Contents
THEORETICAL ISSUES
Ippolitov G.M., Filatov T.V. (Samara). Teach-civilizational approach to cognition of history: symbiosis or acceptable research algorithm? Discussion of reasoning (2nd article)………………………… 13
GEORGY MIKHAILOVICH IPPOLITOV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Philosophy, Volga State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, Professor of the Department of National History and Archaeology, Samara State Socio-Pedagogical University. 443010, Russian Federation, Samara, L. Tolstoy St., 23. E-mail: gippolitov@rambler.ru
TIMUR VALENTINOVICH FILATOV — Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Head of the Department of Philosophy, Volga State University of Telecommunications and Informatics. 443010, Russian Federation, Samara, L’va Tolstogo St., 23. E-mail: tfilatoff1960@mail.ru
If we say that the problems of the formation and civilizational approaches to the knowledge of history have a rich historiography, then this will not be the whole truth. The fact is that the historiography mentioned above is located in a broadly debatable, and sometimes in a polemical, research field. A relatively large number of domestic studies devoted to the formational and civilizational approaches to the knowledge of history (especially in the Soviet and somewhat less in post-Soviet historiography) were carried out in the format of “or – or”, and often in the form of “pro et contra”. The authors of the article left the historiographic tradition of the Soviet and post-Soviet historiography to consider two extraordinary theoretical and methodological approaches, indicated above in the format of “or – or”, and, moreover, in the format of “pro et contra”. In addition, the authors of this article propose to consider these approaches not separately, but as a “formational civilization”, which, it can be assumed, will cause many critical judgments. However, in the category “formational-civilizational approach to the knowledge of history” that we propose, there is not a mechanical, but a dialectical connection. It is clear that our material is entirely debatable (but not polemical) in nature. We do not pretend to the dictum of common truths, which, as we know, are true, but only until the first bump. The second article addresses the following issues: the categories “formational (or monistic) approach to the knowledge of history” and “civilization (or pluralistic) approach to the knowledge of history” in the discussion field; so is it a symbiosis or an acceptable algorithm?; outside the formation-civilization approach; search for new research algorithms.
Keywords: formational (or monistic) approach to the knowledge of history, civilizational (or pluralistic) approach to the knowledge of history, symbiosis, research algorithm, formational-civilizational approach to the knowledge of history, G. Gelel, V.I. Vernadsky, K. Popper, K. Marx, F. Engels, F. Fukuyama, V.S. Stepin.
Sidnenko T.I. (Saint Petersburg). Liberal historical thought of the late 19th – early 20th centuries in the context of conceptual and methodological research updates of Humanities in Russia. (Analysis of the historical development of education practice) …………………………………………………… 24
TATYANA IVANOVNA SIDNENKO — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of State and Municipal Management, Director of the Center for Educational Technologies Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin. 196605, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoe sh., 10. E-mail: sidnenko@list.ru
The article presents the results of the study of liberal-historical thought of the late 19th – early 20th centuries in the context of historical and comparative comparison of the program provisions of the heritage of Russian liberal historiography with modern projects of transformation of the education system. The actual problems of historical development of education practice, introduction of innovative approaches in university education are analyzed. This work presents a derivation of a deeper multi-level and competency-based approaches. The projects of university education reform presented by scholars were based on cognitive models of knowledge development in society at critical times. The theoretical model found its embodiment in practice in the pedagogical activity of historians, in the organization of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris. Liberal historiography of the late 19th – early 20th centuries is considered as a social phenomenon that led to the change of the scholarly paradigm, the formation of a new type of research culture. The article is based on archival materials and monographic research.
Keywords: educational environment of the University, educational strategies and technologies of education, liberal historiography, teaching methods, historical education, School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
Pogodin S.N., Li Jingcheng (Saint Petersburg). Soviet historiography of Russian ecclesiastical mission in Beijing (second part) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
SERGEY NIKOLAEVICH POGODIN — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29, Polytechnicheskaya str., St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation. E-mail: pogodin56@mail.ru
LI JINGCHENG — Lecturer, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29, Polytechnicheskaya str., St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation; E-mail: li_ts@spbstu.ru
This article is focusing on the research of Soviet historians’ study of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing. The Soviet historical period, in the history of national historical science, is evaluated ambiguously. It was qualitatively different from the pre-revolutionary and modern stages of the development of historiography in Russia. Built on the basis of Marxist ideology, Soviet historiography was based on the conviction that economics and class struggle are the only correct force for the development of society. The authors of this article believe that it is necessary to take into account the positive experience of Soviet historiography. The works of Soviet Russian historians on the history of the Russian ecclesiastical mission in Beijing are of a positive nature and make a definite contribution to Russian historical science. The Russian ecclesiastical mission in Beijing throughout its existence has played a significant role as a representative of the Russian Empire during the Qing Dynasty. In the Soviet period, the study of religion, missionary work was difficult. Therefore, the history of the Mission and the activities of its members were mentioned only on the pages of publications devoted to issues of Oriental studies, within the framework of the history of Russian Sinology. In the first decade of Soviet power, historical science paid great attention to the social structure of China. In the 20s-30s of the 20th century, the theory of “commercial capitalism” was widely spread in Soviet historiography, developed as a special formation in Russian history, defining the internal and external policies of the tsarist government with commercial capital. The second half of the 20th century was characterized by significant changes in the political life of the country, which was also reflected in historical science. Complex scientific works appeared, scientific articles were published, theses of reports of conferences devoted to the history of the Russian spiritual mission in Beijing and its members. A characteristic feature of these works is that they focus on the scientific achievements of the Mission.
Keywords: Russian ecclesiastical mission in Beijing, historiography, Soviet historical science, history of Russia, history of China, Sinology, history of Orthodoxy.
Shashakhmetov D.V. (Moscow). Historical works in the 1920s. Bright scientists, characteristic features and research topics ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
DANIIL VIKTOROVICH SHASHAKHMETOV — Postgraduate student, Department of Russian history of the 20th–21st centuries, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovskiy Pr., 27/4. E-mail: danilka24101993@mail.ru
The article is devoted to historical compositions that were written in USSR in the 1920s and their authors. The main goal of this article is to explore trends that prevailed in historical science in that period. After the October revolution of 1917 historical science was completely rebuilt by soviet politics. Historians of this period researched limited scope of questions. The main themes of these investigations were Russian revolutions, history of RSDLP and proletarian movement. In 1920s history was closely related with Bolshevik Party. It was the main feature of historical science in that period. That’s why important to explore characteristic motives of historical works, and to reveal the conventional manner of presentation and background of new historical school.
Keywords: historiography, historical personalities, history of the Bolshevik party, new historical school, class approach, Marxism, scientific discussions.
GENERAL HISTORY
Ibragimov A.M. (Derbent), Magaramov S.A. (Makhachkala). Formation of the ethno-confessional composition of the population of Derbent in the Middle Ages…………………………………………………….. 45
ALI MAGIYATDINOVICH IBRAGIMOV — Postgraduate student, Institute of history, archaeology and Ethnography Dagestan scientific center of RAS, Director of Derbent Museum-reserve. Russia, Derbent, Derbent, M. Rzayeva str., 7. E-mail: ali-ibragimov-2019@list.ru
SHARAFETDIN ARIFOVICH MAGARAMOV — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, North-Caucasian branch (Institute) of All-Russian State University of Justice, Senior researcher, Institute of history, archaeology and Ethnography Dagestan scientific center of RAS, Russia, Makhachkala, M.Ul. Yaragskogo 75-502. E-mail: sharafutdin@list.ru
The article shows how the resettlement policy of various conquerors, mainly of the Safavid shahs of Iran, influenced the formation of the ethnic and religious pattern in medieval Derbent. The Turkic element in the city’s population began to penetrate as far back as the 11th – 13th centuries. The most significant changes in the ethno-confessional environment of the city occurred as a result of the resettlement policy of the Shahs of Iran in the 15th – 18th centuries. Iranian shahs Ismail, Tahmasp I and Abbas I were actively engaged in colonization of Derbent and its districts. The Bayat, Rumlu, Curci, Sursur and other tribes resettled from different regions of Iran were mainly Shi’i-speaking ethnic groups that professed Shiism, and they also formed Turkic-speaking Arabs and Yak-Yar-Yar women tribes’ basis of the formation of the modern Azerbaijani population of Derbent.
Keywords: Medieval Derbent, migration policy, Turkic ethnic groups, Shiism, Azerbaijanis.
Kim In Gyu (Seongnam City, Republic of Korea). The protestant abstinence movement in Korea (the beginning of the twentieth century – 1945)……………………………………………………………………… 50
KIM IN GYU — Postgraduate student, Department of Foreign Regional Studies and Diplomacy, Kuban State University. 350058, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, Stavropolskaya St., 149. Republic of Korea, Gyeonggi Province, Seongnam City, Bundang-gu, Suhyon-dong, 289–2. 경기도 성남시 분당구 서현동 289–2. E-mail: kimkras@yandex.ru
The article is devoted to the little-studied topic of the activities of the Protestant Church of Korea to correct the mores of the Korean people in the spirit of Christian values under conditions of Japanese domination. The Korean Protestant Church professed Puritanism, preaching ascetic life, honesty, poverty. Alcohol, smoking, gambling, and extramarital cohabitation was prohibited. Therefore, it can be said that the upbringing of the faith of the Korean people was a movement of abstinence in the broad sense. Protestants began to widely propagandize the ideas of abstinence and a whole movement of the same name arose. The abstinence movement, initiated by the Protestant churches and the church and supported by many public organizations, set as its goals the education of the Korean people in the spirit of sobriety, frugality, and Christian morality. Members of the movement were guided not only by the ideas of correcting the existing mores, but also looking to the future, hoping to lay the foundations of a prosperous Korean state with their activities. The author examines in details the activities carried out by Protestant organizations to promote a sober way of life, thrift, moral purity and concludes that this activity had a certain effect and found understanding among Korean Christians, but little touched the foundations of the behavior of the majority of the nation.
Keywords: Abstinence movement, Protestant Church, sobriety, frugality, morality, Korean Women’s Christian Association.
Smirnova E.V. (Saint Petersburg). Nuclear-weapon countries of «second wave»: India and Pakistan. Political strategy …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 54
EKATERINA VIKTOROVNA SMIRNOVA — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Department of Far East History, Faculty of Asian and African Studies, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya Emb., building 11. E-mail: ek_smir@mail.ru
This article is about creation history of nuclear weapon in India and Pakistan, as well as the geopolitical situation in South Asia. India and Pakistan – the nuclear-weapon countries of “second wave”, took active involvement in the arms race. Both countries have scientific and technical potential for the further development of their nuclear arsenal. Taking into account the political situation in the Asian region, border disputes between India and Pakistan, as well as the aggressive policy of the United States, question of nuclear conflict in Asia is still opening. This study focuses on India’s foreign strategy as a major player in the South Asian sector, and Pakistan, the only country in the Islamic world openly tested nuclear weapons. To complete the analysis, the author also involved the history of relations between the nuclear powers of South Asia and China, their differences and points of cooperation.
Keywords: India, nuclear weapon, policy, Pakistan, conflict, arms race, strategy.
HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Magomedhanov M.M., Bakanov A.V., Garunova S.M. (Makhachkala). To the history of Russian governance of the northeastern Caucasus (1801–1859)………………………………………………………….. 65
MAGOMEDHAN MAGOMEDOVICH MAGOMEDHANOV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department of Ethnography, Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 367030, Russian Federation, Makhachkala, M. Yaragskogo St., 75. E-mail: mkhan@yandex.ru
ALEXANDER VLADIMIROVICH BAKANOV — Postgraduate student, Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography, Dagestan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 367030, Russian Federation, Makhachkala, M. Yaragskogo St., 75. E-mail: mr.bakanov85@mail.ru
SAIDA MAGOMEDHANOVNA GARUNOVA — Junior Researcher, The G. Tsadasy Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Dagestan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 367030, Russian Federation, Makhachkala, M. Yaragskogo St., 75. E-mail: saida-mag@yandex.ru
The article discusses issues related to the process of approval of the Russian authorities in the north-eastern Caucasus, measures, means and resources that the imperial government used to incorporate this region into the Russian state. Practices of swearing in the Dagestan rulers on the oath of citizenship of Russia, as well as various government models applied by the Russian administration in the north-eastern Caucasus in the first half of the 19th century, are considered. It is noted that the treaties between the representatives of the Imperial Administration and the Dagestan rulers recognized the internal self-government and the extraterritoriality of the political entities that they brought into Russian citizenship. It is emphasized that in the first half of the 19th century the Imperial power failed to create a unified administrative and governance system in Dagestan. The establishment of the latter began only after the end of the Caucasian War and the formation of the Dagestan region in the 1860s.
Keywords: North Caucasus, Dagestan, Caucasian War, Russian Governance of the Caucasus, Caucasian Politics.
Alekseev T.V., Voronina M.M., Shevchenko M.M. (Saint Petersburg). Special Meeting on State Defense (1915–1917): Researcher Evaluation and Results……………………………………………. 75
TIMOFEY VLADIMIROVICH ALEKSEEV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor at the Inter-University Center for Education in history and philosophy of science and technology, Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University. 198262, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Leninsky Prospect, 101. E-mail: timofey1967@mail.ru
MARGARITA MIHAILOVNA VORONINA — Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor at the Inter-University Center for Education in history and philosophy of science and technology, Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University. 198262, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Leninsky Prospect, 101. E-mail: voronina.pgups@gmail.com
MIKHAIL MAKSIMOVICH SHEVCHENKO — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor at the Inter-University Center for Education in history and philosophy of science and technology, Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University. 198262, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Leninsky Prospect, 101. E-mail: Mixailshevchenko.44@mail.ru
The article is devoted to the analysis of the most typical critical assessments of the activities of the Special Conference presented in the national historiography for discussing and combining state defense activities during the First World War. The sources of these assessments are mainly works written in the Soviet period and still not the subject of critical analysis. The authors attempted to abstract from the usual approaches to such assessments, to show the conditionality of many shortcomings in the activities of the Special Conference on Defense by the extraordinary conditions of wartime, the inexorable logic of the complex military-political and socio-economic situation in Russia during the First World War. In addition, the authors demonstrated the positive consequences of the work of the extraordinary bodies of the military-economic mobilization system, led by the Special Defense Conference, their contribution to the solution of both the current tasks of supplying the army and more promising questions of the development of the national economy. It was especially emphasized and shown that in the years of the First World War, a significant advance was made in the process of the formation of the domestic military-industrial complex, primarily its managerial and production components.
Keywords: World War I, Special meeting on defense, military-economic mobilization, emergency agencies, economic regulation, military-industrial complex, military orders, military industry.
HISTORY OF RUSSIAN REGIONS
Politov I.V. (Saint Petersburg). Actions of the Military Councils on the formation of the financial and legal system of remuneration of workers and employees engaged in the construction of defensive lines on the far and near approaches to Leningrad (June–August 1941)………………………. 84
IGOR VITALEVICH POLITOV — Postgraduate student, Department of Public Administration, North-Western Institute of management – branch of RANEPA. 199178, St. Petersburg, Sredny prospect V. O., d. 57/43. E-mail: i.polit@mail.ru
The article is devoted to the 75th anniversary of the complete lifting of the siege of Leningrad. The heroic feat of Leningrad defended their city in the face of a deadly enemy. The article deals with the activities of the Military Councils on the organization of the wage system of workers and employees involved in labor service and employed in the construction of fortifications on the far and near approaches to Leningrad. The article describes the activities of the military authorities to develop a mechanism to provide the population mobilized for the construction of defensive structures with food and wages. The main documents that served as the basis for the formation of the system of remuneration of workers and employees engaged in the construction of defensive lines on the far and near approaches to Leningrad are revealed. Time period June-August 1941.
Keywords: Military Council, resolution, wage system, labor service, defense facilities.
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Ataev G.D., Garunova S.M. (Makhachkala). On the history of international trade of Dagestan carpets and crafts ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
GAMZAT DIBIROVICH ATAEV — Ph.D. in History, Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of Dagestan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 367030, Russian Federation, Makhachkala, M. Yaragskogo St., 75. E-mail: ataevgd@mail.ru
SAIDA MAGOMEDHANOVNA GARUNOVA — Junior Researcher, The G. Tsadasy Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Dagestan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 367030, Russian Federation, Makhachkala, M. Yaragskogo St., 75. E-mail: saida-mag@yandex.ru
The article is written on the basis of the latest archaeological and ethnographic materials characterizing the milestones in the development of international trade in Dagestan and the North Caucasus. Using the example of analysis of geography and international trade routes, along which local trade in carpets and handicrafts was carried out, the stages of weakening and strengthening of trade and economic ties between Dagestan and the North Caucasus with Transcaucasia and the Middle East in the Middle Ages (V-VII centuries) and subsequent periods are highlighted. It is emphasized that the Caucasus, and especially the Northern and Caspian parts of it, since antiquity, had been in the epicenter of international trade and cultural relations, world civilization processes. It is noted that the trade, economic and cultural ties of Dagestan with other regions of the Caucasus, with the countries of the Middle East, Central Asia, and Russia, which had been developing over the centuries, contributed to the intensification of domestic and foreign trade in Dagestan carpets, the development of the national craft-oriented industry. to meet the demand of domestic and foreign markets.
Keywords: Dagestan, the North Caucasus, international trade, carpet weaving, craft, interethnic interaction.
Fedotova A.J. (Kazan), Tsidenkov G.G. (Samara). The humanitarian aid of Swedish commercial and industrial enterprises to the starving population of Soviet Russia in 1921–1923 ……………………….. 93
ANASTASIYA JUREVNA FEDOTOVA — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of the Department of Humanities of the Preparatory Faculty for Foreign Students, Kazan Federal University. 420008, Russian Federation, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya St., 18. E-mail: stasi7886@mail.ru
GRIGORIY GENNADIEVICH TSIDENKOV — Ph.D. in Sociology, Associate Professor, Department of Management, Service Technologies and Economic Education, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education. 443090, Russian Federation, Samara, Maxim Gorky St., 65/67. E-mail: gcidenkov@yandex.ru
During the devastating famine of 1921–1923 in Soviet Russia and Ukraine, various foreign humanitarian organizations provided humanitarian aid to the starving population. The aid was provided by the States, international organizations, trade unions, public and commercial associations, individuals and by various social-democratic and communist parties. A significant contribution to the cause of helping the starving was made by Swedish humanitarian aid, that was distributed mainly in Samara province, Tatar Republic at Volga region and Kherson volost in Ukraine. The humanitarian aid from Sweden came in two main directions: through the expeditions of the Swedish Red Cross, which was the part of the Nansen Committee and constantly worked in the starving regions, and by sending private parcels and direct donations through the organizations of “Workers International Relief” and “Association of private Swedish commercial and industrial enterprises to help the starving in Russia”. In the article the authors made an attempt to systematize and bring into sequence information on humanitarian aid received from the “Association of private Swedish commercial and industrial enterprises to help the starving in Russia” and to reveal the ways and addresses of its distribution. The article also draws attention to the motivation of the Swedish commercial and industrial circles in the provision of assistance to the starving, examines some aspects of Soviet agitation in Sweden. The cargo specification, the names of donators and freight documents of the “Association of private Swedish commercial and industrial enterprises to help the starving in Russia” in Petrograd are given according to the data of the National Archive of Sweden (Riksarkivet) and are introduced for the first time in scholar circulation. The names of Swedish companies and the proper names are given according to original documents.
Keywords: the famine of 1921–1923, famine in the Volga region, the foreign humanitarian aid, the Swedish aid to the starving in Soviet Russia, the Association of Swedish commercial and industrial enterprises, Kazan, Petrograd, the delivery of humanitarian supplies.
ARCHAEOLOGY
Lee Wooseop (Daejeon, Republic of Korea). Image of horses from Duurlignars burial in the context of the horse shape in Xiongnu animal style ………………………………………………………………………….. 100
WOOSEOP LEE — Postgraduate student, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119192, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovsky prospect st., 27/4. 35201, Korea, Daejeon, Daedukdaero 415, Sanga APT 108–1307. E-mail: wooseop@mail.ru
The article is a study of the horse image in the Xiongnu animal style at the end of I millennium BC – the beginning of I millennium AD based on the materials from burial grounds of Transbaikal region and Mongolia. There have been found many accessories made in the form of horse figures. They are known to be found in the burial sites of Duurlignars, Ilmovaya Padi, Noin-Ula, Dyrestuy, and some other ruins. The author pays particular attention to the stylistic features of the shape of horses, analysis of common and different features in the expression of animal shapes according to the territory. The question of the functional purpose of these accessories remains debatable. Presumably, figures in the form of a horse were pinned to clothes on a horseman’s chest, as evidenced by the findings of fabric fragments, and they were characteristic amulets in the military environment. Such a tradition of costume decoration is often found in nomadic societies.
Keywords: Xiongnu, animal style, shape of horse, Duurlignars, archaeology, decoration, image, Xiongnu in Transbaikal.
HISTORY OF CULTURE
Dunina M.V. (Moscow). Temporary artistic co-operations and painting workshops in Rome of the second half of the 16th century …………………………………………………………………………………. 105
MARIA VLADIMIROVNA DUNINA — Alumnus of postgraduate program of the Department of General History of Arts, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Researcher of the Department of Art of the Old Masters of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovskiy Pr., 27/4. E-mail: mashadunina@mail.ru
The article raises an important for the art of the Italian Renaissance theme of coexistence of temporary artistic associations and permanent workshops of painters in the framework of one artistic space. If in the period of Quattrocento, the artist’s workshop was the main structural cell in the artistic environment of Italian cities, by the second half of the Cinquecento the form of collective work of large creative associations became more rational. The popularity of piecework and the lack of opportunities for education resulted in the fact that the artists whose work that time determined the development of Roman art – Taddeo and Federico Zuccaro, Girolamo Muziano, Cesare Nebbia, Federico Barocci – were less interested in the constant presence of a certain set of assistants in their workshops. Often, they hired various young men to perform specific orders.
Keywords: Cinquecento art, artistic workshop, artistic co-operation, Zuccaro, Muziano, Nebbia, Barocci.
Solomakha E.N., Serafimov M.M. (Nizhny Novgorod). Study of the formation and development of the gymnasium in Russia in the II quarter of the 19th century ……………………………………………….. 110
ELENA NIKOLAEVNA SOLOMAKHA — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of the Department of Balahninskу Branch of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod. 603098, Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Prospekt Gagarina, 23. E-mail: elenasolomakha@yandex.ru
MIKHAIL MIKHAYLOVICH SERAFIMOV — Ph.D. in Sociology, Associate of Professor of the Department of Dzerzhinsky Branch of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod. 603098, Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Prospekt Gagarina, 23. E-mail: m.serafimov@yandex.ru
In 1828, under the influence of the political factor, the government reformed the gymnasium again, striving to develop a “uniform” school policy aimed at strengthening social stability, characterized by tight control over the gymnasium, a change in the management structure, and the level of education. The purpose of the gymnasium according to the statute of 1828 is to prepare for the university and raise children of the upper class. Classical languages remain dominant. Changes in the content of education was insignificant and manifested in a small redistribution of hours. Changes to the methods were not provided, since they corresponded to the political goal of the government – educating the performer. Under the influence of economic and political factors, in 1849 the content of education changed: from the fourth grade, the gymnasium course began to be divided into Latin and legal departments. It substantiates the strengthening of the educational function of the Law of God as a means of educating loyal subjects who are convinced of the benefits of the main directions of government policy. In 1852, along with the classical one, a new type of gymnasium appeared – with natural history and law. Economic development requires the training of highly qualified technical personnel, and the purpose of this type of gymnasium is to prepare for higher specialized educational institutions. Thus, the contradiction between the principle of estate and the requirements for the further economic development of society was resolved. In the content of education, emphasis was placed on the subjects of the natural-mathematical cycle. Traditionally, the dogmatic type of training is preserved in the new type of gymnasium. Thus, the history of the formation of a gymnasium in Russia suggests that the dynamism of the goals of the gymnasium, the content of education and teaching methods is determined by factors of a political and socio-economic nature.
Keywords: goals, methods and content of gymnasium education, second quarter of the 19th century, classical and real gymnasiums.
Yang Soon Yean (Seongnam City, Republic of Korea). Korean cinema: «the Shanghai group» is the idea of resistance………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 121
YANG SOON YEAN — Postgraduate student, Department of Foreign Regional Studies and Diplomacy, Kuban State University. 350058, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, Stavropolskaya St., 149. Republic of Korea, Gyeonggi Province, Seongnam City, Bundang-gu, Suhyon-dong, 289–2. 경기도 성남시 분당구 서현동 289–2. E-mail: kimkras@yandex.ru
The article deals with the history of Korean cinema during the Japanese occupation (1910–1945). The author examines the initial stage of the film genre, its evolution, social and aesthetic functions, analyzes the content of
the main directions of cinema. In particular, the work of the filmmakers of the Shanghai group is studied. In the late 1920s, due to increased Japanese censorship, some filmmakers left for Shanghai, where they were later called “the Shanghai group”. Their films had a great influence on filmmakers in Korea and China. It included Teng-Ki-Tak, Teng-Chan-Geun, Lee Kyung-Sun, and others who made films about patriotism and resistance to Japanese imperialism. It is concluded that the films of the Shanghai group influenced the Patriotic spirit of the peoples of Korea and China, their struggle against Japan and made a great contribution to the history of Chinese and Korean cinema.
Keywords: Korean cinema, Japanese occupation, censorship, independence, Shanghai Group, Patriotic spirit, filmmaker, director, history.
Dorzheeva V.V. (Magadan). Contemporary practice of indigenous languages preservation in Canada – legal and regulatory aspect……………………………………………………………………………………………… 125
VIKTORIA VLADIMIROVNA DORZHEEVA — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Department, North-Eastern State University. 685000, Russian Federation, Magadan, Portovaya St., 13. E-mail: dorvic68@mail.ru
Preservation and protection of indigenous languages is a live issue for the modern society. Globalization and assimilation processes are forcing traditional cultures and languages to fade away drastically. The importance of indigenous languages preservation is acknowledged both domestically and internationally. This article analyses modern Canada’s experience in preserving indigenous peoples’ languages. It presents dynamics of indigenous languages dwindling over the past decades. The article also reviews Canada’s legal framework in regards to indigenous languages preservation – i.e. the Act respecting Indigenous languages of 2019. As yet, one cannot evaluate its efficiency in practical work; however, the cornerstone legal principles will be equally relevant for Russia.
Keywords: International year of Indigenous Languages, indigenous peoples, Inuit, Métis, First Nations, Indigenous Languages, Canada, law, languages preservation, problem, Commissioner of Indigenous Languages.
MILITARY HISTORY
Karpov V.B., Gabrovec I.V. (Saint Petersburg). Problems of daily activity (combat training) of troops on the example of the Kiev Special military district……………………………………………..130
VIKTOR BORISOVICH KARPOV — Ph.D. in Military sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of the Military space Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky. 197198, Russia, St. Petersburg, Zhdanovskaya ul., 13. E-mail: alenakarpova1809@yandex.ru
IGOR VALERYEVICH GABROVEC — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of the Military space Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky. 197198, Russia, St. Petersburg, Zhdanovskaya street, 13.
The article deals with the problematic issues of combat training of troops and the practice of management of troops on the example of the prewar period in the Kiev Special military district. The analysis of completeness and quality of performance of planned actions of combat training is carried out, a number of omissions in the course of training of the main types of land forces is proved. The author shows insufficient attention to the issues of recruiting troops in the formations involved in covering the border. The reasons for the decrease in the level of combat training in the border areas in the pre-war period are revealed. The marked negative trend of decline in the quality of training of headquarters units in the period under review, lack of practical skills in the management of parts in difficult conditions of military combat. The conclusions about the lack of attention in the process of combat training of troops to the organization of interaction between the main branches of the armed forces, which ultimately did not allow to fully solve the problem on purpose.
Keywords: daily activities, combat training, Kiev Special military district, training period, training problems, training and education, command staff, management system.
HISTORICAL CHARACTERS
Soldatenko V.F. (Kyiv). «Make the impossible possible»: Georgy Pyatakov’s drama ……………………………… 137
VALERII FEDOROVICH SOLDATENKO — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding member of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Chief Researcher, I.F. Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv. E-mail: soldatenko.v.f@gmail.com
The article briefly describes and assesses activities of prominent politician and statesman Georgy Leonidovich Pyatakov in 1929–1937. On the one hand, it was his “finest hour”. He could have a truly great influence on socialist construction implementation plans, formation of a powerful Soviet economy and its rapid development. This unshakable revolutionary, ardent communist saw the highest meaning of his life, the embodiment of the most cherished aspirations, the triumph of majestic creative ideals. On the other hand, at the same time, a seemingly completely illogical and therefore difficult to comprehend drama was brewing. Its finale was tragic – bright, talented, loyal to people and country person was accused of fictional criminal acts and became the victim of political repression apogee year – the thirty-seventh. The fate of G.L. Pyatakov, as if in a drop of water, reflected the entire complexity and contradictory nature of the “Stalinist leap into socialism” era. Historians continue to investigate this phenomenon very difficult, often controversially, manipulating policy for ideological purposes.
Keywords: socialism, the Congress of the VKP(b), industrialization, “Stalinist economic assault”, political repression.
Balandina O.A. (Saint Petersburg). S.A. Lozovsky: on the way to the Sovinformburo and at the head of it ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 146
OLESYA ALEXANDROVNA BALANDINA — Postgraduate student, Herzen State Pedagogical University. 191186, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Moika Emb., 48. E-mail: olesya.balandina@inbox.ru.
The article presents a poorly studied political biography of Great Soviet statesman of the first half of the 20th century Solomon Abramovich Lozovsky. The author was able to trace the stages of life S.A. Lozovsky through the prism of patron-client relations that existed in Soviet elite. The relevance of the study is due to the determination of the place of the main events from the biography of the protagonist in the accumulation of a set of factors, contributed to the successful execution of their main role – the organizer of the Soviet Informbureau. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that due to the involvement of sources used for the first time identified the key contribution of S. Lozovsky in the activities of the Soviet information Bureau during the great Patriotic war.
Keywords: Solomon Abramovich Lozovsky, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, Soviet information Bureau, The Great Patriotic War, Soviet information and propaganda activities for abroad; press conferences; people’s Commissariat of foreign Affairs of the USSR.
OPINION
Voronov V.N. (Moscow), Filatov T.V. (Samara). How long can you step on the same rake? On the vitality of the modern legend about Anton Ivanovich Denikin…………………………………………… 155
VITALY NIKOLAEVICH VORONOV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Research Officer of the Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces named after Peter the Great of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 109074, Russian Federation, Moscow, Kitaigorodskiy proezd, 9. E-mail: voronovvitali@yandex.ru
TIMUR VALENTINOVICH FILATOV — Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Head of the Department of Philosophy, Volga State University of Telecommunications and Informatics. 443010, Russian Federation, Samara, L’va Tolstogo St., 23. E-mail: tfilatoff1960@mail.ru
The authors of the publication express their opinion about one modern legend re-launched into scientific circulation via electronic edition by Dr. Buldakov Vladimir Prokhorovich, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Researcher of the IRI RAS. This legend tells about the episode that allegedly took place in the emigrant life of A.I. Denikin during the Second World War. The scientist interpreted the legend mentioned above, which was first introduced into scientific circulation in 1990 by the prominent Soviet historian L.M. Spirin. Subsequently, this legend was repeated several times in the post-Soviet and modern historiography, despite the fact that it was refuted in 2000 in the doctoral thesis of G.M. Ippolitov, devoted to A.I. Denikin.
Keywords: A.I. Denikin, V.P. Buldakov, legend, G.M. Ippolitov, medicament car, I.V. Stalin, the Second World War.
REVIEWS
Kashchenko S.G., Prijmak N.I. (Saint Petersburg). Review of the book «The chair of source studies, historical faculty of the Moscow University» / Under the editorship of Professor A.G. Golikov, St. Petersburg: Alethea, 2019. – 302 p.: Fig. – (Transactions of the historical faculty of Moscow state University. Issue.142. ser. II: Historical studies, 85)……………………………………………………………….. 163
SERGEY GRIGORJEVITCH KASHCHENKO — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of Source Studies of Russian history, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleev line, 5. E-mail: s.kaschenko@spbu.ru
NINEL IVANOVNA PRIJMAK — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Source Studies of Russian history, Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Mendeleev line, 5. E-mail: n.prijmak@spbu.ru
The review highly appreciates the monographic publication “The Department of Source Studies, Faculty of History of the Moscow University”. The authors of the book give a detailed description of the history of formation and development of the school of source studies at Moscow University from the beginning of the 19th century to the present time. The book contains valuable biographical descriptions of the life and work of prominent Moscow scholars, specialists in the field of source studies, methodology of history and auxiliary historical disciplines. The monograph is a valuable contribution to the historiography of Russian source studies.
Keywords: department of source studies, faculty of history, Moscow State University, history of source studies.
Korshunov Y.L., Losik A.V. (Saint Petersburg). Review of the book of Fedulov S.V., Scherba A.N. «Naval technical cooperation of the Russian Empire (1890–1917): experiences and lessons». Saint Petersburg, Aurora Publ., 2016…………………………………………………………………………………. 167
YURI LEONIDOVICH KORSHUNOV — Doctor of Naval Sciences, Professor, Senior Research Assistant, Scientific Research Institute of Shipbuilding and Armament of the Navy, Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov, Rear Admiral, retired.
ALEXANDER VITALIEVICH LOSIK — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Baltic State Technical University “Voenmech” named after D.F. Ustinov, Deputy Editor of the journal “Klio”. 197374, Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Shkolnaya St., 81–2–81. E-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru
Monograph “Naval technical cooperation of the Russian Empire (1890–1917): experience and lessons” (Saint Petersburg, Aurora Publ., 2016, 296 p.), written by Ph.D. in Technical Sciences S.V. Fedulov and Doctor of Technical Sciences A.N. Scherba, published in 2016, is devoted to how the system of military-technical cooperation with foreign countries was created, functioned and developed in the late imperial period of Russia’s development. The monograph discusses the problem of the formation and evolution of the system from 1990 to 1917, based on strict state regulation, and military-technical cooperation between Russia and some Western countries in peace time, and during the World War I. It is emphasized that in the second half of the nineteenth century the scale and intensity of the naval technical cooperation has significantly expanded, deepened, and hence has arisen an objective need for state regulation of this process. The subject of analysis in this monograph is the activities of various state bodies of the Russian Empire.
Keywords: Navy, shipbuilding, military-technical cooperation, Russian Empire, imported order, World War I, placing orders, import substitution.
REVIEWS OF OFFICIAL OPPONENTS
Kabytov P.S. (Samara). Review of the dissertation of Kniga M.D. «Formation and development of the system of agricultural education in the provinces of European Russia (1890s –1917)», Voronezh. 2018, 532 p. presented for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences, specialty 07.00.02 – National history ……… 171
PYOTR SERAFIMOVICH KABYTOV — Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of the Russian History, Samara National Research University. 443086, Russian Federation, Samara, Moskovskoye shosse, 34. E-mail: Don.kabytov2012@yandex.ru
The publication is a review of the doctoral dissertation M.D. Kniga devoted to the peculiarities of the development of agricultural education in the provinces of European Russia at the turn of 19th–20th centuries. The review noted the special relevance of the topic in the context of solving such problems as the compliance of reform projects of power to the strategic needs of the state and social needs of the population. The dissertation collected extensive and in many ways unique archival material, on the basis of which a comprehensive study is presented, the factors that influenced the formation and development of the agricultural education system of the process of creating and functioning of the model of higher agricultural education in Russia are revealed. The role of universities in the training of highly qualified personnel, scientific development of agricultural problems and their educational activities is shown.
Keywords: agriculture, higher education, innovations, agricultural education.