experience, white priests were superior to their brethren, they used new methods of influencing sailors. However, relations with the representatives of the officers remained at the same level, as well as the dependence of the priests’ activities on the military situation and daily service, which manifested itself in a reduction in the number of divine services.
Keywords: naval clergy, World War I, Black Sea Fleet, ship priests, Roman I. Medved’, Andrey A. Eberhard, Alexander V. Kolchak
Lebedeva M.S. (Moscow). Grand Duchess Ksenia Aleksandrovna and Heir Tsesarevich Nicholas Aleksandrovich according to Diaries of 1893–1894
MARGARITA SEMYONOVNA LEBEDEVA
2nd year master’s degree student,
Department of Russian History of the
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,
Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Russian Federation, 119234, Moscow,
Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27-4.
e-mail: margaleb2001@yandex.ru
Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the members of the imperial family, Grand Duchess Ksenia Aleksandrovna and the Heir Tsesarevich Nicholas Aleksandrovich, sister and brother, in the last two years of the reign of their father – Aleksandr III. The study introduces for the first time into the scientific turnover and uses as the main source the unpublished diaries of Grand Duchess Ksenia Aleksandrovna, kept in the GARF. The main issues of the article are the daily interaction between the Grand Duchess and the Heir, the nature of their relationship against the background of the turning points of life in 1893–1894: the peripetias of love affairs (Nikolai’s affair with the ballerina Matilda Kshesinskaya, his path to engagement to the German Princess Alice of Hesse, as well as Ksenia’s relationship with Grand Duke Aleksandr Mikhailovich) and in the context of their father’s illness and death. The results of the study allow to conclude about how trusting and close the relationship between the royal sister and brother was, about the informative content of their diaries and correspondence regarding each other’s private lives, about the dynamics of Kseniya’s and Nicholas’ relationship after their engagements in 1894, about the nature of Kseniya’s perception of her brother’s status roles – as Heir and then as ascended Emperor.
Keywords: Grand Duchess Ksenia Aleksandrovna, Nicholas II, the Imperial Family, everyday life, Aleksandr III, Matilda Kshessinskaya, Alice of Hesse, Grand Duke Aleksandr Mikhailovich
Zhang Jiangqiao (Moscow). Turkic Scholar Wang Xiaofu: the Fate of a Scholar in the History of the Country
ZHANG JIANGQIAO
Postgraduate Student,
Department of Ethnology
Faculty of History,
Lomonosov Moscow State University.
119991, Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1
e-mail: jianqiao996@163.com
Abstract. The development of Turkology in China remained a peripheral scientific knowledge for a long time, which has been developed since the late 20th century, largely due to the research of Wang Xiaofu. The article discusses the relationship between the scholar’s fate and the milestones of China’s historical development and academic contributions to Turkology. The era of “Reform and Openness” led to the rejection of dogmatic Marxism and the change of scientific paradigms, the most popular of which were the concepts of “cultural turn” and “identity”. Wang Xiaofu is a vivid representative of Chinese ethnographic historical scholarship of the last half of the 20th century within these paradigms. The article consists of three subsections, each of which reveals Wang Xiaofu’s theorizing and demonstrates Wang Xiaofu’s contribution to Turkology. The article presents Wang Xiaofu’s views on the concept of “ethnos”, the identity of “Turks” and the role of Zoroastrian religion on the consolidation and creation of political associations among the Turks. The article emphasizes the versatile nature of the source and historiographical base of Wang Xiaofu. Special attention is paid to Wang Xiaofu’s scholarly activities in connection with the change of historical epochs in China. Finally, it briefly assesses his contributions and analyzes the relationship between historical contexts and his scholarly research.
Keywords: Wang Xiaofu, cultural turn, ethnicity, Turkology, religious identity, historical context
Mozoleva O.S. (Minsk, Republic of Belarus). Mechanisms of Destructive Influence of Historical Nationalist Narratives on the Formation of National Identity of Sovereign States
OLGA SERGEEVNA MOZOLEVA
trainee teacher at the Department of Philosophy and Political Science of the Belarusian State Medical University
83 Dzerzhinsky Ave., Minsk, 220083, Republic of Belarus
e-mail: mozoleva00.17@gmail.com
Abstract. In the article, the author examines the topic of the “war of identities” between an artificially constructed national identity, which has a nationalistic nature, and an identity that was formed during the direct national-state construction of states. An identity war is usually followed by a loss of sovereignty and control over resources and a real war. The modern awareness of this danger forces us to carefully consider the genesis of these artificial structures and the ways they penetrate into the public consciousness. Exploring the nature of national identity, the author draws attention to the fact that it represents the subjective side of the definition of a nation, is its reflection in the present tense, in which there is a real continuous assessment of values. This attachment to the present and its axiological character make national identity sensitive to artificially created constructions of national identity in the form of “short history courses”, which the author distinguishes into a special type of ideological literature — the “nationalist historical narrative”. The main task of such a “narrative” is to arouse a feeling of anger against historical enemies with whom the political opponents of the nationalists are associated and to mobilize the masses of adherents to seize the state through controlled “color revolutions”.
Keywords: nation, national identity, formation of national identity, historicism, construction of nations, nationalist destructive theories, nationalist historical narrative
Galimov A.M., Poltorak S.N. (St. Petersburg). On the Question of the Location of Great Hungary (Part 1)
SERGEY NIKOLAEVICH POLTORAK
Dr. Sc. (Historical), Professor
Professor of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
195251, Russia, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya st., 29
Professor of the Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin 196605, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoe shosse, 10
е-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru
GALIMOV ARTUR MARATOVICH
Candidate of Technical Sciences,
195220, St. Petersburg, Grazhdansky ave., 11
e-mail: Gam102@mail.ru
Abstract. The publication analyzes one of the existing versions of the location of Great Hungary (Magna Hungaria) and the route of the migration of pagan Hungarians to Pannonia (the territory of modern Hungary). The reliability of the Magna Hungaria location under consideration and the intermediate stages of the migration route of the pagan Hungarians is determined. One of the methods of determining the ethnicity of archaeological finds in the territory bounded by the Belaya, Kama, Volga and Yaik rivers (Ural) is considered. The validity of the conclusions on the ethnic identification of the population of this territory is being verified based on a review of historical literature: European, Arabic, Persian, Russian for the IV–XVIII centuries. The analysis of historical sources is carried out in combination with a review of historical maps, mainly Western European, of the XI-XVIII centuries. The data on the ethnic composition and linguistic materials on the issue under consideration are presented. It is believed that Great Hungary was located in the basins of the Mezen, Pechora, Kama, Ob rivers, mainly in the territories of modern subjects of the Russian Federation: the Komi Republic, the Kirov Region, the Perm Territory and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The process of displacement of the native-speaking tribes (Voguls and Ostyaks) from the basin of the Pechora and Kama rivers to the East is traced. The presented materials are supported by a set of historical data with links to sources and literature.
Keywords: Great Hungary, Magna Hungaria, Pannonia, Volga Bulgaria, Ugrians, Voguls, Ostyaks, Belaya, Kama, Volga, Yaik, Mezen, Pechora, Ob, Magyar Anonymus, Levedia, ethnicity, Suzdal, Kiev, Mercator, Julian, Johanka Hungarian, Plano Karpini, Imenkov archaeological culture
Lapina I.Yu., Kargapoltsev S.Yu. (St. Petersburg). Civilization Challenges and Systemic Problems of Domestic Sociogenesis. Part 10
IRINA YURIEVNA LAPINA
Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya stree t, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
SERGEY YURIEVICH KARGAPOLTSEV
Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy of SPbGASU,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Ingineering (SPbGASU),
190005, 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya street, 4, St. Petersburg
e-mail: clio@spbgasu.ru
Abstract. The article concludes the authors’ reflections on the process of effective use of the historical experience of world civilization in the interests of ensuring the modern stability of society and the formation of prerequisites for its successful development. It uses Plato’s modern view of wealth and power, asserts the idea that public well-being, as historical experience shows, is achieved not through revolutions and wars, but through the steady progressive development of the economy. The facts confirm the idea that a strong Russia has never been needed by either the West or the East in the entire period of history. This creates the belief that Russia should first of all rely on its own strength. Modern external and internal challenges are listed, which can be dealt with only on the basis of an analysis of historical experience. As a result, the idea is expressed that the future of our state begins in the present, while the past still continues to affect modernity.
Keywords: “Big Reset”, “ restart”, “electronic gulag”, hybrid war, directive patriotism, external challenges, internal challenges
Litvinov V.P. (Yelets). Methodology of Modern Historical Science: the Opinion of a Turkestan Scholar
VYACHESLAV PETROVICH LITVINOV
Candidate of historical sciences, independent
researcher. 399740. Russia, Yelets, street
Razin’s item, д. 21;
e-mail: litwinov.slav@yandex.ru
SPIN-код: 9120-1652, AuthorID: 1055060
Abstract. The article is devoted to the problems of methodology of modern historical science, considered through the prism of the study of the past of pre-revolutionary Russian territories in Central Asia (Russian Turkestan). The author notes that with the collapse of the communist regime in the USSR, Marxist methodology ceased to be an obligatory ideological guideline in Russian and other post-Soviet historical science, which caused a theoretical crisis in it. Meanwhile, the need for historical science in methodology has only increased, since it is it that gives research an academic character. The search began for principles that could replace its Marxist-Leninist counterpart. Some historians have embarked on the rails of previously denied methodologies – synergetic, postmodern, constructivist, etc. However, the most heated discussion arose between supporters of the so-called “formational” and “civilizational” approaches. Many historians have tended to the latter, since the other was considered a relic of Marxist methodology. The author notes that recently there has been a process of returning to its position, first of all, an appeal to the dialectical method, which has received high recognition among well-known foreign scientists. He points out that in his research on Turkestan, universal laws and categories of Marxist dialectics were actively applied. At the same time, in his opinion, this did not obscure the use of other methods and approaches in scientific research, since they were considered precisely from her perspective. The author comes to the conclusion that only on the basis of a competent scientific methodology can any research become truly fruitful.
Keywords: Marxist methodology, dialectical method, formational, civilizational, interdisciplinary, approach, universal laws and categories of dialectics, historicism, hypothesis, paradigm