Klio # 8 (128) 2017

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Contents

 

MEMOIRS

 

Larionov L.V. From the memoirs of a Russian naval officer (prepared for publication by D.E. Levin)…………………………13

The memoirs of a Russian naval officer L.V. Larionov offered to readers of “Klio”, were prepared to print several years ago by our regular author D.E. Levin. After his death, these materials (curriculum vitae, list of publications L.V. Larionov and his memories of education, the naval service and follow-up activities) up to the present time were kept by the widow of Levin — E.G. Molochnova. With the permission of Elena Georgievna, the editorial board of our magazine for the first time publishes materials of L.V. Larionov, stored in the collections of the Manuscript department of Russian National library.

The editorial board

 

Poltorak S.N. (Saint Petersburg). D.A. Granin in my life……………………………………………………………………………43

SERGEI NIKOLAEVICH POLTORAK — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the journal «Klio», Head of the Department of International Relations and Foreign Regional Studies, St. Petersburg Institute of Foreign Economic Relations, Economics and Law. 191014, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Liteinyi pr., 42. E-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru

In the memoirs S.N. Poltorak describes his meetings with the prominent Russian writer D.A. Granin (1919–2017), his impressions from those meetings. D.A. Granin was the initiator of several sessions of the St. Petersburg historians, which were held in the format of brainstorming. The author expresses his opinion about the writer’s works as an effective historical source. This applies not only to his military prose, but works in which he described the pre-war and post-war events. S.N. Poltorak says about the attitude of Granin to other writers: B. D. Chetverikov and A.I. Solzhenitsyn. The author reflects about the complex character of the eminent writer, about his attitude to officials, politicians, historical personalities. In the memoirs said about the attitude of Granin to the journal “Klio” and “History of Petersburg”, about his activities in support of these issues.

Keywords: D.A. Granin, B.D. Chetverikov, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, V. Chudakov, B.V. Ananich, R.Sh. Ganelin, the Great Patriotic War, the siege of Leningrad, “Klio”, “History of Petersburg”.

 

 

THEORETICAL ISSUES

 

Bezgina O.A. (Togliatti). Some aspects of the methodology of studying the cooperative movement in Russia in the late 19th — early 20th centuries………………………………………………………………………………51

OLGA ANATOL’EVNA BEZGINA — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of history and philosophy, Togliatti State University. 445021, Russian Federation, Togliatti, Belorusskaya str., 14. E-mail: bezgina@tltsu.ru

The cooperative movement of Russia in the late 19th — early 20th centuries is a unique phenomenon of socio-economic life. At that time, it had played an important role in the modernization of the country, did not remain aloof from economic, social, cultural and even political processes in Russia. However, with the establishment of Soviet power, cooperation on political and ideological grounds began to lose its cooperative nature and became state-owned. The article analyzes the evolution of the definition of cooperation. It shows how, depending on which of the essential characteristics of cooperation the author singles out, the definition of cooperation is modified. In the opinion of the author of this article, the transformation of the definition of cooperation is related to the role assigned to a particular historical period.

Keywords: cooperation, cooperative movement, dual nature, social ideal, ideology, M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky. S.N. Prokopovich, A.V. Chayanov, S.L. Maslov.

 

 

SOURCE STUDIES

 

Bitelev I.A. (Moscow). The Russo-German customs war of 1893–1894 through the eyes of the journals “Vestnik Evropy”, “Russkaya Mysl”, “Russkiy Vestnik” and “Russkoye Bogatstvo”…………………………………………………………………….55

IVAN ALEXANDROVICH BITELEV — Postgraduate Student of the Department of Russian History of the XIX — early XX centuries, Faculty of History, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. 119234, Russian Federation, Moscow, Leninsky gory, 1, building B, room B-913. E-mail: ivanbitel@yandex.ru

The article is devoted to the reflection of the customs war between Russia and Germany in 1893–1894 in the most significant periodicals in Russia. The object of the study is the Russian journals “Vestnik Evropy”, “Russkaya Mysl”, “Russkiy Vestnik” and “Russkoye Bogatstvo”. The subject of the study is the reaction of these periodicals to the Russian-German trade conflict of 1893–1894. The choice of these publications is due, on the one hand, to their relatively large influence and relatively large circulation, and on the other hand, to different ideological and political platforms, including the left and right directions, which allows for a comparative analysis. The urgency of addressing this issue is explained by the relevance of studying the prehistory of the First World War, caused in large part by trade and economic rivalry and nationalism, in the formation of which the press played a big role.

Keywords: “Vestnik Evropy”, “Russkaya Mysl”, “Russkiy Vestnik”, “Russkoye Bogatstvo”, press history, economic relations, customs war.

 

Shimbireva O.A. (Moscow). Informative potential of the “Letters of the Black Hundreds and other persons” as a primary source for studying public sentiments in the Russian empire of the early 20th century…………………………………………63

OLGA ALEXANDROVNA SHIMBIREVA — Assistant of the Source Studies department, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119192, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovsky pr., 27, building 4. E-mail: kaptelina@mail.ru

This article devoted to the source studies of the corpuses of clerical correspondence “Letters of the Black Hundreds and other persons” from the point of view of their representative and informative value for studying public sentiments in the Russian Empire of the early 20th century. To this end, various classifications of messages were made: by date of making, region of “origin”, social affiliation of the authors of letters and their motivations for addressing the Union of Russian People. The results of these classifications are considered the basis for the comparative evaluation of informative capability of individual groups of letters and corpuses in general.  It was ultimately concluded that the “Letters of the Black Hundreds and Other Persons”, in terms of their chronological and geographical “origin”, social composition of correspondents and variety of message subjects, are a very representative source for studying public sentiments in the Russian Empire of the early 20th century.

Keywords: correspondence, archival materials, the Union of Russian People, public sentiments, monarchist sentiments, nationalist sentiments, conservatism, informative value, State Archive of the Russian Federation.

 

 

HISTORIOGRAPHY

 

Zotova A.V. (Saint-Petersburg). Soviet and anti-Soviet historiography of 1918 about the Brest peace Treaty……………..68

ANASTASIYA VALERYEVNA ZOTOVA — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations in the Post-Soviet Area, Saint-Petersburg State University 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7–9. E-mail: anastasiyazotova@mail.ru

The purpose of the article is to trace the main tendencies in the development of the historiography of 1918, devoted to the course and results of the talks in Brest-Litovsk between the delegations of Soviet Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. On the basis of the comparative method of research, the dynamics of publications in various regions of Russia are traced in 1918. The author compares the views of supporters of concluding a peace treaty with the positions of his opponents. It is argued that the conclusions of the supporters of the conclusion of the Brest Peace Treaty were more reasoned, they more often traced the desire for an objective assessment of both the course of the talks and their consequences. At the same time, it is noted that a number of authors, being participants in the negotiation process (for example, the head of the delegation L.B. Kamenev), had no idea about the specifics of diplomatic activity, they considered the “class component” as the main element of negotiating. The results of the research will allow us to evaluate the process of formation of the historiography of the problem at its initial stage, and also to reconstruct the historical and psychological situation in which the Brest Peace Treaty was signed.

Keywords: Brest peace Treaty, 1918, political struggle, Soviet historiography, anti-Soviet historiography.

 

Zdanovich A.A. (Moscow). The theme “Lockhart’s Plot” in historical literature: unresolved issues and the reproduction of myths…………………………………………………………………………………………………………73

ALEXANDER ALEXANDROVICH ZDANOVICH — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Moscow Pedagogical State University. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, M. Pirogovskaya Str., 1/1. E-mail: zdanovich52@gmail.com

In the first period of the existence of the Cheka, one of the most important of her cases was the disclosure of the Lockhart Plot. A lot has already been written about it in the historical literature. At the same time, a number of issues remain unclear, or deliberately distorted. Examples of it are found in Soviet and post-Soviet monographs and articles. The same can be said about foreign research. Archival documents, first introduced by the author into scientific circulation, and memoirs of individual security officers make it possible to look differently at the very matter of the conspiracy, and the role of individuals involved in it both on the part of opponents of Soviet power and the bodies of Soviet counterintelligence.

Keywords: the Lockhart Plot, the Cheka, the Soviet counterintelligence, the anti-Soviet underground.

 

 

HISTORY OF RUSSIA

 

Volobuev O.V. (Moscow). 1917 in Russia (February-August): a revolutionary process in its continuity and discreteness……………………………………………………………………………………………………………92

OLEG VLADIMIROVICH VOLOBUEV — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Moscow State Regional University. 105005, Russian Federation, Moscow, Radio Street, 10A. E-mail: volobuevov@yandex.ru 

This article examines the relationship between the continuum and discreteness in the revolutionary process on the basis of an analysis of the course and mosaic of the events of February-August 1917. It is shown that the revolutionary process bears in itself two tendencies: continuity and break. The essence of continuity: the same underlying causes, tasks and actors of the revolution persist — an initiative minority divided into political factions, and activist masses eager for a better life (at least in the long run) for change. The revolutionary process appears as continuity, changing, but internally interconnected historical situations. But its two vectors of development (“bourgeois-democratic” and “socialist”) come into conflict with each other. The essence of the gap: the elements of the revolution find a new channel and the goal-setting of the revolutionary process is changing, which is what happens in the post-August situation. The article has a historical, sociological and conceptual character.

Keywords: continuum and discreteness, February-March insurrection in Petrograd, dual power, political crises, coalition government, August putsch.

 

Kontsevoy I.A. (Moscow). The two-party People’s Commissariat of Agriculture: the cooperation and conflicts of the Bolsheviks and left socialist-revolutionaries (November 1917 — July 1918)…………………………………………………….97

ILYA ANATOLYEVICH KONTSEVOY — Postgraduate student of the Department of the Russian History of the 20th–21st centuries, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovsky pr., 27–4. E-mail: ilkontsevoy@gmail.com

The article is devoted to the study of the activities of the two-party People’s Commissariat of Agriculture in the late 1917 — first half of 1918. On the basis of archival documents, the creation and operation of the central agencies of the People’s Commissariat for Agriculture are analyzed. The main problem that is considered in this article is the study of the practices of interaction between the Bolsheviks and the left socialist revolutionaries within the framework of the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture. Special attention is paid to the conflicts between the two political parties on agrarian policy issues and clashes between them within the central apparatus of the People’s Commissariat for Agriculture. The question of the state work of the People’s Commissar for Agriculture of the Left SR, A.L. Kolegaev, is touched upon. The activities of the Main Land Council, established by the left socialist-revolutionaries for carrying out the socialization of the land, are studied in detail. Conclusions are drawn that, despite the short period of the administration of agriculture by the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture, the Left SRs had a significant influence on the organization of the commissariat and the work of its institutions.

Keywords: revolution, agrarian policy, the Bolsheviks, the Left Socialist-revolutionaries, People`s Commissariat of Agriculture, governmental coalition, two-party system.

 

Apalkov D.I. (Moscow). The joint meetings of the Politburo and the Presidium of the Central Control Commission on 30 January and 9 February 1929 and their significance in the history of inner-party struggle in the 1920s……………………106

DMITRY IGOREVICH APALKOV — Postgraduate student, Department of the History of Russia of the 20th–21st centuries, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119234, Russian Federation, Moscow, Leninskie Gory ul., 1, B, 949. E-mail: apal_d@mail.ru

Based on previously unknown transcripts of the joint meetings of the Politburo and the Presidium of the Central Control Commission on 30 January and 9 February 1929, there are studied circumstances of conduct and peculiarity of polemics of these meetings. The author comes to the conclusion that the meetings were originally conceived as the Supreme party court over the “Right-wing politics”. The content of the polemics of these meetings suggests that published by the Trotskyists record of secret conversation between Bukharin and Kamenev was the trigger that created in the collective rule the impression of the “Bukharin group” as the potential organizer of the next opposition faction — inner strength, which threatens a split in the party. In General, the fatigue in the collective rule from years of inner-party struggle allowed Stalin to successfully use published by the Trotskyists compromising material on Bukharin to rally around him the majority of the members of the Politburo and the Central Committee, as well as the Presidium of the Central Control Commission. With this support, Stalin managed to strike a crushing blow at the positions of Bukharin, Tomsky and Rykov in the collective rule, and thereby determine its ultimate destruction.

Keywords: Politburo, Presidium of the Central Control Commission, transcripts, inner-party struggle, polemics, collective rule, Stalin, Bukharin.

 

 

HISTORY OF RUSSIAN REGIONS

 

Gergilev D.N. (Krasnoyarsk). The distinctive features in the province administrations activity in Siberia at the 19th — the beginning of 20th centuries……………………………………………………………………114

DENIS NIKOLAEVICH GERGILEV — Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Department of Russian History, Director of the Institute for the Humanities of Siberian Federal University. 660041, Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Svobodnyi pr., 82a, room 460. E-mail.: turilak@yandex.ru

This article analyzes the complex relationship of the administrative and territorial areas in the development of Russia. By the example of Siberia, the author explores the complex Siberian dependence between control system and the expansion of the State territory. Such features of Siberian region have been shown as multinationality and special role of Siberia in economic system of the Empire. The features of local authorities forming and the reasons allowing to concentrate broad commanding power by governor-generals have been analyzed. The peculiarities of relationships between the Centre and the regions and the factors having influence in taking decisions by local authorities have been shown. The author has considered the factors determined the steady nature of administrative and territorial system of the Russian Empire, in spite of the fact that territories were extremely various in national, cultural and economic respects.

Keywords: Siberian region, administrative-territorial system, management apparatus, Empire, managerial culture, local authorities.

 

 

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

 

Bogatsky I.V. (Saint Petersburg). Baku between five fires: the Baku Commune, Soviet Russia, Azerbaijan, Great Britain and Turkey in the struggle for Baku in the first half of 1918………………………118

IGOR VYACHESLAVOVICH BOGATSKY — Postgraduate student and Applicant. 190000, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, 4 Sovietskaya st., 17/8–6. E-mail: glorious2006@yandex.ru

The article is devoted to the complex study of the participation of different political and military forces in the struggle for Baku in the first months after the October Revolution in Petrograd. The oil district of Baku having also a strategic importance in the Caucasus and Caspian regions, after the October events and the formation of the Soviet government, due to a large proletarian population, was under the rule of supporters of the Bolsheviks in Baku advice. The rest of the Transcaucasian provinces were united in the Federation which was made up by the leaders of the three national councils of the province — Muslim (Azerbaijan), Armenian and Georgian. The ongoing World War involved in the struggle for Baku both warring blocks — (Turkey and Germany) and the Entente (Great Britain). The relationship between the opposing forces had complex and often contradictory character, responding to rapidly changing military and political situation in the Caucasus. The breakup of the Transcaucasian Federation led to a direct confrontation in the struggle for Baku, Azerbaijan-Turkish, Bolshevik, Bolshevist Baku and the British armed forces, the winner of which came the troops of the Turkish-Azerbaijani Caucasian Army of Islam, who passed the city to the government of the Azerbaijan democratic Republic as the political and economic center of the state. The fight for Baku is a curious example of the complex nature of territorial and national-ideological conflict, which can be traced as a military force, and the influence of the “hybrid” nature, including economic, propaganda and diplomatic activities. The events of the first half of 1918 around Baku are still relevant for historical, conflictological and international research, and events of modern international conflicts bear the stamp analogy with the Baku events of a century ago.

Keywords: Baku Commune, Transcaucasian Seim, Trebizond conference, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, S.G. Shaumian, General L. Dunsterville, Centro-Caspian Dictatorship.

 

Dubrovina O.V. (Modena, Italy). Italian anti-Soviet “Radio Moscow”…………………………………………126

OLGA VLADIMIROVNA DUBROVINA — Lecturer, Department of Studies on Language and Culture, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy). 41121, Italy, Modena, Largo S. Eufemia, 19. E-mail: olga.dubrovina@unimore.it

Anticommunist propaganda in Italy was a part of the fascist political discourse since Mussolini’s rise to power. However, this theme changed from time to time in its intensity, becoming more or less vocal according to the economic and political interests of both parties. At an early stage, economic and geopolitical factors had a considerable influence on the decisions of the Italian fascist government. Starting from Italy’s rapprochement with Nazi Germany and the beginning of the Spanish civil war, anticommunist and anti-Soviet politics began to make up a large part of Mussolini’s propaganda. In this period, specifically in 1938, a clandestine Radio Moscow was born. It was broadcast over Europe and in the territories of the former USSR. This article tells a story of how Radio Moscow was founded and its mission and objectives, with special attention paid to the technical aspects of broadcasting as well as to how the content of the programs changed with regards to foreign policies. The author is trying to integrate the “Radio Moscow” in the general context of the soviet-Italian relationship prior to World War II.

Keywords: anti-Soviet propaganda, Soviet-Italian relationship, Italian radio, fascist propaganda, clandestine radio.

 

Chernykh A.A. (Moscow). The forming of Russia’s strategy towards the Syrian crisis ― from ignorance to invasion. 2011–2015……………………………………………………………………………………………134

ALEKSANDR ALEKSANDROVICH CHERNYKH — Postgraduate student, Department of the History of Russia of the 20th–21st centuries, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, Lomonosovsky pr., 27, k. 4. E-mail: tchernykh.iskander@yandex.ru

This article considers actual and scantily researched historical episode: the evolution of Russia’s attitude towards the resolution of the Syrian conflict. The Syrian Civil War has become one of the most violent and atrocious regional conflicts of recent years and one of the main factors of instability in the Middle East. The wave of popular revolts, that has engulfed the Middle East and North Africa since 2011, has radically changed the situation in the region and led to the emergence of new “hotspots”. Syria became the main hotbed of tension: a number of states was directly or implicitly engaged in the ongoing civil war there that took a scale of the regional conflict. The author reveals how these developments have forced Russia to abandon the policy of ignoring the Middle East problem and to create its own strategy, according to which Moscow has started to build a policy concerning Syria. The author claims that the Russian military operation in Syria was the logical result of this strategy.

Keywords: Russia, Syria, Middle East, international regional conflict, military operation, foreign policy.

 

 

HISTORY OF CULTURE

 

Korshenko S.V. (Saint Petersburg). The image of Japan and the Japanese in Soviet pre-war and military cinematography (1935–1945)…………………………………………………………………………………………140

SERGEY VADIMOVICH KORSHENKO — Postgraduate student of 3rd year, History Department, Pushkin Leningrad State University. 196605, Saint Petersburg, Pushkin, Peterburgskoe shosse, 10. E-mail: skorshienko@mail.ru

The study of the “enemy image” at different stages of historical development through the prism of the representations of the population of neighboring states or the population directly living in a given country began to be dealt with relatively recently, in the 1990s. It was then that a separate direction in history, called “imagology”, began to take shape. In the article devoted to the problems of the formation of the “enemy image” in the public consciousness, it is shown how the Soviet cinematographers of the second half of the 1930–1945s represented the image of the Land of the Rising Sun. Based on the scanned movies, the correspondence of the Soviet leadership, the memories of the filmmakers and the reviews of Soviet film critics, it can be concluded that during that period the Soviet cinema, which along with the press and radio, became an effective means of propaganda and agitation, reflecting, first of all, Far Eastern neighbor, created a complex, collective “image of the enemy”.

Keywords: Soviet cinematography, “image of the enemy”, public consciousness, Soviet Union, Japan, World War II.

 

 

MILITARY HISTORY 

 

Kolomiets M.V. (Moscow). The role and place of armored trains of the Red Army in the Great Patriotic War…………….147

MAXIM VICTOROVICH KOLOMIETS — Researcher at the Central Museum of the Armed Forces of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. 129110, Russian Federation, Moscow, Sovietskoiy Armiy ul., 2, 1. E-mail: 1945maks@mail.ru

The armored trains often associates with the Civil War in Russia, during which they were used in significant quantities, and often played a crucial role on the battlefield. During the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army also actively used armored trains, but information about them is very poor. The main sources of this issue are articles in periodicals and several books of memoirs. Currently, there is no serious scientific research on the topic of armored trains of the Red Army in 1941–1945 years. In this article, based on documents from the Russian state military archive, Russian state archive of economy, the Central archive of the Ministry of defence and the existing literature, identified and analyzed the dynamics of construction of armored train, its weapons, as well as the development of its organizational structure. The article considers pre-war views on the using of armored trains in battlers, as well as changing views on the combat use of armored trains during the Great Patriotic War. It is analyzed causes of losses of armored trains during the fighting, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of divisions of armored trains.

Keywords: armored trains, the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army, the People’s Commissariat of railroads, tank-automotive management.

 

Losik A.V., Sherba A.N. (Saint Petersburg). Activities of the State defense Committee on the organization of functioning of automotive transport………………………………………………………………………156

ALEXANDER VITALIAVICH LOSIK — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Baltic state technical university “Voenmech” D.F. Ustinov, deputy editor of the journal “KLIO”. 197374, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Shkoljnaya ul., 88–2–81. E-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru

ALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH SHERBA — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Researcher of Research Department

(military history of North-western region of Russian Federation), Research institute (of military history), Military Academy of the General Staff. 191055, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Nevskiy pr., 10. E-mail: a.n.sherba@maiil.ru

The article deals with the problems of transport development in the context of the evolution of the means of armed struggle. The authors show that the emergence of multimillion armies and there rapid saturation of various types of military equipment led to a sharp increasing of the needs of troops. In this regard, the condition and evolution of transport has acquired critical importance in the armed struggle. Transport has become a strategic element of an armed confrontation and, to a large extent, determined its course and outcome. This is most clearly manifested in the period of the Great Patriotic war, when the volume of traffic in the interests of the Red Army and Navy has increased greatly. The authors highlights the activities of the State defense Committee on the organization of functioning of automotive transport during the Great Patriotic War.

Keywords: automotive transport, the State defense committee, the Great Patriotic war, the Red army, the fighting, the needs of troops, petroleum, oil and lubricants.

 

 

HISTORICAL CHARACTERS

 

Mankov S.A. (Saint Petersburg). Artist engraver Nikolas Ivashentsov (1803–1864)…………………………………………165

Sergei Alexandrovich Mankov — Keeper of the museum values of the State Museum “Tsarskoye Selo”, Member of the Governor’s Heraldic Council of the Novgorod region. 196240, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Pulkovskoe shosse, h. 5/1, app. 386. E-mail: mankov21@mail.ru

Military service or work in the military institutions for persons with congenital disabilities to this day is considered to be a matter of very difficult, almost impossible in practical terms. Personal and creative biography of Russian artist engraver and illustrator Nikolas Ivashentsov (1803–1864), studied in the article, is a rare example of the social and professional adaptation of the disabled in the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Thanks to the high patronage of the Empress Maria Feodorovna and the Emperor Nicholas I, deaf-mute from birth, N. Ivashentsov, who lost his parents early, was able not only to become an artist and contribute to Russian fine arts, but also to be socially (serve in the Departments of the Military Ministry, manage estates, create family, etc.).

Keywords: Nikolas I. Ivashentsov, Russian artists of the 19th century, deaf-mutes, charity of the House of Romanovs, Russian art of the 19th century.

 

Katamadze N.Sh. (Moscow). Soviet historians-agrarians: strokes to the portraits…………………………………………..170

NADEZHDA SHAKROVNA KATAMADZE — Postgraduate student of the Department of Source studies, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 119234, Russian Federation, Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1, sector Б, room no. 913. E-mail: esperanse@inbox.ru

In this article, the author analyzes the problem of the existence of different views on the history of the Russian peasantry in the domestic scholarship. The author suggests, that the historian’s personal attitude towards the peasantry and traditional forms of management have a determining influence on research practice and, ultimately, on the nature of scholarly research and interpretation of real phenomena and processes.

To substantiate his position, the author refers to the work of Soviet agricultural historians. In particular, he reveals the relationship between the origin of the scientist, his personal experience of interaction with the peasantry and the Russian countryside and the conceptual representations that he forms.

Keywords: the Agrarian historiography, the Soviet historiography, methodology, history of the peasants, historian.

 

 

THE HISTORY OF TOMORROW

 

Volgin E.I. (Moscow). The electoral reform of 1993 in the Russian political discourse………………………………………..175

EVGENY IGOREVICH VOLGIN — Ph.D. in Political Science, Associate Professor, Department of the History of Social Movements and Political Parties, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. 107061, Russian Federation, Moscow, B. Cherkizovskaya, 2–3–43. E-mail: plytony@yandex.ru

In 2016 elections were held to the 7th State Duma. The election of deputies was held in accordance with the “proportional-majority” electoral system known in Russia since 1993. This flexible mechanism of election, which did not enjoy the confidence of the Russian political class in the early 1990s, was once again in demand. Therefore, there is a need turn to the sources of the 1993 electrical reform once again. But the main attention will be paid not to the elections to the First State Duma or to the analysis of the electoral legislation (there are many studies on this topic). The focus will be on the very socio-political debate about the future reform, when no one had clarity about its prospects.

Keywords: elections, majority system, proportional system, Congress of People’s Deputies, the Supreme Soviet, political parties, V.L. Sheinis.

 

Minnikova T.N. (Tosno, Leningrad region). Problems of national and cultural identity in modern world……………………185

TATIANA NIKOLAEVNA MINNIKOVA — Historian, Tosnensky Museum of Local History. 187000, Russian Federation, Leningrad region, Tosno, pr. Lenina, 29–94. E-mail: minnikovatn@mail.ru

The article touches upon the issue of compatibility of national and cultural traditions with the processes of globalization. The author points out that the basis for modern globalization is liberal ideas, which today are turning from an engine of progressive changes into their antipode — liberal totalitarianism (libertarianism). As a result, the universal values of globalization come into conflict with traditional values. This leads to the destruction of the national and cultural identity of nations and peoples. As a protective reaction, the influence of conservative ideas, leading to the activation of national archaic (destructive) myths, is growing. It indicates the possibility of “civilized barbarization” of society. The article makes an attempt to forecast the possible development of future processes on the European continent, including Ukraine.

Keywords: liberalism, globalization, traditionalism, neo-barbarity, archaic myth, national and cultural identity, barbarization.

 

 

OPINION

 

Mirenkov A.I. (Moscow). The economic security of the state in international economic (military-economic) relations……………………………………………………………………………………………………190

ANATOLIY IVANOVICH MIRENKOV — Honored economist of the Russian Federation, Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Honorary Vice-President International Academy of Historical and Social Sciences, Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Missile and Artillery Sciences, Major-General. E-mail: poltorak2006yandex.ru

The article considers the issues of interaction of states in the process of international economic (military-economic) relations in the context of economic security as an integral part of national security of the Russian state. The author emphasizes that the economic relations constitute one of the most important, although specific forms of international relations. It is concluded that the economic security of the state itself needs security. To ensure the necessary forecasting, allowing to identify external threats. This will enable adoption of the necessary measures for an independent and socially oriented economic course of the state.

Keywords: international economic relations, the military-economic relations, military-industrial complex (MIC), globalization, national security.

 

 

REVIEWS

 

Poltorak S.N. (Saint Petersburg). About Russian scientists in 1917–1920 (Review of the monograph A.N. Eremeeva «”Being in a provincial area under the conditions of the time…”: the survival practices of Russian scientists in the years of Civil War» Krasnodar: Platonov I., 2017)………………………………………………………………………………………….194

SERGEI NIKOLAEVICH POLTORAK — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the journal «Klio», Head of the Department of International Relations and Foreign Regional Studies, St. Petersburg Institute of Foreign Economic Relations, Economics and Law. 191014, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Liteinyi pr., 42. E-mail: poltorak2006@yandex.ru

The review highlights the monograph of the doctor of historical sciences, Professor A.N. Eremeeva. Attention is drawn to the solid source of labor, including both documents from domestic and foreign archives, first introduced into scientific circulation, and previously published. Memoirs, diaries, personal correspondence, materials of office work of universities, scientific organizations, authorities and administrations, mainly of non-Soviet Russia, periodic press, scientific and scientific-methodical publications, as well as journalism and fiction of 1917–1920 were carefully studied.

The book reconstructs the process of intellectual migration of the era of the Revolution and the Civil War. It is shown that the adaptation of scientists to the new conditions took place in the process of their creative work in institutions of higher education and science of Russian regions, the struggle for the preservation of cultural and natural heritage. Relying on a significant historiographic basis, comparing it with the data of sources, A.N. Eremeeva convincingly proved that it was active professional activity in extraordinary circumstances that became the main factor of survival of scientists.

Keywords: Russian scientists, the Revolution of 1917, the Civil War in Russia, intellectual migration, higher educational institutions, scientific institutions, survival strategies.

 

Filatov T.V. (Samara). To the question of the explication of the concept “Russian power” (review of the monograph A.A. Tuchkov and A.A. Nikolenko “The concept «Russian power»: paradigm reference points of intellectual discourse”. Vladivostok: Far Eastern Federal University Publ., 2016)………………………………………………………………………….199

TIMUR VALENTINOVICH FILATOV — Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Head of the Department of Philosophy, Volga State University of Telecommunications and Informatics. 443010, Russian Federation, Samara, Leo Tolstoy st., 23. E-mail: tfilatoff1960@mail.ru

In the review the concept explication the “Russian power” which is carried out in A.A. Tushkov’s and A.A. Nikolenko’s monograph “The concept «Russian power»: paradigm reference points of an intellectual discourse” (Vladivostok: Far Eastern Federal University Publ., 2016. 199 p.: ill.) is analyzed. The effectiveness and productivity of the authors’ concept “Russian power” are stated and at the same time it points to the methodological framework of the liberal-globalist ideology, which the authors of the monograph subconsciously adhere to.

Keywords: Russian power, Russian world, Russian system, paradigm, methodology, globalization, liberalism.

 

Gogun A.S. (Berlin, Germany). The union of sword and plow (a review of the book «Pal Germuska. Unified Military Industries of the Soviet Bloc. Hungary and the Division of Labor in Military Production». NY et al., Lexington Books, 2015)…………………………………………………………………………………204

ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH GOGUN — Ph.D. in History, Doctoral student at the Free University of Berlin, Friedrich Meneke Institute, Germany. 14195, Germany, Berlin, Koserstrasse, 20, A 313. Теl.: +49 (30) 838 54565, e–mail: a.gogun@fu–berlin.de

 

 

In a review of the book by the Magyar researcher Pal Germuska, a high assessment of his work is given, which asserts that the economic integration of the socialist camp was a purely military interaction, a multi-level cooperation of the military-industrial complexes. As a shortcoming of this monograph, there is a lack of sources and publications in Russian, as well as the fact that the author claims the initially defensive nature of the red alliance. Nevertheless, the book deserves all praise and translation in to a number of foreign languages.

Keywords: World revolution, red militarism, secrecy, military-industrial complex, socialistic camp, Hungary, USSR, collapse of communism.

 

 

TO THE MEMORY OF COLLEAGUE

 

Vovina-Lebedeva V.G. Historian Victor Moiseevich Paneyakh……………………………………………206

VARVARA GELIEVNA VOVINA-LEBEDEVA — Doctor of historical Sciences, the leading scientific researcher, Saint Petersburg branch of the Institute of Russian history. E-mail: varvara_vovina@mail.ru

The article is written in memory of Victor M. Paneah, an outstanding Russian researcher of the middle ages of Russia and the history of science of the twentieth century, the senior scientific researcher, head of Department of ancient history of Russia of the Leningrad branch of the Institute of USSR history, USSR Academy of Sciences, Dean-organizer of the faculty of history of European University at St. Petersburg.