Contents
SOURCE STUDIES
Konyushikhina N.L. (Moscow). Itinerarium” of Ferdinand Columbus and “Relaciones Tоpográficas de Felipe II”: a comparative analysis using the category of “memorable”……………………………………………………………………13
NADEZDA LVOVNA KONYUSHIKHINA — Postgraduate student at the Department of Medieval History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovskiy Pr., 27/4. E-mail: nadegda_92@list.ru
The article is based on the comparative analysis of two important historical sources for Spanish studies of the 16th century: “Itinerarium” of Ferdinand Columbus (1517–1523) and “Relaciones Tоpográficas de Felipe II” (1575–1581). This analysis uses the category of “memorable”, considered as something that is expressed in the concepts of glory and pride of the villages in provinces of Madrid and Toledo, aforementioned in two sources. The article is composed of two parts. The first part is dedicated to a source analysis including the following parameters: type of sources, geographical coverage, ways to obtain information, methods of collecting and organizing information obtained. The elements that form the category of ¨memorable¨ are taken into consideration in the second part of the article. They include a different description of the sixteenth century Spanish reality through economic activity of the villages (crops, water resources, construction material, livestock), objects of worship and relics, and local history.
Keywords: “Itinerarium”, Ferdinand Columbus, “Relaciones Topográficas de Felipe II”, geographical description, questionnaires, the 16th century Spain, memorable, villages.
Podchasov N.A. (Moscow). Possibilities of applying the Books of Ranks to the reconstruction of scarcely explored aspects of biography of prominent political and military actors in Russia in the 16th century. On the example of prince F.M. Trubetskoy……………………………………………………………………18
NICKOLAY ALEKSEYEVICH PODCHASOV — Postgraduate student of the Source Studies Department, Faculty of History of Lomonosov Moscow State University. 117463, Russian Federation, Moscow, Novoyqsenevsky Prospect, 32/3, 288. E-mail: nickpodchasov@yandex.ru.
In the article the author explores the potential of using the Books of Ranks as a historical source for personal history. Taking for example the career of one of the prominent, but scarcely known characters of the time of Ivan IV the author seeks to show the wide range of opportunities that the Books of Ranks provide for this kind of studies. Thanks to unique information they contain it is possible not only to learn the circumstances of military and civil service of a specific historical character, his relations to the crown and his status among the military-administrative elite, but also the history of rise and fall of aristocratic families, their attitudes towards each other etc. The practical meaning of this article is the conclusion about the special position that was held by prince F.M. Trubetskoy at the court of Ivan IV. The peculiarity of the situation was revealed by means of studying the patterns of career advancement among the nobility and projecting results on the career of prince F.M. Trubetskoy.
Keywords: Book of ranks, princes Trubetzkoy, prince F.M. Trubetzkoy, Ivan IV, aristocracy, nobility, military and political elite.
Grigoriev A.A. (Moscow). N.V. Valentinov (Volsky) about the anti-Stalin opposition in the USSR in the 1920s and early 1930s…………………………………………………………………………………………22
ALEXANDER ALEXANDROVICH GRIGORIEV — Intern of the Chair of Contemporary Russian History, Moscow State Pedagogical University. 121614, Russian Federation, Moscow, Krylatsky hills St., 35, building 3, apt. 561. E-mail: agrigoriev78@mail.ru
In this article the activity of a soviet defector N.V. Valentinov (Volsky) is considered, previously, he was a conspicuous social-democrat. The publications and personal letters of Valentinov talks about political groups existed in USSR in the 1920s and included scientific-and-technological intellectuals, which were soviet employees. These groups were in contact with emigrant communities, and also they laid account with rise of power of “right communists” in USSR. The excesses in the early 1930s, victims of which many so termed “bourgeois specialists” fell, purposed on top of that to stop political activity of such groups. The article based on emigrant publications and documents from personal files of E.D. Prokopovich-Kuskova.
Keywords: New Economic Policy, Stalin repressions, the bourgeois specialists, emigrant communities, emigrant publications, N. Valentinov, E.D. Prokopovich-Kuskova.
Pustyrev P.V. (Klin, Moscow Region). Staff potential of the plant “Krasnoye Sormovo” in the first period of the Second World War (June 1941 ― November 1942) (according to the documents of Nizhny Novgorod archives)……………………………………………………………………28
PAVEL VALERIEVICH PUSTYREV — Head of the Department of Historical and Patriotic Education of the Municipal Budgetary Cultural Institution “Centralized Club System”. 141601, Russian Federation, Moscow Region, Klin, Sestroretskaya St.,43e. E-mail: pavel_73_73@mail.ru
The article deals with the staff problem of the domestic industry in the first period of the Second World War (June 22, 1941 ― November 18, 1942). As an example, we have chosen Krasnoye Sormovo plant, which at the beginning of the War was a part of the structure of the People’s Commissariat of the Shipbuilding Industry of the USSR as a plant No. 112. Under Resolution No. 1 of the State Defense Committee of the USSR, the plant switched to the production of T-34 tanks. This required a radical restructuring of the organization of production and technology. Then the plant No. 112 was transferred to the newly created People’s Commissariat of the tank building industry of the USSR. The release of new products required quick increase in number of employees. The author uses the sources of two Nizhny Novgorod archives, where the documents of Krasnoye Sormovo plant and the Sormovo district Committee of the CPSU (b) are kept. The documents show that during the first period of the War the management of the People’s Commissariat and enterprises tried to solve the staff problem by outsource replenishing. Servicemen, graduates of vocational schools and schools of factory training, collective farmers, housewives became sources of replenishment of the workforce. The staff problem was solved with difficulty for a number of reasons, external and internal. One of them was the lack of the company’s living space in the required scale. It was the living space that became the main obstacle to the increase of the staff potential of the plant No. 112 in the first period of the Second World War. This should be taken into account by the leaders of industrial enterprises in Russia, especially in the defense industry in the current conditions of international tension.
Keywords: Krasnoye Sormovo, Second World War, workforce, source, staff potential, replenishment, social sphere, vocational schools, schools of factory training.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
Zigangirova E.Z. (Moscow). Russian historiography on the figure of the Czech national revival Vaclav Hanka……………………………….33
EKATERINA ZUL’FATOVNA ZIGANGIROVA — Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History of the 19th century — the beginning of the 20th century of the Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 107143, Russian Federation, Moscow, Otkrytoe shosse, 24, 5V, ap. 33. E-mail: zigangirovaez@mail.ru
The article is devoted to review of the Russian historiography on the figure of the Czech national revival, the author of literary hoaxes and the pioneer of fruitful Russian-Czech cultural and scientific ties, Vaclav Hanka (1791–1861). Without creating any significant work, he, nevertheless, forever immortalized his name in the history of Slavic studies as a phenomenon of the Czech and Slavic cultural revival. The review of the historiography of the issue reflects the evolution of views in the Russian historical science on a number of issues. On the one hand, the role of V. Hanka in the creation of some of the most famous and influential literary forgery — the manuscripts of Dvůr Králové and of Zelená Hora. On the other hand, the contribution of the Czech revivalist to the development of Russian-Czech contacts in the first half – the middle of the XIX century.
Keywords: Historiography, Russian-Czech cultural relations, Vaclav Hanka, literary forgeries, manuscripts.
GENERAL HISTORY
Smirnov I.V. (Moscow). The Populist Leaders’ Perception of the Emerging Industrial Society (at the turn of the 19th and 20th century)………………………………………………………………………44
IVAN VIKTOROVICH SMIRNOV — Postgraduate student of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119192, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovskii Prospekt, 27–4. E-mail: mioo@mail.ru
The subject of this article is the populist leaders’ critical perception of industrial society at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The article reviews three scenarios of industrial society’s development, which were suggested by three populist leaders: I. Donnelly, Ed. Bellamy and H. Lloyd and analyzes similarity and distinctions between the theories. This article is the first research work in Russian historiography based on the study of archives and published documents. All three theories are antimonopolistic and criticize the big business. The main aim of the research is to show the reasons of negative perception of the industrial society be the populist leaders.
Keywords: populism, the Peoples Party, eschatology, I. Donnelly, H. Lloyd, Ed. Bellamy, the farmers’ movement, the industrial society, the eschatological crisis, the apocalyptic outburst, the millennialistic expectations.
Burkov V.G., Meshcheryakov K. Y., Zotova A.V., Shamgunov R.G. (Saint Petersburg). To the 25th anniversary of the CIS Charter: the Commonwealth of Independent States as a mechanism for ‘civilized divorce’…………………51
VLADIMIR GERMANOVICH BURKOV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of the Post-Soviet Studies, School of International Relations, Saint Petersburg State University. 191060, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Smolny St., 1/3, Entrance 8. E-mail: burkeg@rambler.ru
KONSTANTIN YEVGENIEVICH MESHCHERYAKOV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associated Professor, Deputy Head of the Department of the Post-Soviet Studies, School of International Relations, Saint Petersburg State University. 191060, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Smolny St., 1/3, Entrance 8. E-mail: mesce@mail.ru
ANASTASIYA VALERYEVNA ZOTOVA — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of the Post-Soviet Studies, School of International Relations, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya Emb., 7–9. E-mail: anastasiyazotova@mail.ru
RUSLAN GABDRASHYTOVICH SHAMGUNOV — Ph.D. in History, Associated Professor, Department of the Post-Soviet Studies, School of International Relations, Saint Petersburg State University. 191060, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Smolny St., 1/3, Entrance 8. E-mail: ruslan.shamgunov@gmail.com
The article appears in connection with the 25th anniversary of the CIS Charter celebrated on January 22, 2018. It analyses the events of the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the first stage of its making (December 1991 – January 1993). The authors affirm that the way of liquidation of the Soviet Union chosen by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus in Bialowieza Forest was a flagrant violation of the then existing legal, diplomatic and moral norms, that undermined the CIS from the very moment of its birth. The article contains a critical analysis of the memoirs and speeches of political figures involved in the process of preparation and holding of the Viskuli meeting of December 8, 1991 (Boris Yeltsin, Leonid Kravchuk, Stanislav Shushkevich, Vyacheslav Kebich). It mentions the little-known facts about the Ashgabat meeting of the leaders of five republics of Central Asia held on December 12–13, 1991. It proposes the author’s vision of reasons for the establishment of the CIS and the setbacks, which befell this association in the first months of its making. It reveals the main achievements of the CIS, the most important of which are: preventing the USSR from the collapse in the Yugoslavia’s scenario; preparing the former Soviet republics for gaining the real independence, while the CIS was acting as an ‘incubator’; creating a ‘discussion platform’ useful for all the post-Soviet states. The authors suggest that instead of a full-fledged integration union, the CIS became a mechanism of the participating states’ ‘civilized divorce’, the main responsibility for which lies with the Russian leadership of the 1990s.
Keywords: SU desintegration, Novo-Ogaryov process, Belovezh agreements, Commonwealth of Independent States, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, post-Soviet states, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Kravchuk, Shushkevich, international relations in the post-Soviet space, interethnic conflicts, economic and political transition, Russian domestic policy, Russia’s foreign policy.
HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Guriev E.P. (Saint Petersburg). Patriotism of the parties in the Civil War in Russia 1918–1922……………………63
EVGENY PAVLOVICH GURIEV — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Department of History and Philosophy, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 190005, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, 2-ya Krasnoarmeiskaya St., 4. E-mail: geier@yandex.ru
In article the patriotism of participants of the Civil War in Russia 1918–1922 is analyzed. The general definition of patriotism and civil war, the features of patriotism in the course of the Civil War, its strengths and weaknesses are given. The main parties of the Civil War are considered: “red”, “white”, “green”, Cossacks and national formations. The social base of the parties to the Civil War, their ideology, political programs, the specifics of their implementation, the composition of the armed forces, their advantages and disadvantages, the attractiveness of ideas and the motivations of supporters, the interaction of various participants in the Civil War are analyzed. The article describes the patriotism of all parties to the Civil War, distinguishes its features, strengths and weaknesses, gives specific examples of heroism and feats, illustrating the patriotism of all aspects of the Civil War.
Keywords: Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian Civil War, patriotism, ideology, political programs, armed forces, motivation, “red”, “white”, “green”, Cossacks, national formations, feat.
Abramov A.V. (Moscow). The rank structure of the Politburo (the Presidium) of the CPSU Central Committee in 1953–1985…………………………………………………………………………………………………69
ANDREI VLADIMIROVICH ABRAMOV — Postgraduate student, Department of History of Social Movements and Political Parties, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, GSP-1, Lomonosovskiy Pr., 27, 4. E-mail: andreyabramov1993@gmail.com
The subject of research in the article is the rank structure of the Politburo (the Presidium) of the CPSU Central Committee of the post-Stalin period (1953–1985). The object of research in the article is the Politburo (the Presidium) of the CPSU Central Committee in 1953–1985, members and candidate members. The author shows what posts let the party leaders hold their position in the top party leadership, what apparatus groups were represented in the post-Stalin Politburo (the Presidium). The degree of study of this issue in the Russian and the foreign historiography is not complete nowadays. The author uses as sources historical and biographical directories, published archival documents and memoir literature. The novelty of the analysis is its complex character. This pattern helped the author to make the complete picture of the rank structure of the Politburo (the Presidium) of the CPSU Central Committee during the entire post-Stalin period. The main conclusion of the study is, on the one hand, the number of the central and republican party-state bureaucracy posts guaranteed almost automatic election of the party leader in the top CPSU leadership. On the other hand, political status could depend on the personal qualities of a particular leader.
Keywords: the USSR history, the CPSU, the CPSU Central Committee, the Politburo, the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, the post-Stalin period, the rank structure, the bureaucracy, the party apparatus.
HISTORY OF RUSSIAN REGIONS
Melnikova D.A. (Saint Petersburg). Zemstvo and stud farm coupling stables of the Russian Empire in the second fourth of 19th and at the beginning of 20th с…………………………………………………………………76
DARIA ANDREEVNA MELNIKOVA — Postgraduate student at the Department of History, Pushkin Leningrad State University. 196607, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Pushkin, A. Tolstoy blvd., 50/1–52. E-mail: 31020307d@gmail.com
Status and activity of zemstvo and stud farm stables on European territory of the Russian Empire are analyzed on the base of archival materials, statistical, legislative and journalistic sources. The author focuses on stages of creature of stables from 1843 to 1914 year. In the article the main function of Committees of provincial horse-breeding for zemstvo stables are analyzed. It is attended for interior structure of zemstvo and stud farm stables and structure of state. The article is considered rules of selection stallions and mares for copulation. Features of pedigree composition of stables in regions are highlighted. Value of the stables is defined for agriculture and horse-breeding of the Russian Empire. Influence of natural, climatic and economic factors are considered for activity every stable. Statistical results of positive activity of factory stables are given.
Keywords: zemstvo stables, the Department of state horse-breeding, horse breeding, horses, the Russian Empire, state horse breeding farms, station of copulation, breeds of horses.
Masjutin A.S. (Kirov). Vyatka socialists-revolutionaries — deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Empire……………………………………..85
ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH MASJUTIN — Teacher of History and Social theory, Linguistic gymnasium of Kirov. 610035, Russian Federation, Kirov, Chapaeva St., 13, Apt. 211. E-mail: maskvabad2020@mail.ru
The Manifesto of October 17, 1905, issued by Tsar Nicholas II under the pressure of the all-Russian political strike, which suggested political and civil liberties, the expansion of electoral rights to the State Duma was met with the SRs ambiguously. Part of the leadership of the socialist-revolutionary party considered the future Duma for the «mockery of the working people, the blood bought, the retreat of the government», but most of the local functionaries and the common SRs saw in the duma an effective means of political struggle «for land, for freedom, for a better life». Despite the limitations of electoral laws, the peasants in the years of the first Russian revolution also associated their hopes with the work of the dumas. Thus, both the election campaigns and the dumas work of the deputies served as a tool for promoting the ideas of the SRs in the Vyatka peasants. The purpose of this article is to consider the participation of deputies-SRs elected from Vyatka province in the work of I, II, III State duma of the beginning of XX century. This dumas work strengthened the authority of the SRs in the eyes of the peasants and greatly contributed to the speed of the new conquest of the village by the ideas of the SRs after the February revolution of 1917.
Keywords: Socialists-revolutionaries, the SRs, the State duma, the trudoviks, the peasantry, the Russian revolution, the Vyborg manifesto, Vyatka province.
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Grinёv A.V. (Saint Petersburg). The American Arctic as an object of the Anglo-Russian competition in the XVIII – middle of the XIX century………………………………………………………………………………91
ANDREI VAL’TEROVICH GRINЁV — Doctor of Historical Sciences and Professor of the Higher School of Social Sciences of the Humanities Institute at the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. 195251, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya St., 29. E-mail: agrinev1960@mail.ru
Attempts to penetrate on the Arctic coast of the North American continent were made from the west and from the east. In the east direction the main role was played by the British and in the west by the Russians. During the XVIII century the tsarist government and the Siberian authorities sent to the Bering Strait area, where the southern border of the Arctic lies, several research expeditions, the most famous of which was the 1st Kamchatka expedition of Vitus Bering, which in 1728 passed through the strait between Asia and America. The British showed interest in this region much later. The first was the eminent British seafarer James Cook, passing through the Bering Strait in 1778, which caused considerable alarm in St. Petersburg, which feared the penetration of the British into the “back yard” of the Russian Empire. However, after the Cook expedition the British for several decades did not appear in the Arctic waters of Alaska due to various economic and political reasons. Anglo-Russian rivalry resumed in the American Arctic in the 1820s only, when several exploratory marine expeditions were sent to the Bering and Chukchi Sea areas. They were replaced by land expeditions since the second half of the 1830’s, which was sent to the Arctic territories of Alaska by competing fur trade companies: the Russian-American Company (RAC), which operated in Alaska from 1799 and the British Hudson Bay Company (HBC) from neighboring Canada. After this, up to the sale of Alaska to the USA in 1867, Anglo-Russian rivalry was incarnated in the form of trade competition between the agents of the RAC and HBC.
Keywords: Arctic, Alaska, Bering Strait, geographical research, Russian America, Russian-American Company, Hudson’s Bay Company.
Goroziy V.S. (Moscow). The Polish question in diplomatic struggle between USSR, Great Britain and USA in 1941–1943…………………………………………………………………………………………………………107
VLADISLAV SERGEEVICH GOROZIY — Postgraduate student, Department of Russian History of the 20th–21st cent., Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovskiy Pr., 27/4. E-mail: vlad.gorozii@gmail.com
The article is dedicated to regarding the role the polish question on the diplomatic struggle of The Allied Powers in 1941-1943. It was a significant factor in the international relations during many centuries, including the Second World War. The poles were searching for protectors of their interests in Great Britain and USA, relying on their impact on USSR. Allied Powers tried to use the poles to solve their problems both in their domestic policy and on the international stage. Towards the Poland Soviet Union proceeded from its own security in afterwar period. Being contiguous with USSR, Poland seemed as a strong and friendly country. In spite of numerous provocations leaded by the polish emigrant government in London, soviet leaders tried to adjust dialogue with its representatives with the help of allies for a long period of time.
Keywords: The Polish question, diplomatic struggle, the Allied Powers, USSR, Great Britain, USA.
Solovey F.D. (Moscow). Policy of George W. Bush’ Second Administration towards Transcaucasia States as the Main Reason of Deterioration of Russian-American Relations (2005–2008)…………………………………………..114
FEDOR DMITRIEVICH SOLOVEY — Postgraduate student, Department of History of the New Independent States,Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosov Prospect, 27, building 4. E-mail: f.d.solovey@gmail.com
The article is devoted to analysis of policy of American president George W. Bush’ second administration (2005–2008) towards three former Soviet republics of Transcaucasia — Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. The author in detail considers main milestones of this policy, its aims, ways, methods and results. Policy of the USA towards Transcaucasia states is considered in broader context of policy of neoconservative Republican George W. Bush’ administration towards Russian Federation and other states of post-Soviet area. The author makes the main conclusion that in this period the United States pursued the most active policy towards Georgia, which was led by pro-American government of M. Saakashvili. American policy was directed towards maximal rapprochement with Georgia in economic and military-political areas and then towards integration of Georgia to European Union and, first of all, to NATO. Russian perception of such prospects was very painful; the result of the growing tensions was the Russian-Georgian War in August 2008 and recognition by Russia of independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Such result let us say that American policy towards Georgia and Transcaucasia as a whole in this period was not successful. The importance of Azerbaijan and Armenia in priorities of American foreign policy in 2005–2008 was much less; attempts of George W. Bush’ second administration to use Azerbaijan for diversification of supplies of energy resources to Europe didn’t lead to significant practical results.
Keywords: Russia, the USA, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, George W. Bush, M. Saakashvili, international relations, post-Soviet area, NATO.
HISTORICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Golikov K.A. (Moscow). National peculiarities of perception of the name and image of a flower in Russia and in North America…………………………………………………………………………………………………123
KIRILL ANDREEVICH GOLIKOV — Ph.D. in Biology, Senior Researcher, Museum of Earth Sciences of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1. E-mail: iris750@gmail.com
The article discusses the manifestation of nonverbal (especially visual) intercultural communication at the social level, combined subjective-individual and subjective-social aspects is seen on the material of the comparative analysis for the results of the annual surveys among members of the Russian Iris Society and American Iris Society, by definition the popularity of the varieties of irises (Iris hybrida) for 16 years (1994–2009). It is shown that the perception of color and shape of flowers of iris varieties both in Russia and in North America occurs primarily at lower cognitive levels. The differences of national mentalities in the perception of the products of breeding of ornamental crops are detected. In the US sustainable preference of predominantly single-color varieties of cool color tones, can be explained not only by natural causes — physiology of perception, but also on higher cognitive levels: as the sign-nominator (the perception of the names of the varieties), as well as how sign-significator, to which reduced the symbol.
Keywords: visual information, non-verbal intercultural communication, cognitive level, perception of name and image, stereotype, national identity, Russia, USA, iris, variety.
MILITARY HISTORY
Poltorak S.N., Ushakov V.A., Il’in E.V. (Saint Petersburg). Russia in the World Wars: The History of Captives (Part One. The World War I)……………………………………………………………………………132
SERGEY NIKOLAEVICH POLTORAK — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Editor-in-chief of the journal “Klio”. 195220, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Grazhdanskiy Pr., 11. E-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru
VLADIMIR ALEXSANDROVICH USHAKOV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya Emb., 7–9. E-mail: v.ushakov@spbu.ru
EVGENIJ VASILIEVICH IL’IN — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Director of the Center for the Study of Military History, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya Emb., 7–9. E-mail: e.ilin@spbu.ru
The paper is based upon a study of dispatches, letters, diaries, memoirs and other sources left by participants and contemporaries of the World War I; documents and reports of the Red Cross and other organizations that helped captives and examined their hard conditions, as well as information from publications by specialists in captivity history for the 20th century. As a result, based upon the findings obtained, many conditions and factors were studied, which influenced and enabled captives to come through, survive and, moreover, keep hoping for salvation and resist the enemy in various forms and with various activity. The paper singles out the conditions which deprived captives of such opportunities. The article showed that the institute of captivity was influenced by civilization peculiarities of the warring nations, and differences were considered as to how the winners treated their prisoners of war at the front and on the home front in the periods of World War I.
Keywords: captives (prisoners of war), institute of captivity, enemy, World War I, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, the warring nations, camp for prisoners of war.
Kokoshina Z.A. (Moscow). Russian military bases and facilities on the territory of the CSTO member countries…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..141
ZLATA ANDREEVNA KOKOSHINA — Researcher at the Institute for Socio-Political Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 119333, Russian Federation, Moscow, Fotieva St., 6. E-mail: isprass@gmail.com
The subject of the article is the main Russian military bases and facilities on the territory of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) countries, which is successfully acting for more than two decades. The bases and facilities are viewed as important components of political and military interaction between Russia on the one hand and the countries such as Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Belarus on the other. The bases equipment includes diverse military hardware. There are some military contingents of the Russian Federation military forces. They closely cooperate with the military forces of the states of their location. The bases look after the interests of national security of Russia and the abovementioned countries. Russia has special relationship with the Belarus Republic under the Treaty of Russian-Belorussian Union State of 1999. The aims and the work of the bases are closely connected with the activity of CSTO and the scope of interaction is significant. It includes the important international counter-terrorism activity. Being set up on a purely contractual and legal basis, these military bases and facilities ensure the interests of national security of both Russia and the named countries and play an important role in ensuring stability and security in the respective regions.
Keywords: military base, CSTO, security, armaments, military and special equipment, military testing-ground.
THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Kovalevsky D.G. (Saint Petersburg). Organization of the construction of armored vessels at the Admiralty and the factories of France at the end of the 19th century………………………………………………150
DENIS GEORGIEVICH KOVALEVSKY — Ph.D. in Engineering Sciences, Researcher of the Military Educational and Scientific Centre of the Navy “The Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov”. 197045, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Ushakovskaya Emb., 17/1. Е-mail: Kovalevskiy1963@mail.ru
The article is devoted to the study of the construction of armored vessels in France at the end of the 19th century. The source of the research was analytical materials on the iron shipbuilding of France by Russian naval engineers N.I. Dmitriev, V.V. Kolpychev, K.A. Tennyson, references and reports of the Marine Technical Committee (MTC), other documents published in the journal “Morskoi sbornik” (The Sea Collection) for 1885–1909. The article assesses the quantitative and qualitative state of the navies of France, Britain, Germany, Italy and Russia. The technical possibilities, the share capital, the working and living conditions of workers and employees of the largest shipbuilding and mechanical plants in France are considered. The text of the work contains comments and excerpts from the transcripts of reports of deputies and officials of the Maritime Department at the meetings of the French Parliament on the budget of the fleet in 1891, where the costs of maintaining military and civilian personnel of the admiralty and factory were discussed, and the shipbuilding industry management apparatus was analyzed. It is concluded that the experience of France was undesirable, since it had the same drawbacks that were inherent in Russian shipbuilding only to a greater extent. The construction of an armored ship at French shipyards proved to be long and costly. Partly this is due to the fact that during the execution of work in the project documentation, changes were constantly made. The main reason for the low efficiency of shipbuilding in France was that a state-owned business model was adopted as a basis.
Keywords: armored shipbuilding in France (the end of the 19th century — beginning of the 20th century), Maritime Department, Maritime Technical Committee, factories, Admiralty.
HISTORICAL CHARACTERS
Gessen V.Y. (Saint Petersburg). Collector of church values Е.С. Rakhlin-Rumyantsev: life with a tragic end……………………………………………..……157
VALERII YUL’EVICH GESSEN — Ph.D. in Economics. 196233, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Zvezdnaya St., 11/ 2, 140. E-mail: gessen27@mail.ru
This article is closely related to our previous publications in the journal “Klio” on the topic “The Cultural Revolution in Bolshevik in Petrograd-Leningrad in 1917‒1927”. They dealt with the problems associated with the withdrawal of Bolsheviks from all sections of the population and from various institutions of property, which primarily concerned art values of a museum nature, including objects of religious worship. The article presents a variety of historical material, which concerns the seizure by them of the archaeologist E.S. Rakhlin-Rumyantsev whole museum, which was a unique collection of ancient church property. His diverse activities in tsarist times were shown in charitable organizations, during the years of Soviet power, his concern for the protection of seized valuable property in Petrograd and in the Northern Region, about supplying the museums with fuel and their personnel with food. The article examines his participation in the re-evacuation from Moscow to Petrograd museum treasures; shows his defense on the pages of the newspaper “Pravda” by journalist L.S. Sosnovsky from accusations of a fighter against religion Em. Yaroslavsky, which led, ultimately, to his arrest and execution.
Keywords: Е.S. Rakhlin-Rumyantsev, Petrograd, Novgorod, Ryutino, temple-museum, church property, protection of monuments of art and antiquity, nonresident section, landowner, Pravda newspaper, “wonderful bourgeois”.
Mankov S.A. (Saint Petersburg). Jakub Ivashintsov — lithuanian diplomat, orthodox rebel, Russian military chief…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….166
SERGEI ALEXANDROVICH MANKOV — Ph.D. in History, Senior Researcher of the State Museum “Tsarskoye Selo”, Member of the Governor’s Heraldic Council of the Novgorod region. 196240, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Pulkovskoe shosse, 5, korp. 1, ap. 385. E-mail: mankov21@mail.ru
The article is devoted to the investigation of the circumstances of the biography and the study of the related environment of the diplomat and military commander of the XVI century, Yakub Ivashintzovich (Ivashintsov) (1470s – about 1533/4), who was in the service of the Polish-Lithuanian state, and then of Moscow Rus. Consist of kinship with the princes Glinsky, the vicar of Mozyr Y. Ivashincov became an active participant in the rebellion raised against them in February-September 1508 against the Polish king, held against the backdrop of the Moscow-Polish war of 1507-1508. The failure of the uprising forced the clan of the princes Glinsky, their relatives and supporters to take refuge within the Moscow state, where they constituted a special layer of “Lithuania a courtyard,” which played a prominent role among the service nobility and landowners until the middle of the 16th century, and then assimilated by the Russian nobility.
Keywords: Jakub Ivashincov, princes Glinsky, Lithuania a courtyard, Moscow state of the 16th century, Lithuanian-Russian relations of the 16th century, voivode.
Pogodin S.N., Li Jingcheng (Saint Petersburg). Scholarly activity of P.I. Kafarov in the Russian and Chinese historiography………………………………………………………………………………………………174
SERGEY NIKOLAEVICH POGODIN — Doctor in History, Professor, Head of Department, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. 195251, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya Str., 29. E-mail: pogodin56@mail.ru
LI JINGCHENG — Postgraduate student, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. 195251, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya Str., 29. E-mail: lijc@yandex.ru
The article analyzes the life path and scholarly activity of one of the Russian sinological representatives — Peter Ivanovich Kafarov (in monasticism — Archimandrite Palladius). When studying the biography of this scholar, the article analyzes his main works on the history and culture of China. The assessments of the personality of P.I. Kafarov and his works by Russian and Chinese historians are given. The scholarly activity of P.I. Kafarov in the Russian and Chinese historiography is considered. Attention is paid to the study of the fundamental works of historians A.N. Khokhlov, A.M. Kulikov and Chen Kaike. The relevance of the study is due to a comprehensive and scrupulous study of P.I. Kafarov’s scholarly works, their significance for modern sinological research in Russia and China.
Keywords: history of Orthodoxy, Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing, P.I. Kafarov, Chinese studies, Russian history, Chinese history, Russian-Chinese relations, cultural exchanges.
REVIEWS
Kuznetsova E.I. (Tula). Intermediate results or according to pages of written. (Review of the monograph: Samartseva E.I. Ex libris. The collection of articles on history and a historiography. Tula, 2017)……………………..184
ELENA IVANOVNA KUZNETSOVA — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Tula State University. 300012, Russian Federation, Tula, Lenin Ave., 92. E-mail: elkus@tula.net
The article presents a brief review of the collection of articles by Elena Samartseva, doctor of historical Sciences, Professor of Tula state University. The publication includes separate publications of the historian for 2003—2016 years. These are works on the history and historiography of The Russian abroad, intellectuals, ecological, political and legal culture, military history, cultural studies. Also in the collection are included several reviews of presentations at international scientific forums and author’s review of the book by A. G. Danilov «Alternatives in the history of Russia: myth or reality (XIV—XIX centuries)» (Rostov-on-Don, 2007). The collection «Ex libris» will be interesting for both professionals and a wide range of readers. The book is distinguished by a deep knowledge of the material and literary, fascinating style of presentation.
Keywords: Russian abroad, intellectuals, time, happiness, historiography, source study, sport, ecology.
Pilipenko S.A. (Samara). Running from reality (Review of the monograph by A.S. Puchenkov “Ukraine and the Crimea in 1918 — early 1919. Essays on Political History”. St. Petersburg,: Nestor-Istoriya Publ., 2013)………….187
STANISLAV ALEKSANDROVICH PILIPENKO — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of Samara Technical University. 443100, Russian Federation, Samara, Molodogvardeiskaya St., 244. E-mail: sa.pilipenko@gmail.com
The following review highly appreciates the research carried out by the author in studying of the Civil War on the territory of the modern Ukraine and Crimea. The author’s detailed biographies of V.V. Shulgin and other prominent political figures of that period of Russian history are noteworthy. The author paid much attention to the ineffective activity of Russian politicians and parties, who did not reach agreement in the fight against a common enemy ― the Bolsheviks. The study describes in detail the armies and other armed formations created by various political forces, including foreign funds, to solve internal problems. The author dwells upon the peculiarities of the German occupation and the French intervention and the attitude of the Russian public towards them. The monograph looked upon as a research is performed at a high methodological level and recommended for study by specialists. Additionally, it can be of much interest to a wide range of readers keen on the history of Russia.
Keywords: White movement, V.V. Shulgin, Civil War in Russia, Volunteer Army, intervention, Crimea, Ukraine, Black Sea Fleet.
Poltorak S.N. (Saint Petersburg). Historical and psychological aspects of terrorism in representation of professor Anna Geyfman…………………………………………………………………………………………191
SERGEY NIKOLAEVICH POLTORAK — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the journal «Klio». 195220, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Grazhdanskii pr., 11. E-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru
In the review of the monograph by the Israeli professor Anna Geyfman “Destroyers. Totalitarian cults of the 20th–21st centuries” it is noted that the author has chosen a current scientific problem for a research. In the review it is emphasized that due to the publication of the monograph, a significant amount of the new facts, not previously known to Russian researchers have been introduced into scientific circulation.Among the shortcomings of the book the author of the review notes inaccuracies of formulations, statistical data and a number of others.
Keywords: Terror, terrorism, totalitarian cults, historical psychology, psychohistory.
A LETTER TO EDITORIAL BOARD
Blum A. (Paris, France). Letter to the editorial board of “Klio”……………………………………………………………194
ALAIN BLUM — Professor (Paris, France)
This letter is a response to the publication of A.A. Zdanovich “For the study of the history of the Cheka-NKVD at the present stage: polemical notes” in the journal “Klio” no. 3 of 2018.
The editorial Board invites colleagues to a discussion.